雄黄

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Realgar is a mineral of the sulfide class, belonging to the realgar group. It mainly contains arsenic disulfide (As2S2). After mining, impurities are removed.

Description

Realgar is a block or granular aggregate, irregular in shape. It is deep red or orange-red in color, with pale orange-red streaks and diamond-like luster on the crystal surface. It is brittle and easily broken, with a resin-like luster on the fracture surface. It has a slight peculiar odor and a mild taste. The powdered ore is powdery or powdery aggregate, loose and brittle, easily crushed into powder by hand, orange-yellow in color, and without luster.

Identification

(1)To 10 mg of the powder add 2 ml of nitric acid solution saturated with potassium chlorate after moistening with water, dissolve, and add barium chloride test solution to produce a large amount of white precipitate. After standing, pour off the upper acid layer, add 2 ml of water, shake, and the precipitate does not dissolve.

(2)Place 0.2 g of the powder in a crucible, heat and melt, producing a white or yellowish-white flame with white smoke. After covering with a glass slide, there is white condensate, scrape off a small amount, place it in a test tube, boil with water to dissolve, filter if necessary, add a few drops of hydrogen sulfide test solution to the solution, which turns yellow, add dilute hydrochloric acid to produce a yellow flocculent precipitate, then add ammonium carbonate test solution, and the precipitate dissolves again.

Examination

Trivalent arsenic and pentavalent arsenic

Carry out the method for determination of the forms and valence states of mercury and arsenic elements <2322> in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Preparation of reference solution

Accurately weigh appropriate amounts of standard reference solutions of arsenite and arsenate, dissolve in water to make a mixed solution containing 2 μg of each per ml (calculated as arsenic).

Preparation of standard curve solution

Accurately pipette appropriate amounts of the reference solution into a 1 ml volumetric flask, and prepare a series of solutions containing 5 ng, 20 ng, 50 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, 500 ng, and 1000 ng of each valence state of arsenic (calculated as arsenic) per ml by adding 0.02 mol/L disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution, respectively.

Preparation of test solution

Weigh about 30 mg of the powder (passed through a No. 5 sieve) of the test substance accurately, place it in a 250 ml plastic volumetric flask, add about 200 ml of artificial intestinal fluid, shake well, treat it with ultrasound in a 37°C water bath (power 300 W, frequency 45 kHz) for 2 hours (shake well every 15 minutes), cool, dilute with artificial intestinal fluid to the mark, shake well, take an appropriate amount and place it in a 50 ml plastic centrifuge tube, let it stand for 20-24 hours, gently blow away the surface solution with an ear syringe, and take about 15 ml of the middle solution (avoid bringing in particles when suctioning), filter through a microporous membrane (10 μm), accurately pipette 5 ml of the filtrate, place it in a 50 ml plastic volumetric flask, dilute with 0.02 mol/L disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution to the mark, shake well, and obtain the test solution. Prepare the reagent blank solution in the same manner.

Determination method

Accurately pipette 20 μl of each of the standard curve solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system, and determine. Use the peak area of different valence states of arsenic obtained from the standard curve solution as the ordinate and the corresponding concentration as the abscissa to draw the standard curve and calculate the content of valence states of arsenic in the test solution.

The total amount of trivalent arsenic and pentavalent arsenic in the product shall not exceed 7.0% (calculated as arsenic, As).

Assay

Weigh about 0.1 g of the powder of the test substance accurately, place it in a conical flask, add 1 g of potassium sulfate, 2 g of ammonium sulfate, and 8 ml of sulfuric acid, heat directly with a flame until the solution is clear, cool, slowly add 50 ml of water, heat to a slight boil for 3-5 minutes, cool, add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator, titrate with sodium hydroxide solution (40→100) to a faint red color, cool, titrate with 0.25 mol/L sulfuric acid solution to colorless, add 5 g of sodium bicarbonate, shake well, titrate with iodine titration solution (0.05 mol/L) until near the end point, add 2 ml of starch indicator solution, and titrate to a purple-blue color. Each 1 ml of iodine titration solution (0.05 mol/L) is equivalent to 5.348 mg of arsenic disulfide (As2S2).

The content of arsenic in the product shall not be less than 90.0% (calculated as arsenic disulfide, As2S2).

Prepared slices

Realgar powder

Processing

Take the realgar according to the water flying method (method 0213) , and then dried.

Description

This product is orange-yellow or orange-red very fine powder, easy to stick to the hand, the gas is special.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Assay

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Warm.

Toxicity

Toxic.

Flavor

Pungent.

Meridian tropism

Liver and large intestine meridians.

Actions

To detoxify and kill insects, dry dampness and resolve phlegm, and interrupt malaria.

Indications

Used for abscesses, boils, snake and insect bites, abdominal pain due to worm accumulation, epilepsy, and malaria.

Dosage

0.05-0.1 g；For external use, apply an appropriate amount.

Administration

For oral administration in pills or powders；for external use to fumigate or smear the affected area.

Precautions

Internal use should be cautious; long-term use is prohibited; pregnant women should not use it.

Storage

Store in a dry place, tightly sealed.

轻粉

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Calomel is the chloride of mercury (Hg2Cl2).

Description

Calomel occurs as white, lustrous, scaly or snowflake-like crystals, or as crystalline powder. It darkens slowly on exposure to light. Odour, slight.

Identification

(1) When tested with calcium hydroxide solution, ammonia solution or sodium hydroxide solution, it turns black.

(2) Take the product, mix it with an equal amount of anhydrous sodium carbonate, place it in a dry test tube, heat it, and metallic mercury is decomposed and condensed on the wall of the test tube. Dissolve the residue remaining in the tube in dilute nitric acid, filter, and the filtrate shows the identification reaction of chloride (General Rule 0301).

Examination

Mercury

Take 2 g of the product, add 20 ml of ether, shake for 5 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 10 ml of water with 2 drops of dilute nitric acid, and examine according to the method for chloride (General Rule 0801). If turbidity occurs, compare it with a control solution prepared in the same manner using 7 ml of standard sodium chloride solution, and it should not be more turbid.

Mercury beads

Take about 1 g of the product, spread it on white paper, and examine it with a magnifying glass. There should be no mercury beads.

Residue on ignition

Not more than 0.1% (General Rule 0841).

Assay

The sample, about 0.5 g, is accurately weighed, placed in an iodine flask, and 10 ml of water is added. The mixture is shaken well, and then 50 ml of iodine titration solution (0.05 mol/L) is accurately added. The flask is stoppered, and the mixture is vigorously shaken until most of the sample is dissolved. Then, 8 ml of potassium iodide solution (5→10) is added, the flask is stoppered, and the mixture is vigorously shaken until completely dissolved. The solution is titrated with sodium thiosulfate titration solution (0.1 mol/L) to near the end-point. Starch indicator solution is added, and the titration is continued until the blue colour disappears. Each 1 ml of iodine titration solution (0.05 mol/L) is equivalent to 23.61 mg of mercury chloride (Hg2Cl2).

The content of mercury chloride (Hg2Cl2) in the product shall not be less than 99.0%.

Property

Cold.

Toxicity

Toxic.

Flavor

Pungent.

Meridian tropism

Large Intestine and Small Intestine meridians.

Actions

To kill parasites, counteract toxicity, promote wound healing when used externally; to resolve phlegm, eliminate accumulation, promote diuresis, and facilitate bowel movement when taken internally.

Indications

It is used externally for scabies, ringworm, poliomyelitis, syphilis, sores and eczema; internally for phlegm and saliva stagnation, oedema and swelling, and bowel problems.

Dosage

Appropriate amount for external use; 0.1～0.2g each time for internal use, 1～2 times a day.

Administration

Ground and mixed with the affected area; more into the pill or capsule service, gargling after service.

Precautions

This product is toxic and should not be taken in excessive amounts. It should be used with caution when taken internally, and it is contraindicated in pregnant women.

Storage

Store in a light-resistant, airtight container in a dry place.

牵牛子

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Pharbitis Seed is the dried mature seed of Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy or Pharbitis purpurea (L.) Voigt (Fam. Convolvulaceae). The drug is collected in autumn when the fruit is mature but the pericarp is not yet split, removed from the plant, dried in the sun, and the seeds are separated and impurities are removed.

Description

Seeds resembling orange petals, 4-8 mm long, 3-5 mm wide; surface greyish-black or pale yellowish-white, with a shallow longitudinal groove on the back and a slightly concave point-shaped hilum at the lower end of the ventral ridge; texture hard; transverse section showing pale yellow or yellowish-green wrinkled and folded cotyledons, slightly oily. Odour, slight; taste, pungent, bitter, and tingling.

Identification

(1) Take the drug, soak it in water, and the seed coat will crack. When kneaded by hand, it feels sticky and slippery.

(2) The powder is pale yellowish-brown. The epidermal cells of the seed coat are dark brown, irregular in shape, and the walls are wavy. Non-glandular trichomes are single-celled, yellowish-brown, slightly curved, 50-240 μm long. There are secretory cavities in the cotyledon fragments, which are round or elliptical, with a diameter of 35-106 μm. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals have a diameter of 10-25 μm. Fragments of reticulate tissue and bright bands are sometimes visible.

(3) Take 1g of the powder, place it in a Soxhlet extractor, add an appropriate amount of petroleum ether (60-90°C), heat under reflux for 2 hours, discard the petroleum ether, evaporate the solvent from the residue, add a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (3:1) to extract for 6 hours, recover the solvent to 5ml, and use it as the test solution. Take 1g of the reference drug Pharbitis Seed and prepare a solution of the reference drug in the same way. Take caffeic acid CRS, add methanol to make a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of dichloromethane, methanol, and formic acid (93:9:4) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10-20 μl of each of the test solution and the reference drug solution, and 3 μl of the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a solution of phosphomolybdic acid, heat at 110°C to the spots clear. The blue-black spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position to those in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the cold maceration method>, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 15.0 per cent.

Prepared slices

Pharbitis Seed

Processing

Eliminate foreign matter, and crush before use.

Description

Same as the crude drug.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Extractives

Same as the crude drug.

stir-fried pharbitis Seed

Processing

Take clean pharbitis seeds, according to the method of stir-frying (Tongzhi 0213), stir-fry until slightly bulging. Pound it when used.

Description

Seeds resembling Pharbitis Seed, blackish-brown or yellowish-brown on the surface, slightly swollen. Slightly aromatic.

Examination

Water

Same as the drug, not more than 8.0 per cent.

Total ash

Same as the drug.

Extractives

Same as the drug, not less than 12.0 per cent.

Identification

(In addition to microscopic powder) Same as the drug.

Property

Cold.

Toxicity

Toxic.

Flavor

Bitter.

Meridian tropism

Lung, Kidney, and Large Intestine meridians.

Actions

To promote diuresis and relieve constipation, resolve phlegm and clear fluid, kill parasites and eliminate accumulation.

Indications

Used for edema, abdominal distension, constipation, phlegm-fluid retention, rebellious qi, wheezing and coughing, and abdominal pain due to intestinal parasites.

Dosage

3-6 g.1.5～3g each time.

Administration

To be decocted for oral administration,

Precautions

Not to be used by pregnant women; not to be used together with Croton Seed and Croton Tiglium.

Storage

Preserve in a dry place.

狼毒

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Euphorbia Root is the dried root of Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata or Euphorbia fischeriana Steud. (Fam. Euphorbiaceae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, washed clean, sliced, and dried.

Description

Euphorbia ebracteolata

Irregularly shaped or elongated pieces, measuring 1.5-8 cm in diameter and 0.3-4 cm in thickness. Outer surface thin, yellowish-brown or grayish-brown, easily peeled off to expose the yellowish cork. Cut surface yellowish-white, with yellowish irregular marble-like texture or ring-like pattern. Light in weight, brittle in texture, easily broken, and powdery on the fractured surface. Odour, slight; taste, slightly pungent.

Euphorbia fischeriana

Outer surface brownish-yellow, cut surface with blackish-brown texture or ring-like pattern. Sticky after soaking in water, visible sticky filaments when torn.

Identification

Euphorbia ebracteolata

(1)Powder yellowish white. Numerous starch grains, single grains spherical, elongated or semi-circular, measuring 3-34 μm in diameter, with hilum fissure-like, herringbone-like or star-like, faintly visible large-grain layer striations; compound grains consisting of 2-5 grains; half-compound grains easily visible. Reticulate vessels with bordered pits, measuring 18-80 μm. Laticiferous vessels mostly fragmented, containing droplet-like secretions scattered; sometimes laticiferous vessels filled with yellow secretions.

Euphorbia fischeriana

Powder yellowish brown.Single starch grains up to 24 μm in diameter, compound grains consisting of 2-7 grains, few half-compound grains. Reticulate vessels with bordered pits, measuring 102 μm. Latex colorless.

(2)To 2 g of the coarse powder add 30 ml of ethanol, heat under reflux for 1 hour, cool, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 2 ml of methanol as the test solution. Prepare a solution of the reference drug Euphorbia fischeriana in the same manner as the test solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of cyclohexane and ethyl acetate (8.5:1.5) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug.

Examination

Impurities

Not more than 2.0 per cent <2301>.

Water

Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 9.0 per cent <2302>.

Acid-insoluble ash

Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201>, the hot maceration method, using diluted ethanol as the solvent, not less than 18.0 per cent.

Prepared slices

Euphorbia Root（unprepared）

Processing

Eliminate impurities, wash clean, soften briefly, cut into slices, and dry in the sun.

Description

Euphorbia ebracteolata

Irregularly shaped or elongated pieces. Outer surface thin, yellowish-brown or grayish-brown, easily peeled off to expose the yellowish cork. Cut surface yellowish-white, with yellowish-white to yellowish-brown irregular marble-like texture or ring-like pattern. Light in weight, brittle in texture, easily broken, and powdery on the fractured surface. Odour, slight; taste, slightly pungent.

Euphorbia fischeriana

Outer surface brownish-yellow, cut surface with blackish-brown texture or ring-like pattern. Sticky after soaking in water, visible sticky filaments when torn.

Vinegar-treated Euphorbia Root

Processing

Take clean Euphorbia Root and fry them dry according to the vinegar method <0213>.

For every 100 kg of Euphorbia Root, use 30-50 kg of vinegar.

Description

The drug is similar to Euphorbia Root. It is slightly darker in color and has a slight vinegar aroma.

Examination

Total ash

Same as the herb,not more than 7.0 per cent.

Acid-insoluble ash

Same as the herb,not more than 1.0 per cent.

Water

Same as the herb.

Extractives

Same as the herb,not less than 20.0 per cent.

Identification

Same as the herb.

Property

Neutral.

Toxicity

Toxic.

Flavor

Pungent.

Meridian tropism

Liver and spleen meridians.

Actions

To disperse nodules and kill parasites.

Indications

To disperse nodules and kill parasites. Used externally for lymphadenitis, tinea, and maggot infestation.

Dosage

None.

Administration

Decocted for external application.

Precautions

Not to be used with Mitosan.

Storage

Preserve in a well-ventilated and dry place, protected from moth.

乳香

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Olibanum is the resinous exudate obtained from the bark of the trunk of Boswellia carterii Birdw. and its congeneric species Boswellia bhaw-dajiana Birdw. (Fam. Burseraceae). It is classified into Somali Olibanum and Ethiopian Olibanum, and each kind is further divided into Olibanum Pearl and Raw Olibanum.

Description

The drug occurs as long-ovoid, tear-shaped, or nearly globular tears or irregular masses of variable size. The larger ones are up to 2 cm long (Olibanum Pearl) or 5 cm long (Raw Olibanum). The surface is yellowish-white, translucent, and covered with a yellowish-white powder, which becomes darker on storage. The texture is brittle and softens on heating. The fractured surface is glassy or waxy. It has a characteristic odour and a slightly bitter taste.

Identification

(1) The product is oily when burning, with black smoke and aroma; it is ground into white or yellowish-white emulsion by adding water.

(2)

Somali Olibanum

Take the volatile oil under [Content Determination], add anhydrous ethanol to make a solution containing 2.5mg per 1ml, as a test solution. Take a-pinene control, add anhydrous ethanol to make a solution containing 0.8mg per 1ml, as a control solution. According to the gas chromatography (General rule 0521) test, with polyethylene glycol (PEG-20M) capillary column, the procedure of heating; the initial temperature of 50 ℃, held for 3 minutes, at a rate of 25 ℃ per minute to 200 ℃, held for 1 minute; the inlet temperature of 200 ℃, the detector temperature of 220 ℃, the shunt ratio of 20: 1. Theoretical plate number according to the calculation of the a-pinene peak should not be less than 7000 The theoretical plate count should be not less than 7000 according to the peak of a-pinene. 1μl each of control solution and test solution was taken and injected into the gas chromatograph. The chromatogram of the test solution should show the same retention time as that of the peak of the control solution.

Ethiopian Olibanum

Take octyl acetate control product, add anhydrous ethanol to make a solution containing 0.8mg per 1ml, as the control solution. The same as Somalia frankincense identification method test, the test solution should be presented in the chromatogram and the control solution peak retention time of the chromatographic peaks consistent with the chromatographic peaks.

Examination

Impurities

Not more than 2% for Olibanum Pearl, and not more than 10% for Raw Olibanum <2301>.

Assay

Somali Olibanum should contain not less than 6.0% (ml/g) of volatile oil, and Ethiopian Olibanum should contain not less than 2.0% (ml/g) of volatile oil.

Somali Olibanum shall contain not less than 6.0 per cent (ml/g) of volatile oil and Ethiopian Olibanum shall contain not less than 2.0 per cent (ml/g) of volatile oil.

Prepared slices

Vinegar-processed Olibanum

Processing

Take clean Olibanum and stir-fry it according to the method of vinegar processing <0213> until the surface is shiny.

For every 100kg of Olibanum, use 5kg of vinegar.

Property

Warm.

Flavor

Pungent and bitter.

Meridian tropism

Heart, liver, and spleen meridians.

Actions

To promote blood circulation and relieve pain, reduce swelling and generate new tissue.

Indications

Used for chest pain due to blood stasis, epigastric pain, dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea, postpartum blood stasis, abdominal pain due to masses, rheumatic arthralgia, spasm of tendons and vessels, traumatic injury, carbuncles, swelling, and sores.

Dosage

3-5 g；Apply externally in appropriate amounts.

Administration

Decocted in soup or in pills or powder; powdered and applied.

Precautions

Use with caution in pregnant women and those with weak stomach.

Storage

Preserve in a cool and dry place.

南鹤虱

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Carrot Fruit is the dried ripe fruit of Daucus carota L. (Fam. Umbelliferae). The drug is collected in autumn when the fruit is ripe, the fruit stalk is cut off, dried in the sun, and the fruit is separated from the stalk and impurities are removed.

Description

Fruits biconvex, elliptical, 3-4 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide; surface pale greenish-brown or brownish-yellow, with a persistent style at the apex, base obtuse and rounded, back convex, with 4 narrow wing-like secondary ridges, each ridge bearing a row of yellowish-white hooked prickles, prickles about 1.5 mm long, inconspicuous primary ridges in the depressions between the secondary ridges, short pubescence on the ridges, adaxial surface flat, with 3 vittae, pubescent. Seed white, oily. Light in weight. Fragrant when rubbed; taste, slightly pungent and bitter.

Identification

(1)Cross-section of this product: exocarp cells in 1 row, with non-glandular hairs differentiated into single cells at the main ribs, 86-390 μm long; mesocarp with large vittae, 1 at the base of each of the secondary ribs, and 2 on the jointed surfaces, flattened and oblong, 50-120 μm in diameter, containing yellow-brown oil droplets; tiny vascular bundles on the inner side of the main ribs. Endocarp in 1 row of flattened thin-walled cells. The seed coat cells contain reddish brown material. The endosperm is rich, and the thin-walled cells are polygonal, with slightly thicker walls, containing fatty oil and pasty grains, and the pasty grains contain fine calcium oxalate clusters.

To 1 g of the powder add 20 ml of ether, soak overnight, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of ether as the test solution. Take 1 g of the reference drug of Carrot Fruit, prepare the reference drug solution in the same manner. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (8:1:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 1-2 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution. Spray with a 5% solution of vanillin in sulfuric acid, heat to the spots clear. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution.

Property

Neutral.

Toxicity

Slightly toxic.

Flavor

Bitter and pungent.

Meridian tropism

Spleen and stomach meridians.

Actions

To kill parasites and eliminate accumulation.

Indications

Used for ascariasis, enterobiasis, taeniasis, abdominal pain due to intestinal parasites, and malnutrition in children.

Dosage

3-9 g.

Administration

None.

Storage

Preserve in a well-ventilated and dry place.

硫黄

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Sulfur is the natural element mineral sulfur of the sulfur family. It is obtained by mining, heating and melting, and removing impurities; or it is processed from sulfur-containing minerals.

Description

Sulfur is irregular in shape and is yellow or slightly greenish-yellow. The surface is uneven and has a greasy luster, often with many small holes. When held tightly in the hand and placed next to the ear, a slight cracking sound can be heard. It is light in weight, loose in texture, and fragile, and the fracture surface is often needle-shaped crystals. It has a distinctive odor and a mild taste.

Identification

When sulfur burns, it melts easily, the flame is blue, and there is a pungent odor of sulfur dioxide.

Assay

Weigh accurately about 0.2 g of the powder, place it in a conical flask, accurately add 50 ml of 0.5 mol/L ethanol potassium hydroxide titration solution, add 10 ml of water, heat in a water bath to dissolve, and evaporate the ethanol (until there are no bubbles and no alcoholic odor). Add 40 ml of water, insert a small funnel into the neck of the bottle, boil gently for 10 minutes, cool, carefully add 5 ml of hydrogen peroxide test solution , shake well, heat in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes, cool to room temperature, rinse the funnel and the inner wall of the bottle with water, add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator solution, titrate with hydrochloric acid titration solution (0.5 mol/L), and correct the titration result with a blank test. Each 1 ml of ethanol potassium hydroxide titration solution (0.5 mol/L) is equivalent to 8.015 mg of sulfur (S).

The content of sulfur (S) in this product shall not be less than 98.5%.

Prepared slices

Sulfur

Processing

Eliminate foreign matter, break into small pieces.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Assay

Same as the crude drug.

Processed Sulfur

Processing

Take clean sulfur blocks, cook them with tofu, remove them when the tofu turns blackish-green, rinse them, and dry them in the shade.

For every 100 kg of sulfur, use 200 kg of tofu.

Property

Warm.

Toxicity

Toxic.

Flavor

Sour.

Meridian tropism

Kidney and large intestine meridians.

Actions

Used externally to detoxify, kill insects, and treat sores; taken internally to tonify fire, assist yang, and promote bowel movements.

Indications

Used externally for scabies, tinea capitis, malignant ulcers, and gangrenous ulcers; taken internally for impotence and coldness in the feet, deficiency cough and cold asthma, and deficiency-cold constipation.

Dosage

Appropriate amount for external use. Internal 1.5-3g.

Administration

Ground into a powder and applied to the affected area with oil. After concocting, it can be taken in pills and powder.

Precautions

Caution should be exercised in pregnant women. It should not be used with saltpeter and realgar.

Storage

Store in a dry place and keep away from fire.

香加皮

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Periploca Bark is the dried root bark of Periploca sepium Bge. (Fam. Asclepiadaceae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, the root bark is peeled off, and dried in the shade.

Description

The bark is cylindrical or trough-shaped, occasionally irregularly blocky, 3-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter, and 0.2-0.4 cm thick. The outer surface is grayish-brown or yellowish-brown, with loose cork often in scales that are easily peeled off. The inner surface is pale yellow or pale yellowish-brown, relatively smooth, with fine longitudinal striations. The bark is light, brittle, easily broken, with an uneven fracture surface, and yellowish-white. It has a characteristic aroma and a bitter taste.

Identification

(1) The powder of this product is light brown. Calcium oxalate square crystals 9-20 μm in diameter. stone cells oblong or polygonal-like, 24-70 μm in diameter. milk tubes containing colourless oil droplet-like particles. Cork cells are brownish yellow, polygonal. Starch granules are numerous, single granules are oblong or oblong, 3～l1μm in diameter; compound granules are composed of 2～6 grains.

(2) Take 10g of this product powder, placed in 250ml flask, add 150ml of water, heating distillation, distillate with a specific aroma, collect 10ml of distillate, divided into two test tubes, a tube with 1% ferric chloride solution 1 drop, that is, a reddish-brown colour; the other tube with a small amount of hydrazine sulphate saturated solution 5ml and sodium acetate crystals, a little heated, cooled to produce a yellowish-green precipitate, and placed in ultraviolet light (365nm) under the observation, showed strong yellow fluorescence.

(3) Take 1g of this product powder, add 10ml of ethanol, heat and reflux for 1 hour, filtration, filtrate in a 25ml measuring flask, add ethanol to the scale, shaking well, a precise amount of 1ml, placed in a 20ml measuring flask, add ethanol to the scale, shaking well, according to the UV-visible spectrophotometric method (General 0401) to determine the wavelength of 278nm has the maximum absorption.

(4) Take 2g of this product powder, add 30ml of methanol, heating reflux for 1 hour, filtration, filtrate evaporation, residue add 2ml of methanol to dissolve, as a test solution. Take 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde control product, add methanol to make a solution containing lmg per 1ml, as a control solution. According to the thin layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the above two solutions of 2μl, respectively, point on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, with petroleum ether (60 ~ 90 ℃) - ethyl acetate - glacial acetic acid (20:3:0.5) as the unfolding agent, unfold, remove, dry, spray with dinitrophenylhydrazine test solution. In the chromatogram of the test article, spots of the same colour are shown in the corresponding positions with the chromatogram of the control article.

Examination

Water

Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 10.0 per cent <2302>.

Acid-insoluble ash

Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent, not less than 20.0 per cent.

Assay

Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase; use methanol-water-acetic acid (70:30:2) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 278 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde should not be less than 1000.

Preparation of internal standard solution

Take an appropriate amount of butylparaben, accurately weigh, and dissolve in 60% methanol to obtain a solution containing 6 mg per ml.

Assay method

Take an appropriate amount of 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde reference substance, accurately weigh, place it in a brown volumetric flask, and dissolve it in 60% methanol to obtain a solution containing 1 mg per ml. Accurately measure 4 ml of this solution and 2 ml of the internal standard solution, place them in a 25 ml volumetric flask, add 60% methanol to the mark, shake well, take 20 μl, inject it into the liquid chromatograph, and record the chromatogram. Take about 0.25-0.5 g of the coarse powder of the drug, dry it at 60°C for 4 hours, accurately weigh it, place it in a 50 ml flask, add 15 ml of 60% methanol, heat under reflux for 1.5 hours, filter, collect the filtrate in a 25 ml volumetric flask, wash the container with a small amount of 60% methanol, and filter the washings into the same flask. Accurately add 2 ml of the internal standard solution, add 60% methanol to the mark, shake well, filter, and take the subsequent filtrate as the test solution. Take 20 μl and inject it into the liquid chromatograph. Calculate the content based on the peak area using the internal standard method.

When dried at 60°C for 4 hours, the content of 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde (C8H8O3) should not be less than 0.20%.

Prepared slices

Periploca Bark

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter, wash, soften briefly, cut into thick slices, and dry in the sun.

Description

This product comes in thick irregular sheets. The outer surface is greyish brown or yellowish brown, and the embolus is often scaly. The inner surface is yellowish or yellowish brown with fine longitudinal lines. The cut surface is yellowish white. It has special aroma and bitter taste.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Assay

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Warm.

Toxicity

Toxic.

Flavor

Pungent and bitter.

Meridian tropism

Liver, kidney, and heart meridians.

Actions

To promote diuresis, reduce swelling, dispel wind and dampness, and strengthen tendons and bones.

Indications

Used for lower limb edema, palpitations and shortness of breath, wind-cold-damp arthralgia, and lumbago and knee weakness.

Dosage

3-6 g.

Administration

None.

Precautions

Do not take excessive doses.

Storage

Preserve in a cool and dry place.

徐长卿

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Cynanchum Paniculatum Root and Rhizome is the dried root and rhizome of Cynanchum paniculatum (Bge.) Kitag. (Fam. Asclepiadaceae). The drug is collected in autumn, removed from impurities, and dried in the shade.

Description

Rhizomes irregularly cylindrical, with nodes, 0.5-3.5 cm long, 2-4 mm in diameter. Some with residual stem at the apex, slender cylindrical, about 2 cm long, 1-2 mm in diameter, hollow in the cross-section; several roots arise from the nodes. Roots slender and cylindrical, curved, 10-16 cm long, 1-1.5 mm in diameter. Surface pale yellowish-white to pale brownish-yellow or brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles, and with slender rootlets. Texture brittle, easily broken, fracture mealy; bark whitish or yellowish-white, forming a ring, wood small. Odour, aromatic; taste, slightly pungent and cool.

Identification

(1)The powder is light grayish-brown. The surface view of the outer epidermal cells is polygonal, the periclinal wall is finely undulate, and there are a type of square-shaped small cells between the cells, which are lignified; the side view is oblong, and some cells have thickened radial walls with fine striations. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals have a diameter of 7-45 μm. Secretory cells are round or elongated, containing pale yellowish-brown secretions. The cells of the endodermis are rectangular and the periclinal walls are finely undulate.

(2) Take 1g of powder, add 10ml of ether, tight plug, shake for 10 minutes, filter, filtrate evaporate, residue with acetone 1ml to dissolve, as a test solution. Also take the control of salvinorin, add acetone to make a solution containing 2mg per 1ml, as a control solution. According to the thin layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the test solution 5μl, control solution 10μl, respectively, point in the same silica gel G thin layer plate, cyclohexane - ethyl acetate (3:1) as an unfolding agent, unfolding, take out, drying, sprayed with hydrochloric acid acid 5% ferric chloride ethanol solution, heated until the spots show clear colour. In the chromatogram of the test article, the same blue-brown spots were shown in the corresponding positions with the chromatogram of the control article.

(3) Take 1g of this product powder, add 10ml of ether, close the plug, shake for 10 minutes, filter, filtrate evaporation, residue with acetone 1ml to dissolve, as a test solution. Take 1g of control herb of Xu Changqing, and make control herb solution by the same method. According to the thin layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the above two solutions of 5μl, respectively, point in the same silica gel G thin layer plate, cyclohexane - trichloromethane - ethyl acetate (10:2:0.8) as the unfolding agent, unfolding, remove, drying, sprayed with 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heated to 105 ℃ until the spots are clear and clear, respectively, placed in the sunlight and ultraviolet light (365 nm) to check. In the chromatogram of the test material, in the corresponding position with the chromatogram of the control material, the spots of the same colour or fluorescent spots.

Examination

Water

Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 4>.

Total ash

Not more than 10.0 per cent <2302>.

Acid-insoluble ash

Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using ethanol as the solvent,not less than 10.0 per cent.

Assay

Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase; methanol-water (45:55) as the mobile phase; detection wavelength at 274 nm. The theoretical number of plates calculated from the peak of paeonol should not be less than 3000.

Preparation of reference solution

Accurately weigh an appropriate amount of paeonol reference standard, dissolve in methanol to produce a solution containing 20 μg per ml.

Preparation of test solution

Accurately weigh about 0.5 g of the coarse powder of the test material, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50 ml of methanol, weigh, treat with ultrasound (power 250 W, frequency 33 kHz) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up the loss in weight with methanol, shake well, filter, accurately measure 1 ml of the filtrate, place it in a 10 ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, shake well, and set aside.

Method

Accurately draw 10 μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

Calculate the content of paeonol (C9H10O3) in the dried drug, which should not be less than 1.3%.

Prepared slices

Cynanchum Paniculatum

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter, quickly wash, cut into sections, and dry in the shade.

Description

This product is in irregular segments. The rhizome is nodding and surrounded by numerous roots. Roots cylindrical, surface yellowish white to light brownish yellow or brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles. Flourish, white or yellowish-white cortex, light brown formation of the layer ring, the wood is fine. Aromatic, slightly pungent and cool flavour.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Warm.

Flavor

Pungent.

Meridian tropism

Liver and stomach meridians.

Actions

To dispel wind, eliminate dampness, relieve pain, and stop itching.

Indications

Used for rheumatic arthralgia, stomach pain and distension, toothache, lumbago, injuries from falls and blows, wind rash, and eczema.

Dosage

3-12 g.

Administration

Add when the decoction is nearly done.

Storage

Preserve in a cool and dry place.

野菊花

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Wild Chrysanthemum Flower is the dried inflorescence of Chrysanthemum indicum L. (Fam. Compositae). The drug is collected in autumn or winter when the flowers begin to bloom, dried in the sun, or steamed and then dried.

Description

The drug is spherical or nearly so, measuring 0.3-1 cm in diameter, and brownish-yellow. The involucre consists of 4-5 layers of bracts; the outer bracts are ovate or linear, with the middle part of the outer surface grayish-green or pale brown, usually covered with white hairs, and the margin membranous; the inner bracts are elongate-elliptical, membranous, and hairless on the outer surface. The base of the involucre often has remnants of the receptacle. The ligulate florets are in one row, yellow to brownish-yellow, wrinkled and curled; the tubular florets are numerous and deep yellow. The drug is light in weight. It has a fragrant odor and a bitter taste.

Identification

To 0.3 g of the powder add 15 ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 30 minutes, cool, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Prepare a solution of the reference drug of Wild Chrysanthemum Flower, weighing 0.3 g, by the same method. Prepare a solution of luteolin as the reference solution, dissolving an appropriate amount in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.2 mg per ml. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using a solution of ethyl acetate-butanoic acid-water (2:1:1) as the upper layer of the mobile phase and silica gel G as the coating substance. Apply separately to the plate 3 μl of each of the above three solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 2% solution of aluminum chloride in ethanol, dry with hot air, and examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug and the reference solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 14.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 9.0 per cent <2302>.

Acid-insoluble ash

Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

Assay

Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase; use methanol-water-acetic acid (26:23:1) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 334 nm. The theoretical number of plates calculated from the peak of luteolin should not be less than 3000.

Preparation of reference solution

Weigh an appropriate amount of luteolin CRS accurately, dissolve in methanol (if necessary, heat), and prepare a solution containing 25 μg per ml.

Preparation of test solution

Weigh about 0.25 g of the powder (passed through a No. 3 sieve) of the test drug accurately, place it in a conical flask with a stopper, add methanol 100 ml accurately, weigh, heat under reflux for 3 hours, cool, weigh again, make up the loss in weight with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the subsequent filtrate.

Method of assay

Accurately draw 20 μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

Calculate the content of luteolin (C28H32O14) in the dried drug. It should not be less than 0.80%.

Property

Slightly cold.

Flavor

Bitter, pungent.

Meridian tropism

Liver and Heart meridians.

Actions

To clear heat, detoxify, relieve fire, and soothe the liver.

Indications

Used for carbuncles, furuncles, swelling and pain of the eyes, headache, and dizziness.

Dosage

9-15 g. Apply externally in appropriate amounts.

Administration

Decoction of soup for external wash or made paste for external application.

Storage

Store in a cool and dry place, protected from moisture and insects.