玄明粉

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为芒硝经风化干燥制得。主含硫酸钠（Na2SO4）。
Dried Sodium Sulfate is obtained by wind-weathering and drying of Mirabilite. It mainly contains Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4).

性状 Description

本品为白色粉末。气微，味咸。有引湿性。
It is a white powder, odorless, and has a salty taste. It has hygroscopicity.

鉴别 Identification

本品的水溶液显钠盐（通则0301）与硫酸盐（通则0301）的鉴别反应。
The aqueous solution of this product shows the identification reaction of sodium salt <0301> and sulfate <0301>.

检查 Examination

铁盐与锌盐、镁盐、氯化物 Iron salts and zinc salts, magnesium salts, chlorides

照芒硝项下的方法检查，但取用量减半，应符合规定。
Test according to the method under potassium nitrate, but use half the amount specified. The results should meet the requirements.

重金属 Heavy metals

取本品1.0g，加稀醋酸2ml与适量的水溶解使成25ml，依法检查（通则0821第一法），含重金属不得过20mg/kg。
Take 1.0g of the sample, dissolve it in 2ml of dilute acetic acid and a suitable amount of water to make 25ml, and test it according to the law <0821, method 1>. The content of heavy metals should not exceed 20mg/kg.

砷盐 Arsenic salts

取本品0.10g，加水23ml溶解后，加盐酸5ml，依法检查（通则0822），含砷量不得过20mg/kg。
Take 0.10g of the sample, dissolve it in 23ml of water, add 5ml of hydrochloric acid, and test it according to the law <0822>. The content of arsenic should not exceed 20mg/kg.

酸碱度 Acidity and alkalinity

取本品0.5g，加水20ml使溶解。取10ml，加甲基红指示剂2滴，不得显红色；另取10ml，加溴麝香草酚蓝指示液5滴，不得显蓝色。
Take 0.5g of the sample, dissolve it in 20ml of water. Take 10ml, add 2 drops of methyl red indicator, which should not turn red; take another 10ml, add 5 drops of bromothymol blue indicator, which should not turn blue.

含量测定 Assay

取本品，置105℃干燥至恒重后，取约0.3g，精密称定，照芒硝〔含量测定〕项下的方法测定，即得。
Take the sample, dry it at 105°C to a constant weight, take about 0.3g, accurately weigh it, and determine the content according to the method under potassium nitrate.

本品按干燥品计算，含硫酸钠（Na2SO4）不得少于99.0%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) should not be less than 99.0%.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

味 Flavor

咸、苦。
Salty and bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归胃、大肠经。
Stomach and large intestine meridian.

功能 Actions

泻下通便，润燥软坚，清火消肿。
To promote bowel movement and relieve constipation, moisturize dryness and soften hardness, clear heat and reduce swelling.

主治 Indications

用于实热积滞，大便燥结，腹满胀痛；外治咽喉肿痛，口舌生疮，牙龈肿痛，目赤，痈肿，丹毒。
Used for accumulation of excessive heat, dry and hard stool, abdominal distension and pain; externally used for sore throat, oral ulcers, swollen gums, red eyes, abscesses, and erysipelas.

用量 Dosage

3～9g。外用适量。
3-9g. For external use, use an appropriate amount.

用法 Administration

溶入煎好的汤液中服用。
Dissolve in the decoction and take orally.

注意 Precautions

孕妇慎用；不宜与硫黄、三棱同用。
Caution for pregnant women; avoid using it with sulfur and Tribulus terrestris.

贮藏 Storage

密封，防潮。
Seal and store in a moisture-proof place.

棕榈

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为棕榈科植物棕榈Trachycarpus fortunei（Hook. f.）H. Wendl.的干燥叶柄。采棕时割取旧叶柄下延部分和鞘片，除去纤维状的棕毛，晒干。
Trachycarpus Petiole is the dried petiole of Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook. f.) H. Wendl. (Fam. Palmae). The drug is collected by cutting off the lower part of the old petiole and sheath of the leaf, removing fibrous brown hairs, and drying in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈长条板状，一端较窄而厚，另端较宽而稍薄，大小不等。表面红棕色，粗糙，有纵直皱纹；一面有明显的凸出纤维，纤维的两侧着生多数棕色茸毛。质硬而韧，不易折断，断面纤维性。气微，味淡。
Trachycarpus Petiole is long and plate-like, with one end narrower and thicker, and the other end wider and slightly thinner, varying in size. The surface is reddish-brown, rough, with longitudinal and vertical wrinkles; one side has obvious protruding fibers, and both sides of the fibers are covered with brownish hairs. The texture is hard and tough, not easily broken, and the fracture is fibrous. It has a slight odor and a mild taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末红棕色至褐棕色。纤维成束，细长，直径12～15μm，其外侧薄壁细胞含细小的草酸钙簇晶，形成晶纤维。气孔直轴式或不定式，副卫细胞5～6个。可见网纹导管、螺纹导管及梯纹管胞。
（1）The powder of this product is reddish-brown to brownish-brown. The fibers are bundled, slender, with a diameter of 12-15μm. The thin-walled cells on the outer side of the fibers contain small clusters of calcium oxalate, forming crystal fibers. The stomata are straight or indefinite, with 5-6 subsidiary cells. Tracheids with reticulate, spiral, and ladder-like wall thickenings can be seen.

（2）取本品粉末1g，加水20ml，加热5分钟，滤过，滤液用水稀释成20ml。取滤液1ml，加三氯化铁试液2～3滴，即生成污绿色絮状沉淀；另取滤液1ml，加氯化钠明胶试液3滴，即显白色浑浊。
（2）Take 1g of the powder, add 20ml of water, heat for 5 minutes, filter, and dilute the filtrate with water to 20ml. Take 1ml of the filtrate, add 2-3 drops of ferric chloride test solution, and a dirty green flocculent precipitate is formed; take another 1ml of the filtrate, add 3 drops of sodium chloride gelatin test solution, and a white turbidity appears.

饮片 Prepared slices

棕榈 Trachycarpus Petiole

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash, and dry.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

棕榈炭 Trachycarpus Petiole (carbonized)

炮制 Processing

取净棕榈，照煅炭法（通则0213）制炭。
Carbonize the clean Trachycarpus Petiole as described under the method for carbonizing by calcining <0213>.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则块状，大小不一。表面黑褐色至黑色，有光泽，有纵直条纹；触之有黑色炭粉。内部焦黄色，纤维性。略具焦香气，味苦涩。
Irregular pieces, varying in size. Externally dark brown to black, lusterous, with longitudinal wrinkles; when toughing, black toner in hand. Internal coke yellow, fibrous. Odour, burnt aromatic; taste, bitter and astringent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末棕黑色。纤维成束，黑褐色，周围细胞含草酸钙方晶，形成晶纤维。梯纹导管，直径约25μm。
（1）Powder: Black brown. Fibres bundled, black brown, surrounded with parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate, forming crystal fibres. Scalariform vessels are about 25 µm in diameters.

（2）取本品粉末5g，加甲醇50ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取原儿茶醛对照品、原儿茶酸对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml各含0.2mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-正丁醇-冰醋酸（20︰1︰1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以三氯化铁试液。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的淡墨绿色斑点。
（2）To 5g of the powder, add 50ml of methanol, ultrasonicate for 20 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 1ml of methanol, as the test solution. Dissolvel Protocatechuic aldehyde CRS and Protocatechuic acid CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.2mg of each per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography <0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of chloroform, n-butanol and glacial acetic acid (20 : 1 : 1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately 5µl of each of the above two solutions to the plate. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with ferric chloride TS. The dark-green spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

味 Flavor

苦、涩。
Bitter and astringent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、肝、大肠经。
Lung, liver, and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

收敛止血。
To astringe and stop bleeding.

主治 Indications

用于吐血，衄血，尿血，便血，崩漏。
Used for vomiting blood, nosebleed, hematuria, bloody stool, and metrorrhagia and metrostaxis.

用量 Dosage

3～9g。
3-9g.

用法 Administration

一般炮制后用。
Generally used after processing.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Preserve in a dry place.

自然铜

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为硫化物类矿物黄铁矿族黄铁矿，主含二硫化铁（FeS2）。采挖后，除去杂石。
Pyrite is the mineral of the sulfide class, belonging to the pyrite group of the pyrite family, mainly containing iron disulfide (FeS2). After mining, remove impurities.

性状 Description

本品晶形多为立方体，集合体呈致密块状。表面亮淡黄色，有金属光泽；有的黄棕色或棕褐色，无金属光泽。具条纹，条痕绿黑色或棕红色。体重，质坚硬或稍脆，易砸碎，断面黄白色，有金属光泽；或断面棕褐色，可见银白色亮星。
Pyrite crystals are mostly cubic, and aggregates are dense blocks. The surface is bright yellow with a metallic luster; some are yellow-brown or brownish-brown without a metallic luster. It has stripes, and the streaks are green-black or brown-red. The body is heavy, hard or slightly brittle, easy to crush, the fracture surface is yellow-white with a metallic luster; or the fracture surface is brownish-brown, and silver-white bright stars can be seen.

鉴别 Identification

取本品粉末1g，加稀盐酸4ml，振摇，滤过，滤液显铁盐（通则0301）的鉴别反应。
Take 1g of the powder, add 4ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, shake, filter, and the filtrate shows the identification reaction of ferric salt (General Rule 0301).

含量测定 Content Determination

取本品细粉约0.25g，精密称定，置瓷坩埚中，在650°C灼烧约30分钟，取出，放冷，将灼烧物转移至锥形瓶中，加盐酸15ml与25%氟化钾溶液3ml，盖上表面皿，加热至微沸，滴加6%氯化亚锡溶液，不断振摇，待分解完全，瓶底仅留白色残渣时，用少量水洗涤表面皿及瓶内壁，趁热滴加6%氯化亚锡溶液至显浅黄色（如氯化亚锡过量，可滴加高锰酸钾试液至显浅黄色），加水100ml与25%钨酸钠溶液15滴，并滴加1%三氯化钛溶液至显蓝色，再小心滴加重铬酸钾滴定液（0.01667mol/L）至蓝色刚好褪尽，立即加硫酸-磷酸-水（2∶3∶5）10ml与0.5%二苯胺磺酸钠溶液10滴，用重铬酸钾滴定液（0.01667mol/L）滴定至溶液显稳定的蓝紫色。每1ml重铬酸钾滴定液（0.01667mol/L）相当于5.585mg的铁（Fe）。
Take about 0.25g of the fine powder, accurately weigh it, place it in a porcelain crucible, ignite it at about 650°C for about 30 minutes, take it out, let it cool, transfer the calcined substance to a conical flask, add 15ml of hydrochloric acid and 3ml of 25% potassium fluoride solution, cover the surface dish, heat to a slight boil, dropwise add 6% stannous chloride solution, shake continuously, wait for complete decomposition, leaving only white residue at the bottom of the bottle, wash the surface dish and the inner wall of the bottle with a small amount of water, dropwise add 6% stannous chloride solution to a light yellow color (if there is an excess of stannous chloride, dropwise add potassium permanganate solution to a light yellow color), add 100ml of water and 15 drops of 25% sodium tungstate solution, and dropwise add 1% titanium trichloride solution to a blue color, then carefully add potassium dichromate titration solution (0.01667mol/L) until the blue color just fades, immediately add 10ml of sulfuric acid-phosphoric acid-water (2:3:5) and 10 drops of 0.5% sodium diphenylamine sulfonate solution, titrate with potassium dichromate titration solution (0.01667mol/L) until the solution shows a stable blue-purple color. Each 1ml of potassium dichromate titration solution (0.01667mol/L) is equivalent to 5.585mg of iron (Fe).

本品含铁（Fe）应为40.0%～55.0%。
The iron (Fe) content of this product should be 40.0% to 55.0%.

饮片 Prepared Slices

自然铜 Pyrite

炮制 Processing

自然铜 除去杂质，洗净，干燥。用时砸碎。
Pyrite is purified by removing impurities, washing, and drying. Crush before use.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

煅自然铜 Calcined Pyrite

炮制 Processing

取净自然铜，照煅淬法（通则0213）煅至暗红，醋淬至表面呈黑褐色，光泽消失并酥松。
Take purified pyrite, calcine it according to the calcination and quenching method <0213> until it is dark red, quench it with vinegar until the surface turns blackish-brown, the luster disappears, and it becomes crispy.

每100kg自然铜，用醋30kg。
For every 100kg of pyrite, use 30kg of vinegar.

性状 Description

本品为小立方体或不规则的碎粒或粉末状，呈棕褐色至黑褐色或灰黑色，无金属光泽。质酥脆。略有醋酸气。
This product is small cubic or irregular granules or powder, brownish-brown to blackish-brown or gray-black, without metallic luster. The texture is crispy. Slightly acidic odor.

含量测定 Content Determination

同药材，本品含铁（Fe）不得少于40.0%。
Same as the crude drug. The iron (Fe) content of this product should not be less than 40.0%.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝经。
Liver meridian.

功能 Actions

散瘀止痛，续筋接骨。
Dispels blood stasis and relieves pain, promotes the healing of tendons and bones.

主治 Indications

用于跌打损伤，筋骨折伤，瘀肿疼痛。
Used for contusions, fractures of tendons and bones, and pain and swelling caused by blood stasis.

用量 Dosage

3～9g。外用适量。
3-9g. External use appropriate amount.

用法 Administration

多入丸散服，若入煎剂宜先煎。
Mostly made into pills or powder for oral administration. If used in decoction, it is advisable to decoct it first.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Place in a dry place.

紫珠叶

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为马鞭草科植物杜虹花Callicarpa formosana Rolfe的干燥叶。夏、秋二季枝叶茂盛时采摘，干燥。
Callicarpa Leaf is the dried leaf of Callicarpa formosana Rolfe (Fam. Verbenaceae). The drug is collected in summer and autumn when the branches and leaves are luxuriant, removed from impurities, and dried.

性状 Description

本品多皱缩、卷曲，有的破碎。完整叶片展平后呈卵状椭圆形或椭圆形，长4～19cm，宽2.5～9cm。先端渐尖或钝圆，基部宽楔形或钝圆，边缘有细锯齿，近基部全缘。上表面灰绿色或棕绿色，被星状毛和短粗毛；下表面淡绿色或淡棕绿色，密被黄褐色星状毛和金黄色腺点，主脉和侧脉突出，小脉伸入齿端。叶柄长0.5～1.5cm。气微，味微苦涩。
Leaves crumpled and curled, some broken. When the intact leaf is flattened, it is ovate-elliptic or elliptic, 4-19cm long, 2.5-9cm wide. Apex gradually acute or obtuse-rounded, base broadly cuneate or obtuse-rounded, margin finely serrate, nearly entire near the base. Upper surface grayish-green or brownish-green, with stellate hairs and short coarse hairs; lower surface pale green or pale brownish-green, densely covered with yellow-brown stellate hairs and golden glandular dots, prominent midrib and lateral veins, minor veins extending to the teeth. Petiole 0.5-1.5cm long. Odour, slight; taste, slightly bitter and astringent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末灰黄色至棕褐色。非腺毛有两种：一种为星状毛，大多碎断，木化，完整者1至数轮，每轮1～6侧生细胞；另一种非腺毛1～3细胞，直径25～33μm，壁较厚。腺鳞头部8～11细胞，扁球形，柄极短。小腺毛头部2～4细胞，柄1～2细胞。草酸钙簇晶细小，散布于叶肉细胞中。
（1）The powder is grayish-yellow to brownish-brown. There are two types of non-glandular hairs: one is stellate hairs, mostly broken and lignified, with 1 to several rounds of 1-6 lateral cells in each round; the other non-glandular hairs are 1-3 cells in diameter, with thicker walls. The head of glandular scale consists of 8-11 cells, flat and spherical, with a very short stalk. The head of small glandular hair consists of 2-4 cells, with a stalk of 1-2 cells. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are small and scattered in the leaf parenchyma cells.

（2）取本品粉末1g，加乙醚30ml，加热回流30分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇2ml使溶解，取上清液作为供试品溶液。另取熊果酸对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液3～5μl、对照品溶液3μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以环己烷-三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-冰醋酸（20∶5∶8∶0.1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
（2）Take 1g of the powder, add 30ml of ether, heat under reflux for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 2ml of methanol, and take the supernatant as the test solution. Take ursolic acid CRS, add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and glacial acetic acid (20:5:8:0.1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 3-5μl of the test solution and 3μl of the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过11.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 11.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于20.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent,not less than 20.0 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for determination of content by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.5%磷酸溶液（17∶83）为流动相；检测波长为332nm。理论板数按毛蕊花糖苷峰计算应不低于3000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile-0.5% phosphoric acid solution (17:83) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 332nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of astragalin should not be less than 3000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取毛蕊花糖苷对照品适量，精密称定，加50%甲醇制成每1ml含50μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of astragalin reference substance, accurately weigh, add 50% methanol to make a solution containing 50μg per ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.25g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入50%甲醇50ml，密塞，称定重量，放置过夜，加热回流1小时，放冷，再称定重量，用50%甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.25g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50% methanol 50ml, seal tightly, weigh, let it stand overnight, heat reflux for 1 hour, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with 50% methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 10μl of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含毛蕊花糖苷（C29H36O15）不得少于0.50%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of astragalin (C29H36O15) should not be less than 0.50%.

饮片 Prepared slices

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，切段，干燥。
Eliminate Foreign matter,wash, cut into sections, and dry in the sun.

性 Property

凉。
Cold.

味 Flavor

苦、涩。
Bitter and astringent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、肺、胃经。
Liver, lung, and stomach meridians.

功能 Actions

凉血收敛止血，散瘀解毒消肿。
To cool the blood, astringe and stop bleeding, disperse stasis, detoxify, and reduce swelling.

主治 Indications

用于衄血，咯血，吐血，便血，崩漏，外伤出血，热毒疮疡，水火烫伤。
Used for bleeding, hemoptysis, vomiting blood, blood in the stool, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, bleeding from external injuries, heat-toxin sores and ulcers, and scalds.

用量 Dosage

3～15g。外用适量。
3-15g. For external use, apply an appropriate amount.

用法 Administration

研末吞服1.5～3g。敷于患处。
Grind into powder and take orally 1.5-3g. Apply to the affected area.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place.

紫菀

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为菊科植物紫菀Aster tataricus L. f.的干燥根和根茎。春、秋二季采挖，除去有节的根茎（习称“母根”）和泥沙，编成辫状晒干，或直接晒干。
Aster Root and Rhizome is the dried root and rhizome of Aster tataricus L. f. (Fam. Compositae). It is collected in spring and autumn, removed from the rhizome with nodes (known as "mother root") and impurities, and dried in braids or directly in the sun.

性状 Description

本品根茎呈不规则块状，大小不一，顶端有茎、叶的残基；质稍硬。根茎簇生多数细根，长3～15cm，直径0.1～0.3cm，多编成辫状；表面紫红色或灰红色，有纵皱纹；质较柔韧。气微香，味甜、微苦。
Rhizomes irregularly shaped, various in size, with remnants of stems and leaves at the top; texture slightly hard. Rhizomes clustered with numerous fine roots, 3-15cm long, 0.1-0.3cm in diameter, often braided; surface purple-red or grayish-red, with longitudinal wrinkles; texture relatively soft and flexible. Odour, slightly fragrant; taste, sweet and slightly bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品根横切面∶表皮细胞多萎缩或有时脱落，内含紫红色色素。下皮细胞1列，略切向延长，侧壁及内壁稍厚，有的含紫红色色素。皮层宽广，有细胞间隙；分泌道4～6个，位于皮层内侧；内皮层明显。中柱小，木质部略呈多角形；韧皮部束位于木质部弧角间；中央通常有髓。
（1）The transverse section of the rhizome: epidermal cells mostly shriveled or sometimes detached, containing purple-red pigments. Subepidermal cells in one row, slightly elongated tangentially, with slightly thickened side walls and inner walls, some containing purple-red pigments. Cortex wide, with intercellular spaces; 4-6 secretory ducts located on the inner side of the cortex; endodermis distinct. Pith small, wood slightly polygonal; phloem bundles located between the arcs of the wood; usually with pith in the center.

根茎表皮有腺毛，皮层散有石细胞和厚壁细胞。根和根茎薄壁细胞含菊糖，有的含草酸钙簇晶。
Rhizome epidermis with glandular hairs, cortex scattered with stone cells and thick-walled cells. Thin-walled cells in roots and rhizomes contain inulin, and some contain clusters of calcium oxalate crystals.

（2）取本品粉末1g，加甲醇25ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液挥干，残渣加乙酸乙酯1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取紫菀酮对照品，加乙酸乙酯制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各3μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-乙酸乙酯（9∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰，分别置日光和紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点或荧光斑点。
（2）Take 1g of the powder, add 25ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1ml of ethyl acetate as the test solution. Take asterone CRS, dissolve in ethyl acetate to produce a solution containing 1mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether(60-90°C)and ethyl acetate(9:1)as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 3μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate,dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. Examine under daylight and ultraviolet light at 365nm. The spots or fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过15.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过8.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，不得少于45.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, not less than 45.0 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for determination of content by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-水（96∶4）为流动相；检测波长为200nm；柱温40℃。理论板数按紫菀酮峰计算应不低于3500。
Use octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile-water (96:4) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 200nm; column temperature 40°C. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of artemisinin should not be less than 3500.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取紫菀酮对照品适量，精密称定，加乙腈制成每1ml含0.1mg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of artemisinin reference substance, accurately weigh, add acetonitrile to make a solution containing 0.1mg per ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约1g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇20ml，称定重量，40℃温浸1小时，超声处理（功率250W，频率40kHz）15分钟，取出，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 1g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 20ml of methanol, weigh, immerse at 40°C for 1 hour, ultrasonicate (power 250W, frequency 40kHz) for 15 minutes, take out, cool, weigh again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各20μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 20μl of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含紫菀酮（C30H50O）不得少于0.15%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of artemisinin (C30H50O) should not be less than 0.15%.

饮片 Prepared slices

紫菀 Artemisia annua

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，稍润，切厚片或段，干燥。
Remove impurities, wash, slightly moisten, cut into thick slices or sections, and dry.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的厚片或段。根外表皮紫红色或灰红色，有纵皱纹。切面淡棕色，中心具棕黄色的木心。气微香，味甜，微苦。
This product is irregular thick slices or segments. The outer epidermis of the root is purplish-red or grayish-red with longitudinal wrinkles. The cut surface is pale brown with a brownish-yellow wooden core in the center. The gas is slightly fragrant, sweet and slightly bitter.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

蜜紫菀 Honey-fried Artemisia annua

炮制 Processing

取紫菀片（段），照蜜炙法（通则0213）炒至不粘手。
Take the slices of Artemisia annua (sections), fry them according to the method of honey-fried <0213> until they are not sticky.

性状 Description

本品形如紫菀片（段），表面棕褐色或紫棕色。有蜜香气，味甜。
This product is similar to the slices of Artemisia annua (sections), with a brownish or purplish-brown surface. It has a honey aroma and a sweet taste.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材。不得过16.0%。
Same as the crude drug. Not more than 16.0 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材，含紫菀酮（C30H50O）不得少于0.10%。
Same as the crude drug, the content of artemisinin (C30H50O) should not be less than 0.10%.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

味 Flavor

辛、苦。
Pungent and bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺经。
Lung meridian.

功能 Actions

润肺下气，消痰止咳。
Nourish the lungs and descend qi, resolve phlegm and stop coughing.

主治 Indications

用于痰多喘咳，新久咳嗽，劳嗽咳血。
Used for cough with abundant phlegm, acute or chronic cough, and cough with blood due to lung deficiency.

用量 Dosage

5～10g。
5-10g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，防潮。
Store in a cool and dry place, protected from moisture.

紫苏子

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为唇形科植物紫苏Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.的干燥成熟果实。秋季果实成熟时采收，除去杂质，晒干。
Perilla Fruit is the dried mature fruit of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (Fam. Labiatae). The drug is collected in autumn when the fruit is mature, removed from impurities, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈卵圆形或类球形，直径约1.5mm。表面灰棕色或灰褐色，有微隆起的暗紫色网纹，基部稍尖，有灰白色点状果梗痕。果皮薄而脆，易压碎。种子黄白色，种皮膜质，子叶2，类白色，有油性。压碎有香气，味微辛。
The fruit is ovate or nearly spherical, about 1.5mm in diameter. The surface is grayish-brown or grayish-brown, with slightly raised dark purple reticulate veins. The base is slightly pointed, with grayish-white dotted fruit stalk scars. The fruit peel is thin and brittle, easily crushed. The seeds are yellowish-white, with membranous seed coat, and the cotyledons are 2, whitish, and oily. It has a fragrant aroma when crushed and a slightly pungent taste.

鉴别 Identification

(1)本品粉末灰棕色。种皮表皮细胞断面观细胞极扁平，具钩状增厚壁；表面观呈类椭圆形，壁具致密雕花钩纹状增厚。外果皮细胞黄棕色，断面观细胞扁平，外壁呈乳突状；表面观呈类圆形，壁稍弯曲，表面具角质细纹理。内果皮组织断面观主为异型石细胞，呈不规则形；顶面观呈类多角形，细胞间界限不分明，胞腔星状。内胚乳细胞大小不一，含脂肪油滴；有的含细小草酸钙方晶。子叶细胞呈类长方形，充满脂肪油滴。
(1)This product is powdered gray-brown. The cross-sectional view of the epidermal cells of the seed coat is extremely flattened, with hook-like thickened walls; The surface is oval-shaped, and the walls are densely carved and hook-like thickened. The exocarp cells are yellowish-brown, the cross-sectional cells are flattened, and the outer wall is papillae; The surface is round-like, with slightly curved walls and a fine keratin texture on the surface. The endocarp tissue is mainly a heterotype stone cell in cross-section, which is irregularly shaped; The top view is polygonal, with unclear intercellular boundaries and a stellate cavity. Inner endosperm cells vary in size and contain fatty oil droplets; Some contain fine calcium oxalate cubic crystals. Cotyledons are rectangular in shape and filled with fatty oil droplets.

(2)取本品粉末1g，加甲醇25ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取紫苏子对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正己烷-甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲酸（2∶5∶2.5∶0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以三氯化铝试液，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2)Take 1g of powder of this product, add 25ml of methanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, and add 1ml of methanol to the residue to dissolve it as a test solution. In addition, 1g of perilla seeds were taken as a control medicinal material, and a control medicinal material solution was made by the same method. According to the thin layer chromatography <2302> test, 2μl of each of the above two solutions was absorbed, which were respectively placed on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, and n-hexane-toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (2:5:2.5:0.5) was used as the developing solvent, expanded, taken out, dried, sprayed with aluminum trichloride test solution, and placed under ultraviolet light (365nm) for inspection. In the chromatography of the test sample, spots of the same color are displayed at the corresponding position of the chromatography of the control medicinal material.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过8.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
It was determined by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-0.1%甲酸溶液（40∶60）为流动相；检测波长为330nm。理论板数按迷迭香酸峰计算应不低于3000。
Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel is used as filler; methanol-0.1% formic acid solution (40∶60) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength is 330nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the calculation of the rosmarinic acid peak.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取迷迭香酸对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含80μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of rosmarinic acid reference substance, weigh it accurately, and add methanol to make a solution containing 80μg per ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过二号筛）约0.5g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入80%甲醇50ml，密塞，称定重量，加热回流2小时，放冷，再称定重量，用80%甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.5g of the powder of this product (through the second sieve), weigh it accurately, place it in an Erlenmeyer flask with a stopper, add 50ml of 80% methanol accurately, plug it, weigh it, heat and reflux it for 2 hours, let it cool, weigh it again, make up for the weight loss with 80% methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液10μl与供试品溶液20μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
10μl of the reference solution and 20μl of the test solution were accurately absorbed, injected into the liquid chromatograph, and measured.

本品按干燥品计算，含迷迭香酸（C18H16O8）不得少于0.25%。
This product is calculated as a dry product, and the content of rosmarinic acid (C18H16O8) shall not be less than 0.25%.

饮片 Prepared slices

紫苏子 Perilla Fruit

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，干燥。
Remove impurities, wash and dry.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

炒紫苏子 Fried Perilla Fruit

炮制 Processing

取净紫苏子，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至有爆声。
Take Perilla Fruit and fry them according to the clear stir-fry method <0213> until there is a burst sound.

性状 Description

本品形如紫苏子，表面灰褐色，有细裂口，有焦香气。
This product is shaped like perilla seeds, the surface is gray-brown, there are fine cracks, and there is a burnt aroma.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过2.0%。
Same as the crude drug. Not more than 2.0 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材，含迷迭香酸（C18H16O8）不得少于0.20%。
Same as the crude drug. Contains rosmarinic acid (C18H16O8) not less than 0.20%.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺经。
Lung meridian.

功能 Actions

降气化痰，止咳平喘，润肠通便。
Lowers gas and dissolves phlegm, relieves cough and asthma, moistens the intestines and laxatives.

主治 Indications

用于痰壅气逆，咳嗽气喘，肠燥便秘。
Used for phlegm, qi reversal, cough and asthma, intestinal dryness and constipation.

用量 Dosage

3～10g。
3-10g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Place in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths.

紫石英

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为氟化物类矿物萤石族萤石，主含氟化钙（CaF2）。采挖后，除去杂石。
Fluorite is the mineral fluorite of the family Fluoritum. It mainly contains calcium fluoride (CaF2). After mining, remove impurities.

性状 Description

本品为块状或粒状集合体。呈不规则块状，具棱角。紫色或绿色，深浅不匀，条痕白色。半透明至透明，有玻璃样光泽。表面常有裂纹。质坚脆，易击碎。气微，味淡。
It is irregularly shaped and angular, with a blocky or granular aggregate. It is purple or green, uneven in depth, and has white streaks. It is translucent to transparent and has a glassy luster. The surface often has cracks. The texture is hard and brittle, and it is easily broken. It has a slight odor and a mild taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1）取本品细粉0.1g，置烧杯中，加盐酸2ml与4%硼酸溶液5ml，加热微沸使溶解。取溶液1滴，置载玻片上，加硫酸溶液（1→4）1滴，静置片刻，置显微镜下观察，可见针状结晶。
（1）To 0.1g of the powder add 2ml of hydrochloric acid and 5ml of 4% boric acid solution in a beaker, heat to dissolve at a gentle boil. Take 1 drop of the solution and place it on a microscope slide, add 1 drop of sulfuric acid (1→4) to the slide, let it stand for a while, and observe under a microscope. Needle-shaped crystals can be seen.

（2）取本品，置紫外光灯（365nm）下观察，显亮紫色、紫色至青紫色荧光。
（2）Observe the sample under ultraviolet light (365nm), showing bright purple or purple to bluish-purple fluorescence.

（3）取本品细粉20mg与二氧化硅粉15mg，混匀，置具外包锡纸的橡皮塞的干燥试管中，加硫酸10滴。另取细玻璃管穿过橡皮塞，玻璃管下端沾水一滴，塞置距试管底部约3.5cm处，小心加热（在石棉板上）试管底部，见水滴上下移动时，停止加热约1分钟，再继续加热，至有浓厚的白烟放出为止。放置2～3分钟，取下塞与玻璃管，用2～3滴水冲洗玻璃管下端使流入坩埚内，加钼酸铵溶液［取钼酸铵3g，加水60ml溶解后，再加入硝酸溶液（1→2）20ml，摇匀］1滴，稍加热，溶液显淡黄色，放置1～2分钟后，加联苯胺溶液（取联苯胺1g，加入10%醋酸使溶解成100ml）1滴和饱和醋酸钠溶液1～2滴，即显蓝色或生成蓝色沉淀。
（3）Take 20mg of the powder and 15mg of silica powder, mix well, place it in a dry test tube with a rubber stopper wrapped in tin foil, add 10 drops of sulfuric acid. Take another fine glass tube through the rubber stopper, wet the lower end of the glass tube with a drop of water, insert the stopper about 3.5cm from the bottom of the test tube, carefully heat the bottom of the test tube (on an asbestos board), when the water droplet moves up and down, stop heating for about 1 minute, then continue heating until a thick white smoke is emitted. After standing for 2-3 minutes, remove the stopper and glass tube, rinse the lower end of the glass tube with 2-3 drops of water to flow into the crucible, add 1 drop of ammonium molybdate solution [take 3g of ammonium molybdate, dissolve in 60ml of water, then add 20ml of nitric acid solution (1→2), shake well], slightly heat, the solution appears pale yellow, after standing for 1-2 minutes, add 1 drop of aniline solution (take 1g of aniline, dissolve in 10% acetic acid to make 100ml) and 1-2 drops of saturated sodium acetate solution, it will turn blue or form a blue precipitate.

含量测定 Content determination

取本品细粉约0.1g，精密称定，置锥形瓶中，加盐酸2ml与4%硼酸溶液5ml，加热溶解后，加水300ml、10%三乙醇胺溶液10ml与甲基红指示剂1滴，滴加10%氢氧化钾溶液至溶液显黄色，再继续多加15ml，并加钙黄绿素指示剂约30mg，用乙二胺四醋酸二钠滴定液（0.05mol/L）滴定至溶液黄绿色荧光消失而显橙色。每1ml乙二胺四醋酸二钠滴定液（0.05mol/L）相当于3.904mg的氟化钙（CaF2）。
Take about 0.1g of the powder, accurately weigh it, place it in a conical flask, add 2ml of hydrochloric acid and 5ml of 4% boric acid solution, heat to dissolve, add 300ml of water, 10% triethanolamine solution 10ml, and 1 drop of methyl red indicator, drop 10% potassium hydroxide solution until the solution turns yellow, then continue to add 15ml, and add about 30mg of calcium yellow-green indicator, titrate with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium titration solution (0.05mol/L) until the yellow-green fluorescence of the solution disappears and turns orange. Each 1ml of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium titration solution (0.05mol/L) is equivalent to 3.904mg of calcium fluoride (CaF2).

本品含氟化钙（CaF2）不得少于85.0%。
The content of calcium fluoride (CaF2) in the sample should not be less than 85.0%.

饮片 Prepared slices

紫石英 Fluorite

炮制 Processing

除去杂石，砸成碎块。
Remove impurities and crush into pieces.

性状 Description

本品为不规则碎块。紫色或绿色，半透明至透明，有玻璃样光泽。气微，味淡。
It is irregularly shaped and fragmented. It is purple or green, translucent to transparent, and has a glassy luster. It has a slight odor and a mild taste.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

煅紫石英 Calcined Fluorite

炮制 Processing

取净紫石英块，照煅淬法（通则0213）煅透，醋淬。
Take clean fluorite blocks, calcine them according to the calcination and quenching method <0213>, and quench with vinegar.

每100kg紫石英，用醋30kg。
For every 100kg of purple quartz, 30kg of vinegar is used.

性状 Description

本品为不规则碎块或粉末。表面黄白色、棕色或紫色，无光泽。质酥脆。有醋香气，味淡。
It is irregularly shaped and fragmented or in powder form. The surface is yellowish-white, brown, or purple, without luster. The texture is crisp. It has a vinegar aroma and a mild taste.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材，含氟化钙（CaF2）不得少于80.0%。
Same as the crude drug, the content of calcium fluoride (CaF2) should not be less than 80.0%.

鉴别 Identification

（1）、（3）同药材。
Same as the crude drug（1）and（3）.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肾、心、肺经。
Kidney, heart, and lung meridians.

功能 Actions

温肾暖宫，镇心安神，温肺平喘。
Warm the kidney and warm the uterus, calm the mind and soothe the nerves, warm the lungs and relieve asthma.

主治 Indications

用于肾阳亏虚，宫冷不孕，惊悸不安，失眠多梦，虚寒咳喘。
Used for deficiency of kidney yang, cold uterus and infertility, palpitations and restlessness, insomnia and excessive dreaming, and cold cough and asthma.

用量 Dosage

9～15g。
9-15g.

用法 Administration

先煎。
Decoct first.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Store in a dry place.

紫草

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为紫草科植物新疆紫草Arnebia euchroma（Royle） Johnst.或内蒙紫草Arnebia guttata Bunge的干燥根。春、秋二季采挖，除去泥沙，干燥。
Arnebia Root is the dried root of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. or Arnebia guttata Bunge (Fam. Boraginaceae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from soil and sand, and dried.

性状 Description

新疆紫草（软紫草） Xinjiang Arnebia Root（soft Arnebia Root）

呈不规则的长圆柱形，多扭曲，长7～20cm，直径1～2.5cm。表面紫红色或紫褐色，皮部疏松，呈条形片状，常10余层重叠，易剥落。顶端有的可见分歧的茎残基。体轻，质松软，易折断，断面不整齐，木部较小，黄白色或黄色。气特异，味微苦、涩。
Irregularly elongated cylindrical, often twisted, 7-20cm long, 1-2.5cm in diameter. The surface is purple-red or purple-brown, the cortex is loose, in the form of strip-shaped pieces, often overlapped in more than 10 layers, and easily peeled off. Some remnants of divergent stems can be seen at the top. It is light in weight, soft in texture, easily broken, with an uneven fracture surface, a small amount of wood, and yellowish-white or yellow in color. It has a peculiar odor, slightly bitter and astringent taste.

内蒙紫草 Inner Mongolia Arnebia Root

呈圆锥形或圆柱形，扭曲，长6～20cm，直径0.5～4cm。根头部略粗大，顶端有残茎1或多个，被短硬毛。表面紫红色或暗紫色，皮部略薄，常数层相叠，易剥离。质硬而脆，易折断，断面较整齐，皮部紫红色，木部较小，黄白色。气特异，味涩。
Conical or cylindrical, twisted, 6-20cm long, 0.5-4cm in diameter. The root head is slightly thick, with one or more remnants of stems at the top, covered with short and hard hairs. The surface is purple-red or dark purple, the cortex is slightly thin, often overlapped in several layers, and easily peeled off. It is hard and brittle in texture, easily broken, with a relatively neat fracture surface, purple-red cortex, a small amount of wood, and yellowish-white in color. It has a peculiar odor and astringent taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1）粉末深紫红色。非腺毛单细胞，直径13～56μm，基部膨大成喇叭状，壁具纵细条纹，有的胞腔内含紫红色色素。栓化细胞红棕色，表面观呈多角形或圆多角形，含紫红色色素。薄壁细胞较多，淡棕色或无色，大多充满紫红色色素。导管主为网纹导管，少有具缘纹孔导管，直径7～110μm。
（1）The powder is deep purple-red. Non-glandular hairs are single-celled, with a diameter of 13-56μm, and the base is enlarged into a trumpet shape. The wall has longitudinal fine stripes, and some cell cavities contain purple-red pigments. The cork cells are reddish-brown, and the surface appears polygonal or circular polygonal, containing purple-red pigments. There are more thin-walled cells, which are light brown or colorless, and most of them are filled with purple-red pigments. The main vessels are reticulate vessels, and there are few vessels with pitted vessels, with a diameter of 7-110μm.

（2）取本品粉末0.5g，加石油醚（60～90℃）20ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，滤液浓缩至1ml，作为供试品溶液。另取紫草对照药材0.5g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取两种溶液各4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以环己烷-甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲酸（5∶5∶0.5∶0.1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同的紫红色斑点；再喷以10%氢氧化钾甲醇溶液，斑点变为蓝色。
（2）Take 0.5g of the powder, add 20ml of petroleum ether (60-90°C), and sonicate for 20 minutes. Filter and concentrate the filtrate to 1ml as the test solution. Take another 0.5g of the reference drug of Arnebia Root and prepare the reference drug solution by the same method. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography <0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of cyclohexane-toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (5:5:0.5:0.1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 4μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. The chromatogram obtained with the test solution shows the same purple-red spots at the corresponding positions as those obtained with the reference drug solution; spray with a 10% solution of potassium hydroxide in methanol, and the spots turn blue.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

含量测定 Assay

羟基萘醌总色素 Total hydroxynaphthoquinone pigments

取本品适量，在50℃干燥3小时，粉碎（过三号筛），取约0.5g，精密称定，置100ml量瓶中，加乙醇至刻度，4小时内时时振摇，滤过。精密量取续滤液5ml，置25ml量瓶中，加乙醇至刻度，摇匀。照紫外-可见分光光度法（通则0401），在516nm波长处测定吸光度，按左旋紫草素（C16H16O5）的吸收系数（）为242计算，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of the sample, dry it at 50°C for 3 hours, crush it (through a No. 3 sieve), take about 0.5g, accurately weigh it, place it in a 100ml volumetric flask, add ethanol to the mark, shake it constantly within 4 hours, and filter it. Accurately take 5ml of the filtrate, place it in a 25ml volumetric flask, add ethanol to the mark, shake it well. According to the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric method <0401>, measure the absorbance at a wavelength of 516nm, and calculate it based on the molar absorption coefficient (ε) of shikonin (C16H16O5) as 242.

本品含羟基萘醌总色素以左旋紫草素（C16H16O5）计，不得少于0.80%。
The content of total hydroxynaphthoquinone pigments in this product, calculated as shikonin (C16H16O5), shall not be less than 0.80%.

β，β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁 β,β'-Dimethylacryloyl arbutin

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determined by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-水-甲酸（70∶30∶0.05）为流动相；检测波长为275nm。理论板数按β，β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁峰计算应不低于2000。
Using octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; using acetonitrile-water-formic acid (70:30:0.05) as the mobile phase; detecting wavelength at 275nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of β,β'-dimethylacryloyl arbutin should not be less than 2000.

对照品溶液的制备 Prepare a solution of the reference substance

取β，β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁对照品适量，精密称定，加乙醇制成每1ml含0.1mg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of β,β'-dimethylacryloyl arbutin reference substance, accurately weigh it, add ethanol to make a solution containing 0.1mg per ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Prepare a solution of the test sample

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.5g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入石油醚（60～90℃）25ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率250W，频率33kHz）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用石油醚（60～90℃）补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过。精密量取续滤液10ml，蒸干，残渣加流动相溶解，转移至10ml量瓶中，加流动相至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.5g of the powder of the sample (through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh it, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 25ml of petroleum ether (60-90°C), weigh it, treat it with ultrasound (power 250W, frequency 33kHz) for 30 minutes, let it cool, weigh it again, make up for the weight loss with petroleum ether (60-90°C), shake it well, and filter it. Accurately take 10ml of the filtrate, evaporate it to dryness, dissolve the residue in the mobile phase, transfer it to a 10ml volumetric flask, add the mobile phase to the mark, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 10μl of the solution of the reference substance and the test sample solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine them.

本品按干燥品计算，含β，β’-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁（C21H22O6）不得少于0.30%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of β,β'-dimethylacryloyl arbutin (C21H22O6) shall not be less than 0.30%.

饮片 Prepared slices

新疆紫草 Xinjiang Arnebia Root

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，切厚片或段。
Remove impurities, cut into thick slices or sections.

新疆紫草切片 Slices of Xinjiang Arnebia Root

为不规则的圆柱形切片或条形片状，直径1～2.5cm。紫红色或紫褐色。皮部深紫色。圆柱形切片，木部较小，黄白色或黄色。
It is irregular cylindrical slices or strip-shaped slices with a diameter of 1-2.5cm. Purple-red or purple-brown. The bark is deep purple. The cylindrical slices have a smaller wood part, which is yellow-white or yellow.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

内蒙紫草 Inner Mongolia Arnebia Root

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切薄片，干燥。
Remove impurities, wash, soften, cut into thin slices, and dry.

内蒙紫草切片 Slices of Inner Mongolia Arnebia Root

为不规则的圆柱形切片或条形片状，有的可见短硬毛，直径0.5～4cm，质硬而脆。紫红色或紫褐色。皮部深紫色。圆柱形切片，木部较小，黄白色或黄色。
It is irregular cylindrical slices or strip-shaped slices, some of which may have short hard hairs, with a diameter of 0.5-4cm, hard and brittle. Purple-red or purple-brown. The bark is deep purple. The cylindrical slices have a smaller wood part, which is yellow-white or yellow.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

味 Flavor

甘、咸。
Sweet and salty.

归经 Meridian tropism

归心、肝经。
Heart and Liver meridians.

功能 Actions

清热凉血，活血解毒，透疹消斑。
Clear heat and cool blood, activate blood circulation and detoxify, promote eruption and eliminate spots.

主治 Indications

用于血热毒盛，斑疹紫黑，麻疹不透，疮疡，湿疹，水火烫伤。
Used for excessive heat and toxicity in the blood, dark purple spots, measles that do not erupt, sores, eczema, scalds.

用量 Dosage

5～10g。外用适量。
5-10g. For external use, use an appropriate amount.

用法 Administration

熬膏或用植物油浸泡涂擦。
Make a decoction or soak in vegetable oil for topical application.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Store in a dry place.

竹茹

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为禾本科植物青秆竹Bambusa tuldoides Munro、大头典竹Sinocalamus beecheyanus (Munro) McClure var. Pubescens P.F.Li或淡竹Phyllostachys nigra（Lodd.）Munro var.henonis（Mitf.）Stapf ex Rendle的茎秆的干燥中间层。全年均可采制，取新鲜茎，除去外皮，将稍带绿色的中间层刮成丝条，或削成薄片，捆扎成束，阴干。前者称“散竹茹”，后者称“齐竹茹”。
Bamboo Shavings is the dried middle layer of the stems of Bambusa tuldoides Munro, Sinocalamus beecheyanus (Munro) McClure var. Pubescens P.F.Li, or Phyllostachys nigra（Lodd.）Munro var.henonis（Mitf.）Stapf ex Rendle (Fam. Gramineae). It can be collected and processed throughout the year. Fresh stems are taken, the outer bark is removed, and the slightly greenish middle layer is scraped into strips or sliced into thin pieces, then tied into bundles and dried in the shade. The former is called "San Zhuru" and the latter is called "Qi Zhuru".

性状 Description

本品为卷曲成团的不规则丝条或呈长条形薄片状。宽窄厚薄不等，浅绿色、黄绿色或黄白色。纤维性，体轻松，质柔韧，有弹性。气微，味淡。
Bamboo Shavings are irregularly coiled clusters of silk-like strips or long, thin, flat pieces. They vary in width, thickness, and color, ranging from light green, yellowish-green to yellowish-white. They are fibrous, lightweight, flexible, and elastic. They have a slight odor and a mild taste.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过7.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 7.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，不得少于4.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, not less than 4.0 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

竹茹 Bamboo Shavings

炮制 Processing

竹茹 除去杂质，切段或揉成小团。
Eliminate Foreign matter from Bamboo Shavings, cut into sections or knead into small balls.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

姜竹茹 Ginger-Processed Bamboo Shavings

炮制 Processing

取净竹茹，照姜汁炙法（通则0213）炒至黄色。
Take clean Bamboo Shavings, process them with ginger juice frying method <0213> until they turn yellow.

性状 Description

本品形如竹茹，表面黄色。微有姜香气。
This product is similar to Bamboo Shavings in shape, with a yellow surface. It has a slight ginger aroma.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

微寒。
Slightly cold.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、胃、心、胆经。
Lung, stomach, heart, and gallbladder meridians.

功能 Actions

清热化痰，除烦，止呕。
To clear heat and transform phlegm, relieve restlessness, and stop vomiting.

主治 Indications

用于痰热咳嗽，胆火挟痰，惊悸不宁，心烦失眠，中风痰迷，舌强不语，胃热呕吐，妊娠恶阻，胎动不安。
Used for phlegm-heat cough, phlegm entangled with gallbladder fire, restlessness and insomnia, irritability and insomnia, stroke with phlegm obstruction, strong tongue with speechlessness, stomach heat and vomiting, pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting, restless fetal movement.

用量 Dosage

5～10g。
5-10g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，防霉，防蛀。
Store in a dry place, protect from mold and insects.

猪胆粉

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为猪科动物猪Sus scrofa domestica Brisson.胆汁的干燥品。
Pig Bile Powder is the dried bile of Sus scrofa domestica Brisson (Fam. Suidae).

制法 Processing

取猪胆汁，滤过，干燥，粉碎，即得。
The bile is collected from pigs, filtered, dried, and powdered.

性状 Description

本品为黄色或灰黄色粉末。气微腥，味苦，易吸潮。
Pig Bile Powder is yellow or grayish-yellow powder. It has a slight fishy odor, a bitter taste, and is hygroscopic.

鉴别 Identification

取本品细粉0.1g，加10%氢氧化钠溶液5ml，120℃加热4小时，放冷，滴加盐酸调节pH值至2～3，摇匀。用乙酸乙酯振摇提取4次，每次10ml，合并提取液，蒸干，残渣加乙醇10ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取猪去氧胆酸对照品适量，加乙醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以新配制的异辛烷-乙醚-冰醋酸-正丁醇-水（10︰5︰5︰3︰1）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰，分别置日光和紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点或荧光斑点。
Take 0.1g of the fine powder, add 5ml of 10% sodium hydroxide solution, heat at 120°C for 4 hours, cool, adjust the pH value to 2-3 by adding hydrochloric acid, shake well. Extract with four 10ml portions of ethyl acetate, combine the extracts, evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 10ml of ethanol as the test solution. Take an appropriate amount of deoxycholic acid CRS, dissolve in ethanol to produce a solution containing 1mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using the upper layer solution of a newly prepared mixture of isooctane, ether, glacial acetic acid, n-butanol, and water (10:5:5:3:1) as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether(60-90°C)and ether(4:5)as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate,dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. Examine under daylight and ultraviolet light at 365nm. The spots or fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

检查 Examination

牛胆、羊胆 Ox Bile, Sheep Bile

取牛胆、羊胆对照药材各0.1g，按〔鉴别〕项下的供试品溶液制备方法，自“加10%氢氧化钠溶液5ml”起，同法分别制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取〔鉴别〕项下的供试品溶液和上述对照药材溶液各2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，同上述〔鉴别〕项下方法展开，显色。供试品色谱中，不得显与牛胆、羊胆对照药材相同的斑点。
Take 0.1g each of Ox Bile and Sheep Bile, prepare the test solutions according to the method described under "Identification" from the step of "add 5ml of 10% sodium hydroxide solution", and prepare the reference solutions of the corresponding medicinal materials in the same way. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using the same procedure as described under "Identification". The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution should not correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solutions of Ox Bile and Sheep Bile.

还原糖 Reducing sugars

取本品10mg，加水2ml使溶解，滴加α-萘酚乙醇溶液（1→50）数滴，摇匀，沿管壁缓缓加入硫酸约0.5ml，两液接界面不得显紫红色环。
Take 10mg of the powder, dissolve in 2ml of water, add a few drops of α-naphthol ethanol solution (1→50), shake well, add about 0.5ml of sulfuric acid slowly along the tube wall, the interface of the two liquids should not show a purple-red ring.

异性有机物 Foreign organic matter

取本品10mg，加水2ml使溶解，离心或滤过，取不溶物，置显微镜下观察，不得有植物组织、动物组织或淀粉等。
Take 10mg of the powder, dissolve in 2ml of water, centrifuge or filter, take the insoluble matter, observe under a microscope, there should be no plant tissue, animal tissue, or starch.

水分 Water

取本品约0.3g，精密称定，照水分测定法（通则0832第三法）测定，不得过10.0%。
Take about 0.3g of the powder, accurately weigh, carry out the determination of water content according to the method for water determination<0832, method 3>, the water content should not be more than 10.0%.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the determination by high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂（色谱柱长为250mm；内径为4.6mm）；以甲醇-0.03mol/L磷酸二氢钠溶液（70︰30）为流动相（用磷酸调节pH值为4.4）；检测波长为200nm。理论板数按牛磺猪去氧胆酸峰计算应不低于3000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler (column length 250mm; inner diameter 4.6mm); use a mixture of methanol and 0.03mol/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution (70:30) as the mobile phase (adjust the pH value to 4.4 with phosphoric acid); detect at a wavelength of 200nm. The theoretical plate number calculated from the peak of tauroursodeoxycholic acid should not be less than 3000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取牛磺猪去氧胆酸对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of tauroursodeoxycholic acid CRS, accurately weigh, dissolve in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.5mg per ml, and set aside.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末约0.5g，精密称定，置50ml量瓶中，加入甲醇20ml，超声处理（功率500W，频率40kHz）20分钟，放冷，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.5g of the powder, accurately weigh, place it in a 50ml volumetric flask, add 20ml of methanol, ultrasonicate (power 500W, frequency 40kHz) for 20 minutes, cool, add methanol to the mark, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各20μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately aspirate 20μl each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine the content.

本品按干燥品计算，含牛磺猪去氧胆酸（C26H45O6NS）不得少于2.0%。
Calculate the content of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (C26H45O6NS) in the dried powder, which should not be less than 2.0%.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、胆、肺、大肠经。
Liver, gallbladder, lung, and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

清热润燥，止咳平喘，解毒。
It clears heat and moistens dryness, stops coughing and relieves asthma, and detoxifies.

主治 Indications

用于顿咳，哮喘，热病燥渴，目赤，喉痹，黄疸，泄泻，痢疾，便秘，痈疮肿毒。
It is used for cough, asthma, fever with thirst, red eyes, sore throat, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, and boils and swelling.

用量 Dosage

0.3～0.6g。外用适量。
0.3-0.6g. For external use, use an appropriate amount.

用法 Administration

冲服或入丸散。研末或水调涂敷患处。
Taken orally or made into pills or powder. Grind into powder or mix with water and apply to the affected area.

贮藏 Storage

密封，避光，置阴凉干燥处。
Store in a sealed container, protected from light, in a cool and dry place.