雄黄

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为硫化物类矿物雄黄族雄黄，主含二硫化二砷（AS2S2）。采挖后，除去杂质。
Realgar is a mineral of the sulfide class, belonging to the realgar group. It mainly contains arsenic disulfide (As2S2). After mining, impurities are removed.

性状 Description

本品为块状或粒状集合体，呈不规则块状。深红色或橙红色，条痕淡橘红色，晶面有金刚石样光泽。质脆，易碎，断面具树脂样光泽。微有特异的臭气，味淡。精矿粉为粉末状或粉末集合体，质松脆，手捏即成粉，橙黄色，无光泽。
Realgar is a block or granular aggregate, irregular in shape. It is deep red or orange-red in color, with pale orange-red streaks and diamond-like luster on the crystal surface. It is brittle and easily broken, with a resin-like luster on the fracture surface. It has a slight peculiar odor and a mild taste. The powdered ore is powdery or powdery aggregate, loose and brittle, easily crushed into powder by hand, orange-yellow in color, and without luster.

鉴别 Identification

（1）取本品粉末10mg，加水润湿后，加氯酸钾饱和的硝酸溶液2ml，溶解后，加氯化钡试液，生成大量白色沉淀。放置后，倾出上层酸液，再加水2ml，振摇，沉淀不溶解。
(1)To 10 mg of the powder add 2 ml of nitric acid solution saturated with potassium chlorate after moistening with water, dissolve, and add barium chloride test solution to produce a large amount of white precipitate. After standing, pour off the upper acid layer, add 2 ml of water, shake, and the precipitate does not dissolve.

（2）取本品粉末0.2g，置坩埚内，加热熔融，产生白色或黄白色火焰，伴有白色浓烟。取玻片覆盖后，有白色冷凝物，刮取少量，置试管内加水煮沸使溶解，必要时滤过，溶液加硫化氢试液数滴，即显黄色，加稀盐酸后生成黄色絮状沉淀，再加碳酸铵试液，沉淀复溶解。
(2)Place 0.2 g of the powder in a crucible, heat and melt, producing a white or yellowish-white flame with white smoke. After covering with a glass slide, there is white condensate, scrape off a small amount, place it in a test tube, boil with water to dissolve, filter if necessary, add a few drops of hydrogen sulfide test solution to the solution, which turns yellow, add dilute hydrochloric acid to produce a yellow flocculent precipitate, then add ammonium carbonate test solution, and the precipitate dissolves again.

检查 Examination

三价砷和五价砷 Trivalent arsenic and pentavalent arsenic

照汞、砷元素形态及价态测定法（通则2322）中砷形态及其价态测定法测定。
Carry out the method for determination of the forms and valence states of mercury and arsenic elements <2322> in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

对照品贮备溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

分别精密量取亚砷酸根溶液标准物质、砷酸根溶液标准物质适量，加水制成每1ml各含2μg（均以砷计）的混合溶液，即得。
Accurately weigh appropriate amounts of standard reference solutions of arsenite and arsenate, dissolve in water to make a mixed solution containing 2 μg of each per ml (calculated as arsenic).

标准曲线溶液的制备 Preparation of standard curve solution

精密吸取对照品贮备溶液适量，加0.02mol/L乙二胺四醋酸二钠溶液分别制成每1ml含两种价态砷各5ng、20ng、50ng、100ng、200ng、500ng、1000ng（均以砷计）的系列溶液，即得。
Accurately pipette appropriate amounts of the reference solution into a 1 ml volumetric flask, and prepare a series of solutions containing 5 ng, 20 ng, 50 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, 500 ng, and 1000 ng of each valence state of arsenic (calculated as arsenic) per ml by adding 0.02 mol/L disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution, respectively.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过五号筛）约30mg，精密称定，置250ml塑料量瓶中，加人工肠液约200ml，摇匀，置37℃水浴中超声处理（功率300W，频率45kHz）2小时（每隔15分钟充分摇匀一次），放冷，用人工肠液稀释至刻度，摇匀，取适量置50ml塑料离心管中，静置20～24小时，用洗耳球轻轻吹去上层表面溶液，吸取中层溶液约15ml（吸取时应避免带入颗粒），用微孔滤膜（10μm）滤过，精密量取续滤液5ml，置50ml塑料量瓶中，加0.02mol/L乙二胺四醋酸二钠溶液稀释至刻度，摇匀，即得。同法制备试剂空白溶液。
Weigh about 30 mg of the powder (passed through a No. 5 sieve) of the test substance accurately, place it in a 250 ml plastic volumetric flask, add about 200 ml of artificial intestinal fluid, shake well, treat it with ultrasound in a 37°C water bath (power 300 W, frequency 45 kHz) for 2 hours (shake well every 15 minutes), cool, dilute with artificial intestinal fluid to the mark, shake well, take an appropriate amount and place it in a 50 ml plastic centrifuge tube, let it stand for 20-24 hours, gently blow away the surface solution with an ear syringe, and take about 15 ml of the middle solution (avoid bringing in particles when suctioning), filter through a microporous membrane (10 μm), accurately pipette 5 ml of the filtrate, place it in a 50 ml plastic volumetric flask, dilute with 0.02 mol/L disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution to the mark, shake well, and obtain the test solution. Prepare the reagent blank solution in the same manner.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取标准曲线溶液与供试品溶液各20μl，注入液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪，测定。以标准曲线溶液测得不同价态砷的峰面积为纵坐标，相应浓度为横坐标，绘制标准曲线，计算供试品中价态砷含量，即得。
Accurately pipette 20 μl of each of the standard curve solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system, and determine. Use the peak area of different valence states of arsenic obtained from the standard curve solution as the ordinate and the corresponding concentration as the abscissa to draw the standard curve and calculate the content of valence states of arsenic in the test solution.

本品含三价砷和五价砷的总量以砷（As）计，不得过7.0%。
The total amount of trivalent arsenic and pentavalent arsenic in the product shall not exceed 7.0% (calculated as arsenic, As).

含量测定 Assay

取本品粉末约0.1g，精密称定，置锥形瓶中，加硫酸钾1g、硫酸铵2g与硫酸8ml，用直火加热至溶液澄明，放冷，缓缓加水50ml，加热微沸3～5分钟，放冷，加酚酞指示液2滴，用氢氧化钠溶液（40→100）中和至显微红色，放冷，用0.25mol/L硫酸溶液中和至褪色，加碳酸氢钠5g，摇匀后，用碘滴定液（0.05mol/L）滴定，至近终点时，加淀粉指示液2ml，滴定至溶液显紫蓝色。每1ml碘滴定液（0.05mol/L）相当于5.348mg的二硫化二砷（As2S2）。
Weigh about 0.1 g of the powder of the test substance accurately, place it in a conical flask, add 1 g of potassium sulfate, 2 g of ammonium sulfate, and 8 ml of sulfuric acid, heat directly with a flame until the solution is clear, cool, slowly add 50 ml of water, heat to a slight boil for 3-5 minutes, cool, add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator, titrate with sodium hydroxide solution (40→100) to a faint red color, cool, titrate with 0.25 mol/L sulfuric acid solution to colorless, add 5 g of sodium bicarbonate, shake well, titrate with iodine titration solution (0.05 mol/L) until near the end point, add 2 ml of starch indicator solution, and titrate to a purple-blue color. Each 1 ml of iodine titration solution (0.05 mol/L) is equivalent to 5.348 mg of arsenic disulfide (As2S2).

本品含砷量以二硫化二砷（As2S2）计，不得少于90.0%。
The content of arsenic in the product shall not be less than 90.0% (calculated as arsenic disulfide, As2S2).

饮片 Prepared slices

雄黄粉 Realgar powder

炮制 Processing

取雄黄照水飞法（通则0213）水飞，晾干。
Take the realgar according to the water flying method (method 0213) , and then dried.

性状 Description

本品为橙黄色或橙红色极细粉末，易粘手，气特异。
This product is orange-yellow or orange-red very fine powder, easy to stick to the hand, the gas is special.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

毒性 Toxicity

有毒。
Toxic.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、大肠经。
Liver and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

解毒杀虫，燥湿祛痰，截疟。
To detoxify and kill insects, dry dampness and resolve phlegm, and interrupt malaria.

主治 Indications

用于痈肿疔疮，蛇虫咬伤，虫积腹痛，惊痫，疟疾。
Used for abscesses, boils, snake and insect bites, abdominal pain due to worm accumulation, epilepsy, and malaria.

用量 Dosage

0.05～0.1g；外用适量。
0.05-0.1 g；For external use, apply an appropriate amount.

用法 Administration

入丸散用；熏涂患处。
For oral administration in pills or powders；for external use to fumigate or smear the affected area.

注意 Precautions

内服宜慎；不可久用；孕妇禁用。
Internal use should be cautious; long-term use is prohibited; pregnant women should not use it.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，密闭。
Store in a dry place, tightly sealed.

雄黄

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为硫化物类矿物雄黄族雄黄，主含二硫化二砷（As2S2）。采挖后，除去杂质。
Realgar is a mineral of sulfides of realgar group, containing mainly arsenic disulfide (As2S2). The drug is collected, removed from foreign matter.

性状 Description

本品为块状或粒状集合体，呈不规则块状。深红色或橙红色，条痕淡橘红色，晶面有金刚石样光泽。质脆，易碎，断面具树脂样光泽。微有特异的臭气，味淡。精矿粉为粉末状或粉末集合体，质松脆，手捏即成粉，橙黄色，无光泽。
Aggregates of lumpy or granulous masses, irregular, dark red or orange-red streak, pale orange-red; crystal surface showing diamond-like lustre. Texture fragile, easily broken, fracture with resin-like lustre. Odour, slightly stinking characteristic taste, weak.

鉴别 Identification

（1）取本品粉末10mg，加水润湿后，加氯酸钾饱和的硝酸溶液2ml，溶解后，加氯化钡试液，生成大量白色沉淀。放置后，倾出上层酸液，再加水2ml，振摇，沉淀不溶解。
To 10 mg of the powder, moisten with water, add 2 ml of nitric acid solution saturated with potassium chlorate to dissolve, add barium chloride TS, a large quantity of white precipitate is produced. Allow to stand, decant the supernatant, add 2 ml of water to the precipitate and shake, it is not dissolved.

（2）取本品粉末0.2g，置坩埚内，加热熔融，产生白色或黄白色火焰，伴有白色浓烟。取玻片覆盖后，有白色冷凝物，刮取少量，置试管内加水煮沸使溶解，必要时滤过，溶液加硫化氢试液数滴，即显黄色，加稀盐酸后生成黄色絮状沉淀，再加碳酸铵试液，沉淀复溶解。
Melt 0.2 g of the powder in a crucible, a white or yellowish-white flame is produced with white heavy fume. Cover the crucible with a piece of glass, a white condensate is produced. Dissolve a small quantity of the condensate in water by boiling in a test tube, filter if necessary, then add several drops of hydrogen sulfide TS; a yellow colour is produced, and a yellow flocculent precipitate is produced on adding dilute hydrochloric acid TS, then add ammonium carbonate TS, the precipitate is dissolved.

检查 Examination

三氧化二砷 Arsenic trioxide

取本品适量，研细，精密称取0.94g，加稀盐酸20ml，不断搅拌30分钟，滤过，残渣用稀盐酸洗涤2次，每次10ml，搅拌10分钟，洗液与滤液合并，置500ml量瓶中，加水至刻度，摇匀，精密量取10ml，置100ml量瓶中，加水至刻度，摇匀，精密量取2ml，加盐酸5ml与水21ml，照砷盐检查法（通则0822第一法）检查，所显砷斑颜色不得深于标准砷斑。
To 0.94 g of the fine powder, accurately weighed, add 20 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid TS, stir constantly for 30 minutes, filter, wash the residue with two 10-ml quantities of dilute hydrochloric acid TS by stirring for 10 minutes. Combine the filtrate and washings into a 500 ml volumetric flask, add water to volume, mix well. Measure accurately 10 ml into a 100 ml volumetric flask, dilute with water to volume, mix well. To 2 ml, accurately measured, add 5 ml of hydrochloric acid and 21 ml of water. Carry out the limit test for arsenic<0822, method>,any stain produced is not more intense than that produced by standard arsenic solution.

含量测定 Assay

取本品粉末约0.1g，精密称定，置锥形瓶中，加硫酸钾1g、硫酸铵2g与硫酸8ml，用直火加热至溶液澄明，放冷，缓缓加水50ml，加热微沸3～5分钟，放冷，加酚酞指示液2滴，用氢氧化钠溶液（40→100）中和至显微红色，放冷，用0.25mol/L硫酸溶液中和至褪色，加碳酸氢钠5g，摇匀后，用碘滴定液（0.05mol/L）滴定，至近终点时，加淀粉指示液2ml，滴定至溶液显紫蓝色。每1ml碘滴定液（0.05mol/L）相当于5.348mg的二硫化二砷（As2S2）。
Heat about 0.1 g of the powder, accurately weighed, in a 250 ml conical flask with 1 g of potassium sulfate, 2 g of ammonium sulfate and 8 ml of sulfuric acid until the solution becomes clear. Allow to cool, add 50 ml of water slowly, heat to boil gently for 3-5 minutes and allow to cool. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein IS, neutralize with sodium hydroxide solution (40→100) until it becomes pale red, allow to cool, neutralize with sulfuric acid solution (0.25 mol/L) to colourless. Add 5 g of sodium bicarbonate, shake well, titrate with iodine (0.1 mol/L) VS, towards the end of titration, add 2 ml of starch IS, continue to titrate until a purplish-blue colour is produced. Each ml of iodine (0.1 mol/L) VS is equivalent to 5.348 mg of arsenic disulfide (As2S2).

It contains not less than 90.0 per cent of arsenic, calculated as arsenic disulfide (As2S2).

饮片 Prepared slices

雄黄 Realgar

炮制 Processing

取雄黄照水飞法（通则0213）水飞，晾干。
Levigate Realgar as described under the method for levigating <0213> and dry in the shade.

取粉末适量，照上述三氧化二砷检查项下的方法检查，应符合规定。
Carry out the above limit test for arsenic trioxide, the result complies with the requirements.

性 Property

辛，温；有毒。
Warm; pungent; toxic.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、大肠经。
Liver and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

解毒杀虫，燥湿祛痰，截疟。
To remove toxin, kill worms, dry dampness, dispel phlegm, and interrupt malaria.

主治 Indications

用于痈肿疔疮，蛇虫咬伤，虫积腹痛，惊痫，疟疾。
Swelling abscess, deep rooted boil and sore, bites of insect, worm or snake, abdominal pain caused by worm accumulation, fright epilepsy, and malaria.

用量 Dosage

0.05～0.1g。
0.05-0.1 g.

用法 Administration

入丸散用。
Used in pills or powder.

外用适量，熏涂患处。
Appropriate amount for topical application, fume to pars affecta.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

内服宜慎；不可久用；孕妇禁用。
Used cautiously for oral administration. Avoid long-term administration. Contraindicated for pregnant woman.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，密闭。
Preserve in a tightly closed container, and store in a dry place.