雄黄

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为硫化物类矿物雄黄族雄黄，主含二硫化二砷（AS2S2）。采挖后，除去杂质。
Realgar is a mineral of the sulfide class, belonging to the realgar group. It mainly contains arsenic disulfide (As2S2). After mining, impurities are removed.

性状 Description

本品为块状或粒状集合体，呈不规则块状。深红色或橙红色，条痕淡橘红色，晶面有金刚石样光泽。质脆，易碎，断面具树脂样光泽。微有特异的臭气，味淡。精矿粉为粉末状或粉末集合体，质松脆，手捏即成粉，橙黄色，无光泽。
Realgar is a block or granular aggregate, irregular in shape. It is deep red or orange-red in color, with pale orange-red streaks and diamond-like luster on the crystal surface. It is brittle and easily broken, with a resin-like luster on the fracture surface. It has a slight peculiar odor and a mild taste. The powdered ore is powdery or powdery aggregate, loose and brittle, easily crushed into powder by hand, orange-yellow in color, and without luster.

鉴别 Identification

（1）取本品粉末10mg，加水润湿后，加氯酸钾饱和的硝酸溶液2ml，溶解后，加氯化钡试液，生成大量白色沉淀。放置后，倾出上层酸液，再加水2ml，振摇，沉淀不溶解。
(1)To 10 mg of the powder add 2 ml of nitric acid solution saturated with potassium chlorate after moistening with water, dissolve, and add barium chloride test solution to produce a large amount of white precipitate. After standing, pour off the upper acid layer, add 2 ml of water, shake, and the precipitate does not dissolve.

（2）取本品粉末0.2g，置坩埚内，加热熔融，产生白色或黄白色火焰，伴有白色浓烟。取玻片覆盖后，有白色冷凝物，刮取少量，置试管内加水煮沸使溶解，必要时滤过，溶液加硫化氢试液数滴，即显黄色，加稀盐酸后生成黄色絮状沉淀，再加碳酸铵试液，沉淀复溶解。
(2)Place 0.2 g of the powder in a crucible, heat and melt, producing a white or yellowish-white flame with white smoke. After covering with a glass slide, there is white condensate, scrape off a small amount, place it in a test tube, boil with water to dissolve, filter if necessary, add a few drops of hydrogen sulfide test solution to the solution, which turns yellow, add dilute hydrochloric acid to produce a yellow flocculent precipitate, then add ammonium carbonate test solution, and the precipitate dissolves again.

检查 Examination

三价砷和五价砷 Trivalent arsenic and pentavalent arsenic

照汞、砷元素形态及价态测定法（通则2322）中砷形态及其价态测定法测定。
Carry out the method for determination of the forms and valence states of mercury and arsenic elements <2322> in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

对照品贮备溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

分别精密量取亚砷酸根溶液标准物质、砷酸根溶液标准物质适量，加水制成每1ml各含2μg（均以砷计）的混合溶液，即得。
Accurately weigh appropriate amounts of standard reference solutions of arsenite and arsenate, dissolve in water to make a mixed solution containing 2 μg of each per ml (calculated as arsenic).

标准曲线溶液的制备 Preparation of standard curve solution

精密吸取对照品贮备溶液适量，加0.02mol/L乙二胺四醋酸二钠溶液分别制成每1ml含两种价态砷各5ng、20ng、50ng、100ng、200ng、500ng、1000ng（均以砷计）的系列溶液，即得。
Accurately pipette appropriate amounts of the reference solution into a 1 ml volumetric flask, and prepare a series of solutions containing 5 ng, 20 ng, 50 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, 500 ng, and 1000 ng of each valence state of arsenic (calculated as arsenic) per ml by adding 0.02 mol/L disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution, respectively.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过五号筛）约30mg，精密称定，置250ml塑料量瓶中，加人工肠液约200ml，摇匀，置37℃水浴中超声处理（功率300W，频率45kHz）2小时（每隔15分钟充分摇匀一次），放冷，用人工肠液稀释至刻度，摇匀，取适量置50ml塑料离心管中，静置20～24小时，用洗耳球轻轻吹去上层表面溶液，吸取中层溶液约15ml（吸取时应避免带入颗粒），用微孔滤膜（10μm）滤过，精密量取续滤液5ml，置50ml塑料量瓶中，加0.02mol/L乙二胺四醋酸二钠溶液稀释至刻度，摇匀，即得。同法制备试剂空白溶液。
Weigh about 30 mg of the powder (passed through a No. 5 sieve) of the test substance accurately, place it in a 250 ml plastic volumetric flask, add about 200 ml of artificial intestinal fluid, shake well, treat it with ultrasound in a 37°C water bath (power 300 W, frequency 45 kHz) for 2 hours (shake well every 15 minutes), cool, dilute with artificial intestinal fluid to the mark, shake well, take an appropriate amount and place it in a 50 ml plastic centrifuge tube, let it stand for 20-24 hours, gently blow away the surface solution with an ear syringe, and take about 15 ml of the middle solution (avoid bringing in particles when suctioning), filter through a microporous membrane (10 μm), accurately pipette 5 ml of the filtrate, place it in a 50 ml plastic volumetric flask, dilute with 0.02 mol/L disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution to the mark, shake well, and obtain the test solution. Prepare the reagent blank solution in the same manner.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取标准曲线溶液与供试品溶液各20μl，注入液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪，测定。以标准曲线溶液测得不同价态砷的峰面积为纵坐标，相应浓度为横坐标，绘制标准曲线，计算供试品中价态砷含量，即得。
Accurately pipette 20 μl of each of the standard curve solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system, and determine. Use the peak area of different valence states of arsenic obtained from the standard curve solution as the ordinate and the corresponding concentration as the abscissa to draw the standard curve and calculate the content of valence states of arsenic in the test solution.

本品含三价砷和五价砷的总量以砷（As）计，不得过7.0%。
The total amount of trivalent arsenic and pentavalent arsenic in the product shall not exceed 7.0% (calculated as arsenic, As).

含量测定 Assay

取本品粉末约0.1g，精密称定，置锥形瓶中，加硫酸钾1g、硫酸铵2g与硫酸8ml，用直火加热至溶液澄明，放冷，缓缓加水50ml，加热微沸3～5分钟，放冷，加酚酞指示液2滴，用氢氧化钠溶液（40→100）中和至显微红色，放冷，用0.25mol/L硫酸溶液中和至褪色，加碳酸氢钠5g，摇匀后，用碘滴定液（0.05mol/L）滴定，至近终点时，加淀粉指示液2ml，滴定至溶液显紫蓝色。每1ml碘滴定液（0.05mol/L）相当于5.348mg的二硫化二砷（As2S2）。
Weigh about 0.1 g of the powder of the test substance accurately, place it in a conical flask, add 1 g of potassium sulfate, 2 g of ammonium sulfate, and 8 ml of sulfuric acid, heat directly with a flame until the solution is clear, cool, slowly add 50 ml of water, heat to a slight boil for 3-5 minutes, cool, add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator, titrate with sodium hydroxide solution (40→100) to a faint red color, cool, titrate with 0.25 mol/L sulfuric acid solution to colorless, add 5 g of sodium bicarbonate, shake well, titrate with iodine titration solution (0.05 mol/L) until near the end point, add 2 ml of starch indicator solution, and titrate to a purple-blue color. Each 1 ml of iodine titration solution (0.05 mol/L) is equivalent to 5.348 mg of arsenic disulfide (As2S2).

本品含砷量以二硫化二砷（As2S2）计，不得少于90.0%。
The content of arsenic in the product shall not be less than 90.0% (calculated as arsenic disulfide, As2S2).

饮片 Prepared slices

雄黄粉 Realgar powder

炮制 Processing

取雄黄照水飞法（通则0213）水飞，晾干。
Take the realgar according to the water flying method (method 0213) , and then dried.

性状 Description

本品为橙黄色或橙红色极细粉末，易粘手，气特异。
This product is orange-yellow or orange-red very fine powder, easy to stick to the hand, the gas is special.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

毒性 Toxicity

有毒。
Toxic.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、大肠经。
Liver and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

解毒杀虫，燥湿祛痰，截疟。
To detoxify and kill insects, dry dampness and resolve phlegm, and interrupt malaria.

主治 Indications

用于痈肿疔疮，蛇虫咬伤，虫积腹痛，惊痫，疟疾。
Used for abscesses, boils, snake and insect bites, abdominal pain due to worm accumulation, epilepsy, and malaria.

用量 Dosage

0.05～0.1g；外用适量。
0.05-0.1 g；For external use, apply an appropriate amount.

用法 Administration

入丸散用；熏涂患处。
For oral administration in pills or powders；for external use to fumigate or smear the affected area.

注意 Precautions

内服宜慎；不可久用；孕妇禁用。
Internal use should be cautious; long-term use is prohibited; pregnant women should not use it.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，密闭。
Store in a dry place, tightly sealed.

轻粉

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为氯化亚汞（Hg2Cl2）。
Calomel is the chloride of mercury (Hg2Cl2).

性状 Description

本品为白色有光泽的鳞片状或雪花状结晶，或结晶性粉末；遇光颜色缓缓变暗。气微。
Calomel occurs as white, lustrous, scaly or snowflake-like crystals, or as crystalline powder. It darkens slowly on exposure to light. Odour, slight.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品遇氢氧化钙试液、氨试液或氢氧化钠试液，即变成黑色。
(1) When tested with calcium hydroxide solution, ammonia solution or sodium hydroxide solution, it turns black.

（2）取本品，加等量的无水碳酸钠，混合后，置干燥试管中，加热，即分解析出金属汞，凝集在试管壁上，管中遗留的残渣加稀硝酸溶解后，滤过，滤液显氯化物（通则0301）的鉴别反应。
(2) Take the product, mix it with an equal amount of anhydrous sodium carbonate, place it in a dry test tube, heat it, and metallic mercury is decomposed and condensed on the wall of the test tube. Dissolve the residue remaining in the tube in dilute nitric acid, filter, and the filtrate shows the identification reaction of chloride (General Rule 0301).

检查 Examination

升汞 Mercury

取本品2g，加乙醚20ml，振摇5分钟后，滤过，滤液挥去乙醚，残渣加水10ml与稀硝酸2滴溶解后，照氯化物检查法（通则0801）检查，如发生浑浊，与标准氯化钠溶液7ml用同一方法制成的对照液比较，不得更浓。
Take 2 g of the product, add 20 ml of ether, shake for 5 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 10 ml of water with 2 drops of dilute nitric acid, and examine according to the method for chloride (General Rule 0801). If turbidity occurs, compare it with a control solution prepared in the same manner using 7 ml of standard sodium chloride solution, and it should not be more turbid.

汞珠 Mercury beads

取本品约1g，平铺于白纸上，用扩大镜检视，不应有汞珠存在。
Take about 1 g of the product, spread it on white paper, and examine it with a magnifying glass. There should be no mercury beads.

炽灼残渣 Residue on ignition

不得过0.1%（通则0841）。
Not more than 0.1% (General Rule 0841).

含量测定 Assay

取本品约0.5g，精密称定，置碘瓶中，加水10ml，摇匀，再精密加碘滴定液（0.05mol/L）50ml，密塞，强力振摇至供试品大部分溶解后，再加入碘化钾溶液（5→10）8ml，密塞，强力振摇至完全溶解，用硫代硫酸钠滴定液（0.1mol/L）滴定，至近终点时，加淀粉指示液，继续滴定至蓝色消失。每1ml碘滴定液（0.05mol/L）相当于23.61mg的氯化亚汞（Hg2Cl2）。
The sample, about 0.5 g, is accurately weighed, placed in an iodine flask, and 10 ml of water is added. The mixture is shaken well, and then 50 ml of iodine titration solution (0.05 mol/L) is accurately added. The flask is stoppered, and the mixture is vigorously shaken until most of the sample is dissolved. Then, 8 ml of potassium iodide solution (5→10) is added, the flask is stoppered, and the mixture is vigorously shaken until completely dissolved. The solution is titrated with sodium thiosulfate titration solution (0.1 mol/L) to near the end-point. Starch indicator solution is added, and the titration is continued until the blue colour disappears. Each 1 ml of iodine titration solution (0.05 mol/L) is equivalent to 23.61 mg of mercury chloride (Hg2Cl2).

本品含氯化亚汞（Hg2Cl2）不得少于99.0%。
The content of mercury chloride (Hg2Cl2) in the product shall not be less than 99.0%.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

毒性 Toxicity

有毒。
Toxic.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归大肠、小肠经。
Large Intestine and Small Intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

外用杀虫，攻毒，敛疮；内服祛痰消积，逐水通便。
To kill parasites, counteract toxicity, promote wound healing when used externally; to resolve phlegm, eliminate accumulation, promote diuresis, and facilitate bowel movement when taken internally.

主治 Indications

外治用于疥疮，顽癣，臁疮，梅毒，疮疡，湿疹；内服用于痰涎积滞，水肿膨胀，二便不利。
It is used externally for scabies, ringworm, poliomyelitis, syphilis, sores and eczema; internally for phlegm and saliva stagnation, oedema and swelling, and bowel problems.

用量 Dosage

外用适量；内服每次0.1～0.2g，一日1～2次。
Appropriate amount for external use; 0.1～0.2g each time for internal use, 1～2 times a day.

用法 Administration

研末掺敷患处；多入丸剂或装胶囊服，服后漱口。
Ground and mixed with the affected area; more into the pill or capsule service, gargling after service.

注意 Precautions

本品有毒，不可过量；内服慎用；孕妇禁服。
This product is toxic and should not be taken in excessive amounts. It should be used with caution when taken internally, and it is contraindicated in pregnant women.

贮藏 Storage

遮光，密闭，置干燥处。
Store in a light-resistant, airtight container in a dry place.

牵牛子

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为旋花科植物裂叶牵牛Pharbitis nil（L.）Choisy或圆叶牵牛Pharbitis purpurea（L.）Voigt的干燥成熟种子。秋末果实成熟、果壳未开裂时采割植株，晒干，打下种子，除去杂质。
Pharbitis Seed is the dried mature seed of Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy or Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt (Fam. Convolvulaceae). The drug is collected in autumn when the fruit is mature but the pericarp is not yet split, removed from the plant, dried in the sun, and the seeds are separated and impurities are removed.

性状 Description

本品似橘瓣状，长4～8mm，宽3～5mm。表面灰黑色或淡黄白色，背面有一条浅纵沟，腹面棱线的下端有一点状种脐，微凹。质硬，横切面可见淡黄色或黄绿色皱缩折叠的子叶，微显油性。气微，味辛、苦，有麻感。
Seeds resembling orange petals, 4-8 mm long, 3-5 mm wide; surface greyish-black or pale yellowish-white, with a shallow longitudinal groove on the back and a slightly concave point-shaped hilum at the lower end of the ventral ridge; texture hard; transverse section showing pale yellow or yellowish-green wrinkled and folded cotyledons, slightly oily. Odour, slight; taste, pungent, bitter, and tingling.

鉴别 Identification

（1）取本品，加水浸泡后种皮呈龟裂状，手捻有明显的黏滑感。
(1) Take the drug, soak it in water, and the seed coat will crack. When kneaded by hand, it feels sticky and slippery.

（2）本品粉末淡黄棕色。种皮表皮细胞深棕色，形状不规则，壁波状。非腺毛单细胞，黄棕色，稍弯曲，长50～240μm。子叶碎片中有分泌腔，圆形或椭圆形，直径35～106μm。草酸钙簇晶直径10～25μm。栅状组织碎片和光辉带有时可见。
(2) The powder is pale yellowish-brown. The epidermal cells of the seed coat are dark brown, irregular in shape, and the walls are wavy. Non-glandular trichomes are single-celled, yellowish-brown, slightly curved, 50-240 μm long. There are secretory cavities in the cotyledon fragments, which are round or elliptical, with a diameter of 35-106 μm. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals have a diameter of 10-25 μm. Fragments of reticulate tissue and bright bands are sometimes visible.

（3）取本品粉末1g，置索氏提取器中，用石油醚（60～90℃）适量，加热回流提取2小时，弃去石油醚液，药渣挥干溶剂，加入二氯甲烷-甲醇（3∶1）混合溶液提取6小时，回收溶剂至5ml，作为供试品溶液。另取牵牛子对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取咖啡酸对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和对照药材溶液各10～20μl、对照品溶液3μl，分别点于同一高效硅胶G薄层板上，以二氯甲烷-甲醇-甲酸（93∶9∶4）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以磷钼酸试液，在110℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的蓝黑色斑点。
(3) Take 1g of the powder, place it in a Soxhlet extractor, add an appropriate amount of petroleum ether (60-90°C), heat under reflux for 2 hours, discard the petroleum ether, evaporate the solvent from the residue, add a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (3:1) to extract for 6 hours, recover the solvent to 5ml, and use it as the test solution. Take 1g of the reference drug Pharbitis Seed and prepare a solution of the reference drug in the same way. Take caffeic acid CRS, add methanol to make a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of dichloromethane, methanol, and formic acid (93:9:4) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10-20 μl of each of the test solution and the reference drug solution, and 3 μl of the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a solution of phosphomolybdic acid, heat at 110°C to the spots clear. The blue-black spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position to those in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过10.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于15.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the cold maceration method>, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 15.0 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

牵牛子 Pharbitis Seed

炮制 Processing

除去杂质。用时捣碎。
Eliminate foreign matter, and crush before use.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

炒牵牛子 stir-fried pharbitis Seed

炮制 Processing

取净牵牛子，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至稍鼓起。用时捣碎。
Take clean pharbitis seeds, according to the method of stir-frying (Tongzhi 0213), stir-fry until slightly bulging. Pound it when used.

性状 Description

本品形如牵牛子，表面黑褐色或黄棕色，稍鼓起。微具香气。
Seeds resembling Pharbitis Seed, blackish-brown or yellowish-brown on the surface, slightly swollen. Slightly aromatic.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过8.0%。
Same as the drug, not more than 8.0 per cent.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材。
Same as the drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材，不得少于12.0%。
Same as the drug, not less than 12.0 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

（除显微粉末外）同药材。
(In addition to microscopic powder) Same as the drug.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

毒 Toxicity

有毒。
Toxic.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、肾、大肠经。
Lung, Kidney, and Large Intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

泻水通便，消痰涤饮，杀虫攻积。
To promote diuresis and relieve constipation, resolve phlegm and clear fluid, kill parasites and eliminate accumulation.

主治 Indications

用于水肿胀满，二便不通，痰饮积聚，气逆喘咳，虫积腹痛。
Used for edema, abdominal distension, constipation, phlegm-fluid retention, rebellious qi, wheezing and coughing, and abdominal pain due to intestinal parasites.

用量 Dosage

3～6g。每次1.5～3g。
3-6 g.1.5～3g each time.

用法 Administration

入丸散服。
To be decocted for oral administration,

注意 Precautions

孕妇禁用；不宜与巴豆、巴豆霜同用。
Not to be used by pregnant women; not to be used together with Croton Seed and Croton Tiglium.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Preserve in a dry place.

狼毒

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为大戟科植物月腺大戟Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata或狼毒大戟Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.的干燥根。春、秋二季采挖，洗净，切片，晒干。
Euphorbia Root is the dried root of Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata or Euphorbia fischeriana Steud. (Fam. Euphorbiaceae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, washed clean, sliced, and dried.

性状 Description

月腺大戟 Euphorbia ebracteolata

为类圆形或长圆形块片，直径1.5～8cm，厚0.3～4cm。外皮薄，黄棕色或灰棕色，易剥落而露出黄色皮部。切面黄白色，有黄色不规则大理石样纹理或环纹。体轻，质脆，易折断，断面有粉性。气微，味微辛。
Irregularly shaped or elongated pieces, measuring 1.5-8 cm in diameter and 0.3-4 cm in thickness. Outer surface thin, yellowish-brown or grayish-brown, easily peeled off to expose the yellowish cork. Cut surface yellowish-white, with yellowish irregular marble-like texture or ring-like pattern. Light in weight, brittle in texture, easily broken, and powdery on the fractured surface. Odour, slight; taste, slightly pungent.

狼毒大戟 Euphorbia fischeriana

外皮棕黄色，切面纹理或环纹显黑褐色。水浸后有黏性，撕开可见黏丝。
Outer surface brownish-yellow, cut surface with blackish-brown texture or ring-like pattern. Sticky after soaking in water, visible sticky filaments when torn.

鉴别 Identification

月腺大戟 Euphorbia ebracteolata

（1）粉末黄白色。淀粉粒甚多，单粒球形、长圆形或半圆形，直径3～34μm，脐点裂隙状、人字状或星状，大粒层纹隐约可见；复粒由2～5粒组成；半复粒易见。网状具缘纹孔导管18～80μm 。无节乳管多碎断，所含的油滴状分泌物散在;有时可见乳管内充满黄色分泌物。
(1)Powder yellowish white. Numerous starch grains, single grains spherical, elongated or semi-circular, measuring 3-34 μm in diameter, with hilum fissure-like, herringbone-like or star-like, faintly visible large-grain layer striations; compound grains consisting of 2-5 grains; half-compound grains easily visible. Reticulate vessels with bordered pits, measuring 18-80 μm. Laticiferous vessels mostly fragmented, containing droplet-like secretions scattered; sometimes laticiferous vessels filled with yellow secretions.

狼毒大戟 Euphorbia fischeriana

粉末黄棕色。淀粉粒单粒直径至24μm，复粒由2～7粒组成，半复粒少见。网状具缘纹孔导管102μm，乳汁无色。
Powder yellowish brown.Single starch grains up to 24 μm in diameter, compound grains consisting of 2-7 grains, few half-compound grains. Reticulate vessels with bordered pits, measuring 102 μm. Latex colorless.

（2）取本品粗粉2g，加乙醇30ml，加热回流1小时，放冷，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇2ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取狼毒对照药材2g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以环己烷-乙酸乙酯（8.5∶1.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105C加热至斑点显色清晰，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
(2)To 2 g of the coarse powder add 30 ml of ethanol, heat under reflux for 1 hour, cool, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 2 ml of methanol as the test solution. Prepare a solution of the reference drug Euphorbia fischeriana in the same manner as the test solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of cyclohexane and ethyl acetate (8.5:1.5) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug.

检查 Examination

杂质 Impurities

不得过2%（通则2301）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2301>.

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过9.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过4.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于18.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201>, the hot maceration method, using diluted ethanol as the solvent, not less than 18.0 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

生狼毒 Euphorbia Root（unprepared）

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切片，晒干。
Eliminate impurities, wash clean, soften briefly, cut into slices, and dry in the sun.

性状 Description

月腺大戟 Euphorbia ebracteolata

本品为类圆形、长圆形或不规则块片。外皮薄，黄棕色或灰棕色，易剥落而露出黄色皮部。切面黄白色，有淡黄白色至黄棕色不规则大理石样纹理或环纹。体轻，质脆，易折断，断面有粉性。气微，味微辛。
Irregularly shaped or elongated pieces. Outer surface thin, yellowish-brown or grayish-brown, easily peeled off to expose the yellowish cork. Cut surface yellowish-white, with yellowish-white to yellowish-brown irregular marble-like texture or ring-like pattern. Light in weight, brittle in texture, easily broken, and powdery on the fractured surface. Odour, slight; taste, slightly pungent.

狼毒大戟 Euphorbia fischeriana

外皮棕黄色，切面纹理或环纹显黑褐色。水浸后有黏性，撕开可见黏丝。
Outer surface brownish-yellow, cut surface with blackish-brown texture or ring-like pattern. Sticky after soaking in water, visible sticky filaments when torn.

醋狼毒 Vinegar-treated Euphorbia Root

炮制 Processing

取净狼毒片，照醋制法（通则0213）炒干。
Take clean Euphorbia Root and fry them dry according to the vinegar method <0213>.

每100kg狼毒片，用醋30～50kg。
For every 100 kg of Euphorbia Root, use 30-50 kg of vinegar.

性状 Description

本品形如狼毒。颜色略深，闻之微有醋香气。
The drug is similar to Euphorbia Root. It is slightly darker in color and has a slight vinegar aroma.

检查 Examination

总灰分 Total ash

同药材，不得过7.0%。
Same as the herb,not more than 7.0 per cent.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

同药材，不得过1.0%。
Same as the herb,not more than 1.0 per cent.

水分 Water

同药材。
Same as the herb.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材，不得少于20.0%。
Same as the herb,not less than 20.0 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the herb.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

毒性 Toxicity

有毒
Toxic.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、脾经。
Liver and spleen meridians.

功能 Actions

散结，杀虫。
To disperse nodules and kill parasites.

主治 Indications

外用于淋巴结核、皮藓；灭蛆。
To disperse nodules and kill parasites. Used externally for lymphadenitis, tinea, and maggot infestation.

用量 Dosage

无。
None.

用法 Administration

熬膏外敷。
Decocted for external application.

注意 Precautions

不宜与密陀僧同用。
Not to be used with Mitosan.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a well-ventilated and dry place, protected from moth.

乳香

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为橄榄科植物乳香树Boswellia carterii Birdw.及同属植物Boswellia bhaw-dajiana Birdw.树皮渗出的树脂。分为索马里乳香和埃塞俄比亚乳香，每种乳香又分为乳香珠和原乳香。
Olibanum is the resinous exudate obtained from the bark of the trunk of Boswellia carterii Birdw. and its congeneric species Boswellia bhaw-dajiana Birdw. (Fam. Burseraceae). It is classified into Somali Olibanum and Ethiopian Olibanum, and each kind is further divided into Olibanum Pearl and Raw Olibanum.

性状 Description

本品呈长卵形滴乳状、类圆形颗粒或粘合成大小不等的不规则块状物。大者长达2cm（乳香珠）或5cm（原乳香）。表面黄白色，半透明，被有黄白色粉末，久存则颜色加深。质脆，遇热软化。破碎面有玻璃样或蜡样光泽。具特异香气，味微苦。
The drug occurs as long-ovoid, tear-shaped, or nearly globular tears or irregular masses of variable size. The larger ones are up to 2 cm long (Olibanum Pearl) or 5 cm long (Raw Olibanum). The surface is yellowish-white, translucent, and covered with a yellowish-white powder, which becomes darker on storage. The texture is brittle and softens on heating. The fractured surface is glassy or waxy. It has a characteristic odour and a slightly bitter taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品燃烧时显油性，冒黑烟，有香气；加水研磨成白色或黄白色乳状液。
(1) The product is oily when burning, with black smoke and aroma; it is ground into white or yellowish-white emulsion by adding water.

（2）
(2)

索马里乳香 Somali Olibanum

取〔含量测定〕项下挥发油适量，加无水乙醇制成每1ml含2.5mg的溶液，作为供试品溶液。另取a-蒎烯对照品，加无水乙醇制成每1ml含0.8mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照气相色谱法（通则0521）试验，以聚乙二醇（PEG-20M）毛细管柱，程序升温；初始温度50℃，保持3分钟，以每分钟25℃的速率升温至200℃，保持1分钟；进样口温度为200℃，检测器温度为220℃，分流比为20：1。理论板数按a-蒎烯峰计算应不低于7000，分别取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各1μl，注入气相色谱仪。供试品溶液色谱中应呈现与对照品溶液色谱峰保留时间相一致的色谱峰。
Take the volatile oil under [Content Determination], add anhydrous ethanol to make a solution containing 2.5mg per 1ml, as a test solution. Take a-pinene control, add anhydrous ethanol to make a solution containing 0.8mg per 1ml, as a control solution. According to the gas chromatography (General rule 0521) test, with polyethylene glycol (PEG-20M) capillary column, the procedure of heating; the initial temperature of 50 ℃, held for 3 minutes, at a rate of 25 ℃ per minute to 200 ℃, held for 1 minute; the inlet temperature of 200 ℃, the detector temperature of 220 ℃, the shunt ratio of 20: 1. Theoretical plate number according to the calculation of the a-pinene peak should not be less than 7000 The theoretical plate count should be not less than 7000 according to the peak of a-pinene. 1μl each of control solution and test solution was taken and injected into the gas chromatograph. The chromatogram of the test solution should show the same retention time as that of the peak of the control solution.

埃塞俄比亚乳香 Ethiopian Olibanum

取乙酸辛酯对照品，加无水乙醇制成每1ml含0.8mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。同索马里乳香鉴别方法试验，供试品溶液色谱中应呈现与对照品溶液色谱峰保留时间相一致的色谱峰。
Take octyl acetate control product, add anhydrous ethanol to make a solution containing 0.8mg per 1ml, as the control solution. The same as Somalia frankincense identification method test, the test solution should be presented in the chromatogram and the control solution peak retention time of the chromatographic peaks consistent with the chromatographic peaks.

检查 Examination

杂质 Impurities

乳香珠不得过2%，原乳香不得过10%（通则2301）。
Not more than 2% for Olibanum Pearl, and not more than 10% for Raw Olibanum <2301>.

含量测定 Assay

取本品20g，精密称定，照挥发油测定法（通则2204甲法）测定。
Somali Olibanum should contain not less than 6.0% (ml/g) of volatile oil, and Ethiopian Olibanum should contain not less than 2.0% (ml/g) of volatile oil.

索马里乳香含挥发油不得少于6.0%（ml/g），埃塞俄比亚乳香含挥发油不得少于2.0%（ml/g）。
Somali Olibanum shall contain not less than 6.0 per cent (ml/g) of volatile oil and Ethiopian Olibanum shall contain not less than 2.0 per cent (ml/g) of volatile oil.

饮片 Prepared slices

醋乳香 Vinegar-processed Olibanum

炮制 Processing

取净乳香，照醋炙法（通则0213）炒至表面光亮。
Take clean Olibanum and stir-fry it according to the method of vinegar processing <0213> until the surface is shiny.

每100kg乳香，用醋5kg。
For every 100kg of Olibanum, use 5kg of vinegar.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

味 Flavor

辛、苦，
Pungent and bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归心、肝、脾经。
Heart, liver, and spleen meridians.

功能 Actions

活血定痛，消肿生肌。
To promote blood circulation and relieve pain, reduce swelling and generate new tissue.

主治 Indications

用于胸痹心痛，胃脘疼痛，痛经经闭，产后瘀阻，癥瘕腹痛，风湿痹痛，筋脉拘挛，跌打损伤，痈肿疮疡。
Used for chest pain due to blood stasis, epigastric pain, dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea, postpartum blood stasis, abdominal pain due to masses, rheumatic arthralgia, spasm of tendons and vessels, traumatic injury, carbuncles, swelling, and sores.

用量 Dosage

3～5g；外用适量。
3-5 g；Apply externally in appropriate amounts.

用法 Administration

煎汤或入丸、散；研末调敷。
Decocted in soup or in pills or powder; powdered and applied.

注意 Precautions

孕妇及胃弱者慎用。
Use with caution in pregnant women and those with weak stomach.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处。
Preserve in a cool and dry place.

南鹤虱

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为伞形科植物野胡萝卜Daucus carota L.的干燥成熟果实。秋季果实成熟时割取果枝，晒干，打下果实，除去杂质。
Carrot Fruit is the dried ripe fruit of Daucus carota L. (Fam. Umbelliferae). The drug is collected in autumn when the fruit is ripe, the fruit stalk is cut off, dried in the sun, and the fruit is separated from the stalk and impurities are removed.

性状 Description

本品为双悬果，呈椭圆形，多裂为分果，分果长3～4mm，宽1.5～2.5mm。表面淡绿棕色或棕黄色，顶端有花柱残基，基部钝圆，背面隆起，具4条窄翅状次棱，翅上密生1列黄白色钩刺，刺长约1.5mm，次棱间的凹下处有不明显的主棱，其上散生短柔毛，接合面平坦，有3条脉纹，上具柔毛。种仁类白色，有油性。体轻。搓碎时有特异香气，味微辛、苦。
Fruits biconvex, elliptical, 3-4 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide; surface pale greenish-brown or brownish-yellow, with a persistent style at the apex, base obtuse and rounded, back convex, with 4 narrow wing-like secondary ridges, each ridge bearing a row of yellowish-white hooked prickles, prickles about 1.5 mm long, inconspicuous primary ridges in the depressions between the secondary ridges, short pubescence on the ridges, adaxial surface flat, with 3 vittae, pubescent. Seed white, oily. Light in weight. Fragrant when rubbed; taste, slightly pungent and bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品分果横切面：外果皮细胞1列，主棱处有分化成单细胞的非腺毛，长86～390μm。中果皮有大型油管，在次棱基部各1个，接合面2个，扁长圆形，直径50～120μm，内含黄棕色油滴；主棱内侧有细小维管束。内果皮为1列扁平薄壁细胞。种皮细胞含红棕色物质。胚乳丰富，薄壁细胞多角形，壁稍厚，含脂肪油和糊粉粒，糊粉粒中含有细小草酸钙簇晶。
(1)Cross-section of this product: exocarp cells in 1 row, with non-glandular hairs differentiated into single cells at the main ribs, 86-390 μm long; mesocarp with large vittae, 1 at the base of each of the secondary ribs, and 2 on the jointed surfaces, flattened and oblong, 50-120 μm in diameter, containing yellow-brown oil droplets; tiny vascular bundles on the inner side of the main ribs. Endocarp in 1 row of flattened thin-walled cells. The seed coat cells contain reddish brown material. The endosperm is rich, and the thin-walled cells are polygonal, with slightly thicker walls, containing fatty oil and pasty grains, and the pasty grains contain fine calcium oxalate clusters.

（2）取本品粉末1g，加乙醚20ml，浸渍过夜，滤过，滤液挥干，残渣加乙醚1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取南鹤虱对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各1～2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲酸（8∶1∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点；再喷以5%香草醛硫酸溶液，加热至斑点显色清晰，供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
To 1 g of the powder add 20 ml of ether, soak overnight, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of ether as the test solution. Take 1 g of the reference drug of Carrot Fruit, prepare the reference drug solution in the same manner. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (8:1:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 1-2 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution. Spray with a 5% solution of vanillin in sulfuric acid, heat to the spots clear. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

毒性 Toxicity

有小毒。
Slightly toxic.

味 Flavor

苦、辛。
Bitter and pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归脾、胃经。
Spleen and stomach meridians.

功能 Actions

杀虫消积。
To kill parasites and eliminate accumulation.

主治 Indications

用于蛔虫病，蛲虫病，绦虫病，虫积腹痛，小儿疳积。
Used for ascariasis, enterobiasis, taeniasis, abdominal pain due to intestinal parasites, and malnutrition in children.

用量 Dosage

3～9g。
3-9 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处。
Preserve in a well-ventilated and dry place.

硫黄

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为自然元素类矿物硫族自然硫，采挖后，加热熔化，除去杂质；或用含硫矿物经加工制得。
Sulfur is the natural element mineral sulfur of the sulfur family. It is obtained by mining, heating and melting, and removing impurities; or it is processed from sulfur-containing minerals.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则块状。黄色或略呈绿黄色。表面不平坦，呈脂肪光泽，常有多数小孔。用手握紧置于耳旁，可闻轻微的爆裂声。体轻，质松，易碎，断面常呈针状结晶形。有特异的臭气，味淡。
Sulfur is irregular in shape and is yellow or slightly greenish-yellow. The surface is uneven and has a greasy luster, often with many small holes. When held tightly in the hand and placed next to the ear, a slight cracking sound can be heard. It is light in weight, loose in texture, and fragile, and the fracture surface is often needle-shaped crystals. It has a distinctive odor and a mild taste.

鉴别 Identification

本品燃烧时易熔融，火焰为蓝色，并有二氧化硫的刺激性臭气。
When sulfur burns, it melts easily, the flame is blue, and there is a pungent odor of sulfur dioxide.

含量测定 Assay

取本品细粉约0.2g，精密称定，置锥形瓶中，精密加入乙醇制氢氧化钾滴定液（0.5mol/L）50ml，加水10ml，置水浴中加热使溶解，并挥去乙醇（直至无气泡、无醇臭）。加水40ml，于瓶颈插入一小漏斗，微沸10分钟，冷却，小心滴加过氧化氢试液5ml，摇匀，置沸水浴中加热10分钟，冷却至室温，用水冲洗漏斗及瓶内壁，加入甲基橙指示液2滴，用盐酸滴定液（0.5mol/L）滴定，并将滴定结果用空白试验校正。每1ml乙醇制氢氧化钾滴定液（0.5mol/L）相当于8.015mg的硫（S）。
Weigh accurately about 0.2 g of the powder, place it in a conical flask, accurately add 50 ml of 0.5 mol/L ethanol potassium hydroxide titration solution, add 10 ml of water, heat in a water bath to dissolve, and evaporate the ethanol (until there are no bubbles and no alcoholic odor). Add 40 ml of water, insert a small funnel into the neck of the bottle, boil gently for 10 minutes, cool, carefully add 5 ml of hydrogen peroxide test solution , shake well, heat in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes, cool to room temperature, rinse the funnel and the inner wall of the bottle with water, add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator solution, titrate with hydrochloric acid titration solution (0.5 mol/L), and correct the titration result with a blank test. Each 1 ml of ethanol potassium hydroxide titration solution (0.5 mol/L) is equivalent to 8.015 mg of sulfur (S).

本品含硫（S）不得少于98.5%。
The content of sulfur (S) in this product shall not be less than 98.5%.

饮片 Prepared slices

硫黄 Sulfur

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，敲成碎块。
Eliminate foreign matter, break into small pieces.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

制硫黄 Processed Sulfur

炮制 Processing

取净硫黄块，与豆腐同煮，至豆腐显黑绿色时，取出，漂净，阴干。
Take clean sulfur blocks, cook them with tofu, remove them when the tofu turns blackish-green, rinse them, and dry them in the shade.

每100kg硫黄，用豆腐200kg。
For every 100 kg of sulfur, use 200 kg of tofu.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

毒性 Toxicity

有毒。
Toxic.

味 Flavor

酸。
Sour.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肾、大肠经。
Kidney and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

外用解毒杀虫疗疮；内服补火助阳通便。
Used externally to detoxify, kill insects, and treat sores; taken internally to tonify fire, assist yang, and promote bowel movements.

主治 Indications

外治用于疥癣，秃疮，阴疽恶疮；内服用于阳痿足冷，虚喘冷哮，虚寒便秘。
Used externally for scabies, tinea capitis, malignant ulcers, and gangrenous ulcers; taken internally for impotence and coldness in the feet, deficiency cough and cold asthma, and deficiency-cold constipation.

用量 Dosage

外用适量。内服1.5～3g。
Appropriate amount for external use. Internal 1.5-3g.

用法 Administration

研末油调涂敷患处。炮制后入丸散服。
Ground into a powder and applied to the affected area with oil. After concocting, it can be taken in pills and powder.

注意 Precautions

孕妇慎用。不宜与芒硝、玄明粉同用。
Caution should be exercised in pregnant women. It should not be used with saltpeter and realgar.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，防火。
Store in a dry place and keep away from fire.

香加皮

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为萝藦科植物杠柳Periploca sepium Bge.的干燥根皮。春、秋二季采挖，剥取根皮，晒干。
Periploca Bark is the dried root bark of Periploca sepium Bge. (Fam. Asclepiadaceae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, the root bark is peeled off, and dried in the shade.

性状 Description

本品呈卷筒状或槽状，少数呈不规则的块片状，长3～10cm，直径1～2cm，厚0.2～0.4cm。外表面灰棕色或黄棕色，栓皮松软常呈鳞片状，易剥落。内表面淡黄色或淡黄棕色，较平滑，有细纵纹。体轻，质脆，易折断，断面不整齐，黄白色。有特异香气，味苦。
The bark is cylindrical or trough-shaped, occasionally irregularly blocky, 3-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter, and 0.2-0.4 cm thick. The outer surface is grayish-brown or yellowish-brown, with loose cork often in scales that are easily peeled off. The inner surface is pale yellow or pale yellowish-brown, relatively smooth, with fine longitudinal striations. The bark is light, brittle, easily broken, with an uneven fracture surface, and yellowish-white. It has a characteristic aroma and a bitter taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末淡棕色。草酸钙方晶直径9～20μm。石细胞长方形或类多角形，直径24～70μm。乳管含无色油滴状颗粒。木栓细胞棕黄色，多角形。淀粉粒甚多，单粒类圆形或长圆形，直径3～l1μm；复粒由2～6分粒组成。
(1) The powder of this product is light brown. Calcium oxalate square crystals 9-20 μm in diameter. stone cells oblong or polygonal-like, 24-70 μm in diameter. milk tubes containing colourless oil droplet-like particles. Cork cells are brownish yellow, polygonal. Starch granules are numerous, single granules are oblong or oblong, 3～l1μm in diameter; compound granules are composed of 2～6 grains.

（2）取本品粉末10g，置250ml烧瓶中，加水150ml，加热蒸馏，馏出液具特异香气，收集馏出液10ml，分置二支试管中，一管中加1%三氯化铁溶液1滴，即显红棕色；另一管中加硫酸肼饱和溶液5ml与醋酸钠结晶少量，稍加热，放冷，生成淡黄绿色沉淀，置紫外光灯（365nm）下观察，显强烈的黄色荧光。
(2) Take 10g of this product powder, placed in 250ml flask, add 150ml of water, heating distillation, distillate with a specific aroma, collect 10ml of distillate, divided into two test tubes, a tube with 1% ferric chloride solution 1 drop, that is, a reddish-brown colour; the other tube with a small amount of hydrazine sulphate saturated solution 5ml and sodium acetate crystals, a little heated, cooled to produce a yellowish-green precipitate, and placed in ultraviolet light (365nm) under the observation, showed strong yellow fluorescence.

（3）取本品粉末1g，加乙醇10ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液置25ml量瓶中，加乙醇至刻度，摇匀，精密量取1ml，置20ml量瓶中，加乙醇至刻度，摇匀，照紫外-可见分光光度法（通则0401）测定，在278nm的波长处有最大吸收。
(3) Take 1g of this product powder, add 10ml of ethanol, heat and reflux for 1 hour, filtration, filtrate in a 25ml measuring flask, add ethanol to the scale, shaking well, a precise amount of 1ml, placed in a 20ml measuring flask, add ethanol to the scale, shaking well, according to the UV-visible spectrophotometric method (General 0401) to determine the wavelength of 278nm has the maximum absorption.

（4）取本品粉末2g，加甲醇30ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇2ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取4-甲氧基水杨醛对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含lmg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-乙酸乙酯-冰醋酸（20∶3∶0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以二硝基苯肼试液。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(4) Take 2g of this product powder, add 30ml of methanol, heating reflux for 1 hour, filtration, filtrate evaporation, residue add 2ml of methanol to dissolve, as a test solution. Take 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde control product, add methanol to make a solution containing lmg per 1ml, as a control solution. According to the thin layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the above two solutions of 2μl, respectively, point on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, with petroleum ether (60 ~ 90 ℃) - ethyl acetate - glacial acetic acid (20:3:0.5) as the unfolding agent, unfold, remove, dry, spray with dinitrophenylhydrazine test solution. In the chromatogram of the test article, spots of the same colour are shown in the corresponding positions with the chromatogram of the control article.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过10.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过4.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于20.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent, not less than 20.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-水-醋酸（70∶30∶2）为流动相；检测波长为278nm。理论板数按4-甲氧基水杨醛峰计算应不低于1000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase; use methanol-water-acetic acid (70:30:2) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 278 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde should not be less than 1000.

内标溶液的制备 Preparation of internal standard solution

取对羟基苯甲酸丁酯适量，精密称定，加60%甲醇制成每1ml含6mg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of butylparaben, accurately weigh, and dissolve in 60% methanol to obtain a solution containing 6 mg per ml.

测定法 Assay method

取4-甲氧基水杨醛对照品适量，精密称定，置棕色量瓶中，加60%甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液。精密量取该溶液4ml、内标溶液2ml，置25ml量瓶中，加60%甲醇至刻度，摇匀，吸取20μl，注入液相色谱仪，记录色谱图；另取本品粗粉约0.25～0.5g，60℃干燥4小时，精密称定，置50ml烧瓶中，加60%甲醇15ml，加热回流1.5小时，滤过，滤液置25ml量瓶中，用少量60%甲醇洗涤容器，洗液滤入同一量瓶中，精密加入内标溶液2ml，加60%甲醇至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液作为供试品溶液。吸取20μl注入液相色谱仪，按内标法以峰面积计算，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde reference substance, accurately weigh, place it in a brown volumetric flask, and dissolve it in 60% methanol to obtain a solution containing 1 mg per ml. Accurately measure 4 ml of this solution and 2 ml of the internal standard solution, place them in a 25 ml volumetric flask, add 60% methanol to the mark, shake well, take 20 μl, inject it into the liquid chromatograph, and record the chromatogram. Take about 0.25-0.5 g of the coarse powder of the drug, dry it at 60°C for 4 hours, accurately weigh it, place it in a 50 ml flask, add 15 ml of 60% methanol, heat under reflux for 1.5 hours, filter, collect the filtrate in a 25 ml volumetric flask, wash the container with a small amount of 60% methanol, and filter the washings into the same flask. Accurately add 2 ml of the internal standard solution, add 60% methanol to the mark, shake well, filter, and take the subsequent filtrate as the test solution. Take 20 μl and inject it into the liquid chromatograph. Calculate the content based on the peak area using the internal standard method.

本品于60℃干燥4小时，含4-甲氧基水杨醛（C8H8O3）不得少于0.20%。
When dried at 60°C for 4 hours, the content of 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde (C8H8O3) should not be less than 0.20%.

饮片 Prepared slices

香加皮 Periploca Bark

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Eliminate Foreign matter, wash, soften briefly, cut into thick slices, and dry in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的厚片。外表面灰棕色或黄棕色，栓皮常呈鳞片状。内表面淡黄色或淡黄棕色，有细纵纹。切面黄白色。有特异香气，味苦。
This product comes in thick irregular sheets. The outer surface is greyish brown or yellowish brown, and the embolus is often scaly. The inner surface is yellowish or yellowish brown with fine longitudinal lines. The cut surface is yellowish white. It has special aroma and bitter taste.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

毒性 Toxicity

有毒。
Toxic.

味 Flavor

辛、苦。
Pungent and bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、肾、心经。
Liver, kidney, and heart meridians.

功能 Actions

利水消肿，祛风湿，强筋骨。
To promote diuresis, reduce swelling, dispel wind and dampness, and strengthen tendons and bones.

主治 Indications

用于下肢浮肿，心悸气短，风寒湿痹，腰膝酸软。
Used for lower limb edema, palpitations and shortness of breath, wind-cold-damp arthralgia, and lumbago and knee weakness.

用量 Dosage

3～6g。
3-6 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

注意 Precautions

不宜过量服用。
Do not take excessive doses.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处。
Preserve in a cool and dry place.

徐长卿

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为萝藦科植物徐长卿Cynanchum paniculatum（Bge.）Kitag.的干燥根和根茎。秋季采挖，除去杂质，阴干。
Cynanchum Paniculatum Root and Rhizome is the dried root and rhizome of Cynanchum paniculatum (Bge.) Kitag. (Fam. Asclepiadaceae). The drug is collected in autumn, removed from impurities, and dried in the shade.

性状 Description

本品根茎呈不规则柱状，有盘节，长0.5～3.5cm，直径2～4mm。有的顶端带有残茎，细圆柱形，长约2cm，直径1～2mm，断面中空；根茎节处周围着生多数根。根呈细长圆柱形，弯曲，长10～16cm，直径1～1.5mm。表面淡黄白色至淡棕黄色或棕色，具微细的纵皱纹，并有纤细的须根。质脆，易折断，断面粉性，皮部类白色或黄白色，形成层环淡棕色，木部细小。气香，味微辛凉。
Rhizomes irregularly cylindrical, with nodes, 0.5-3.5 cm long, 2-4 mm in diameter. Some with residual stem at the apex, slender cylindrical, about 2 cm long, 1-2 mm in diameter, hollow in the cross-section; several roots arise from the nodes. Roots slender and cylindrical, curved, 10-16 cm long, 1-1.5 mm in diameter. Surface pale yellowish-white to pale brownish-yellow or brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles, and with slender rootlets. Texture brittle, easily broken, fracture mealy; bark whitish or yellowish-white, forming a ring, wood small. Odour, aromatic; taste, slightly pungent and cool.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末浅灰棕色。外皮层细胞表面观类多角形，垂周壁细波状弯曲，细胞间有一类方形小细胞，木化；侧面观呈类长方形，有的细胞径向壁有增厚的细条纹。草酸钙簇晶直径7～45μm。分泌细胞类圆形或长椭圆形，内含淡黄棕色分泌物。内皮层细胞类长方形，垂周壁细波状弯曲。
(1)The powder is light grayish-brown. The surface view of the outer epidermal cells is polygonal, the periclinal wall is finely undulate, and there are a type of square-shaped small cells between the cells, which are lignified; the side view is oblong, and some cells have thickened radial walls with fine striations. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals have a diameter of 7-45 μm. Secretory cells are round or elongated, containing pale yellowish-brown secretions. The cells of the endodermis are rectangular and the periclinal walls are finely undulate.

（2）取本品粉末1g，加乙醚10ml，密塞，振摇10分钟，滤过，滤液挥干，残渣加丙酮1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取丹皮酚对照品，加丙酮制成每1ml含2mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液5μl、对照品溶液10μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以环己烷-乙酸乙酯（3∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以盐酸酸性5%的三氯化铁乙醇溶液，加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的蓝褐色斑点。
(2) Take 1g of powder, add 10ml of ether, tight plug, shake for 10 minutes, filter, filtrate evaporate, residue with acetone 1ml to dissolve, as a test solution. Also take the control of salvinorin, add acetone to make a solution containing 2mg per 1ml, as a control solution. According to the thin layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the test solution 5μl, control solution 10μl, respectively, point in the same silica gel G thin layer plate, cyclohexane - ethyl acetate (3:1) as an unfolding agent, unfolding, take out, drying, sprayed with hydrochloric acid acid 5% ferric chloride ethanol solution, heated until the spots show clear colour. In the chromatogram of the test article, the same blue-brown spots were shown in the corresponding positions with the chromatogram of the control article.

（3）取本品粉末1g，加乙醚10ml，密塞，振摇10分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加丙酮1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取徐长卿对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以环己烷-三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯（10∶2∶0.8）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰，分别置日光和紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点或荧光斑点。
(3) Take 1g of this product powder, add 10ml of ether, close the plug, shake for 10 minutes, filter, filtrate evaporation, residue with acetone 1ml to dissolve, as a test solution. Take 1g of control herb of Xu Changqing, and make control herb solution by the same method. According to the thin layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the above two solutions of 5μl, respectively, point in the same silica gel G thin layer plate, cyclohexane - trichloromethane - ethyl acetate (10:2:0.8) as the unfolding agent, unfolding, remove, drying, sprayed with 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heated to 105 ℃ until the spots are clear and clear, respectively, placed in the sunlight and ultraviolet light (365 nm) to check. In the chromatogram of the test material, in the corresponding position with the chromatogram of the control material, the spots of the same colour or fluorescent spots.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第四法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 4>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过10.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于10.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using ethanol as the solvent,not less than 10.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-水（45∶55）为流动相；检测波长为274nm。理论板数按丹皮酚峰计算应不低于3000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase; methanol-water (45:55) as the mobile phase; detection wavelength at 274 nm. The theoretical number of plates calculated from the peak of paeonol should not be less than 3000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取丹皮酚对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含20μg的溶液，即得。
Accurately weigh an appropriate amount of paeonol reference standard, dissolve in methanol to produce a solution containing 20 μg per ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粗粉约0.5g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇50ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率250W，频率33kHz）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，精密量取续滤液1ml，置10ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Accurately weigh about 0.5 g of the coarse powder of the test material, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50 ml of methanol, weigh, treat with ultrasound (power 250 W, frequency 33 kHz) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up the loss in weight with methanol, shake well, filter, accurately measure 1 ml of the filtrate, place it in a 10 ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, shake well, and set aside.

测定法 Method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately draw 10 μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含丹皮酚（C9H10O3）不得少于1.3%。
Calculate the content of paeonol (C9H10O3) in the dried drug, which should not be less than 1.3%.

饮片 Prepared slices

徐长卿 Cynanchum Paniculatum

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，迅速洗净，切段，阴干。
Eliminate Foreign matter, quickly wash, cut into sections, and dry in the shade.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的段。根茎有节，四周着生多数根。根圆柱形，表面淡黄白色至淡棕黄色或棕色，有细纵皱纹。切面粉性，皮部类白色或黄白色，形成层环淡棕色，木部细小。气香，味微辛凉。
This product is in irregular segments. The rhizome is nodding and surrounded by numerous roots. Roots cylindrical, surface yellowish white to light brownish yellow or brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles. Flourish, white or yellowish-white cortex, light brown formation of the layer ring, the wood is fine. Aromatic, slightly pungent and cool flavour.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、胃经。
Liver and stomach meridians.

功能 Actions

祛风，化湿，止痛，止痒。
To dispel wind, eliminate dampness, relieve pain, and stop itching.

主治 Indications

用于风湿痹痛，胃痛胀满，牙痛，腰痛，跌扑伤痛，风疹、湿疹。
Used for rheumatic arthralgia, stomach pain and distension, toothache, lumbago, injuries from falls and blows, wind rash, and eczema.

用量 Dosage

3～12 g。
3-12 g.

用法 Administration

后下。
Add when the decoction is nearly done.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处。
Preserve in a cool and dry place.

野菊花

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为菊科植物野菊Chrysanthemum indicum L.的干燥头状花序。秋、冬二季花初开放时采摘，晒干，或蒸后晒干。
Wild Chrysanthemum Flower is the dried inflorescence of Chrysanthemum indicum L. (Fam. Compositae). The drug is collected in autumn or winter when the flowers begin to bloom, dried in the sun, or steamed and then dried.

性状 Description

本品呈类球形，直径0.3～1cm，棕黄色。总苞由4～5层苞片组成，外层苞片卵形或条形，外表面中部灰绿色或浅棕色，通常被白毛，边缘膜质；内层苞片长椭圆形，膜质，外表面无毛。总苞基部有的残留总花梗。舌状花1轮，黄色至棕黄色，皱缩卷曲；管状花多数，深黄色。体轻。气芳香，味苦。
The drug is spherical or nearly so, measuring 0.3-1 cm in diameter, and brownish-yellow. The involucre consists of 4-5 layers of bracts; the outer bracts are ovate or linear, with the middle part of the outer surface grayish-green or pale brown, usually covered with white hairs, and the margin membranous; the inner bracts are elongate-elliptical, membranous, and hairless on the outer surface. The base of the involucre often has remnants of the receptacle. The ligulate florets are in one row, yellow to brownish-yellow, wrinkled and curled; the tubular florets are numerous and deep yellow. The drug is light in weight. It has a fragrant odor and a bitter taste.

鉴别 Identification

取本品粉末0.3g，加甲醇15ml，超声处理30分钟，放冷，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取野菊花对照药材0.3g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取蒙花苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.2mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各3μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以乙酸丁酯-甲酸-水（2︰1︰1）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以2%三氯化铝乙醇溶液，热风吹干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
To 0.3 g of the powder add 15 ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 30 minutes, cool, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Prepare a solution of the reference drug of Wild Chrysanthemum Flower, weighing 0.3 g, by the same method. Prepare a solution of luteolin as the reference solution, dissolving an appropriate amount in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.2 mg per ml. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using a solution of ethyl acetate-butanoic acid-water (2:1:1) as the upper layer of the mobile phase and silica gel G as the coating substance. Apply separately to the plate 3 μl of each of the above three solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 2% solution of aluminum chloride in ethanol, dry with hot air, and examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过14.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 14.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过9.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-水-冰醋酸（26︰23︰1）为流动相；检测波长为334nm。理论板数按蒙花苷峰计算应不低于3000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase; use methanol-water-acetic acid (26:23:1) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 334 nm. The theoretical number of plates calculated from the peak of luteolin should not be less than 3000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取蒙花苷对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇溶解（必要时加热）制成每1ml含25μg的溶液，即得。
Weigh an appropriate amount of luteolin CRS accurately, dissolve in methanol (if necessary, heat), and prepare a solution containing 25 μg per ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约0.25g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇100ml，称定重量，加热回流3小时，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Weigh about 0.25 g of the powder (passed through a No. 3 sieve) of the test drug accurately, place it in a conical flask with a stopper, add methanol 100 ml accurately, weigh, heat under reflux for 3 hours, cool, weigh again, make up the loss in weight with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the subsequent filtrate.

测定法 Method of assay

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各20μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately draw 20 μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含蒙花苷（C28H32O14）不得少于0.80%。
Calculate the content of luteolin (C28H32O14) in the dried drug. It should not be less than 0.80%.

性 Property

微寒。
Slightly cold.

味 Flavor

苦、辛。
Bitter, pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、心经。
Liver and Heart meridians.

功能 Actions

清热解毒，泻火平肝。
To clear heat, detoxify, relieve fire, and soothe the liver.

主治 Indications

用于疔疮痈肿，目赤肿痛，头痛眩晕。
Used for carbuncles, furuncles, swelling and pain of the eyes, headache, and dizziness.

用量 Dosage

9～15g。外用适量。
9-15 g. Apply externally in appropriate amounts.

用法 Administration

煎汤外洗或制膏外涂。
Decoction of soup for external wash or made paste for external application.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，防潮，防蛀。
Store in a cool and dry place, protected from moisture and insects.