紫萁贯众

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Osmunda Rhizome is the dried rhizome and leaf stalk residue of Osmunda japonica Thunb. (Fam. Osmundaceae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, washed clean, the rootlets removed, and dried in the sun.

Description

Rhizomes slightly conical or cylindrical, slightly curved, 10-20cm long, 3-6cm in diameter. Rhizomes horizontally or obliquely growing, lower side bearing black and hard fine roots; upper side densely covered with leaf stalk residue, leaf stalk base flattened and round, obliquely upward, 4-6cm long, 0.2-0.5cm in diameter, surface brown or brown-black, cut surface with "U"-shaped vascular bundles, often separated from the cortex. Texture hard, not easily broken. Odour, slight; taste, sweet and slightly astringent.

Identification

（1）Transverse section of leaf stalk base: epidermis yellow, often exfoliating. Subepidermis forming a ring composed of more than 10 rows of brown thick-walled cells. Endodermis distinct. Vascular bundles "U"-shaped, phloem containing scattered reddish-brown secretory cells; xylem cells forming 8-11 groups, arranged in a semi-circular pattern; vascular bundles with thick-walled tissue on the concave side. Thin-walled cells containing starch grains.

（2）To 3g of the powder add 50ml of ethanol containing 1% hydrochloric acid, heat under reflux for 1 hour, cool, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 30ml of water. Extract with two 20ml portions of ethyl acetate, combine the ethyl acetate extracts, wash with water until neutral, evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 5ml of ethyl acetate, apply to a silica gel column (160-200 mesh, 2g, 1.8cm in internal diameter, dry-packed column), elute with 10ml of ethyl acetate, collect the eluate, evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 1ml of methanol as the test solution. Dissolve osmundone CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.2mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel GF254 as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether (60-90°C), ethyl acetate and formic acid (6:4:0.1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 254nm. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 6.0 per cent <2302>.

Acid-insoluble ash

Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent,not less than 10.0 per cent.

Prepared slices

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter, soak briefly, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into slices, and dry in the sun.

Property

Slightly cold.

Flavor

Bitter.

Meridian tropism

Lung, stomach, and liver meridians.

Actions

To clear heat and detoxify, stop bleeding, and kill parasites.

Indications

Used for epidemic toxic cold, heat-toxic diarrhea, carbuncle and swelling, vomiting blood, nosebleed, blood in stool, irregular menstruation, and abdominal pain due to worm accumulation.

Dosage

5-9g.

Administration

None.

Precautions

Slightly toxic.

Storage

Store in a dry place.

紫萁贯众

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Osmunda Rhizome is the dried rhizome and leaf stalk residue of Osmunda japonica Thunb. (Fam. Osmundaceae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, washed clean, the rootlets removed, and dried in the sun.

Description

Rhizomes slightly conical or cylindrical, slightly curved, 10-20cm long, 3-6cm in diameter. Rhizomes horizontally or obliquely growing, lower side bearing black and hard fine roots; upper side densely covered with leaf stalk residue, leaf stalk base flattened and round, obliquely upward, 4-6cm long, 0.2-0.5cm in diameter, surface brown or brown-black, cut surface with "U"-shaped vascular bundles, often separated from the cortex. Texture hard, not easily broken. Odour, slight; taste, sweet and slightly astringent.

Identification

（1）Transverse section of leaf stalk base: epidermis yellow, often exfoliating. Subepidermis forming a ring composed of more than 10 rows of brown thick-walled cells. Endodermis distinct. Vascular bundles "U"-shaped, phloem containing scattered reddish-brown secretory cells; xylem cells forming 8-11 groups, arranged in a semi-circular pattern; vascular bundles with thick-walled tissue on the concave side. Thin-walled cells containing starch grains.

（2）To 3g of the powder add 50ml of ethanol containing 1% hydrochloric acid, heat under reflux for 1 hour, cool, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 30ml of water. Extract with two 20ml portions of ethyl acetate, combine the ethyl acetate extracts, wash with water until neutral, evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 5ml of ethyl acetate, apply to a silica gel column (160-200 mesh, 2g, 1.8cm in internal diameter, dry-packed column), elute with 10ml of ethyl acetate, collect the eluate, evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 1ml of methanol as the test solution. Dissolve osmundone CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.2mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel GF254 as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether (60-90°C), ethyl acetate and formic acid (6:4:0.1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 254nm. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 6.0 per cent <2302>.

Acid-insoluble ash

Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent,not less than 10.0 per cent.

Prepared slices

Osmunda Rhizome

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter, soak briefly, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into slices, and dry in the sun.

Property

Slightly cold.

Flavor

Bitter.

Meridian tropism

Lung, stomach, and liver meridians.

Actions

To clear heat and detoxify, stop bleeding, and kill parasites.

Indications

Used for epidemic toxic cold, heat-toxic diarrhea, carbuncle and swelling, vomiting blood, nosebleed, blood in stool, irregular menstruation, and abdominal pain due to worm accumulation.

Dosage

5-9g.

Administration

None.

Precautions

Slightly toxic.

Storage

Store in a dry place.

紫苏叶

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Perilla Leaf is the dried leaf (or leaf with tender stem) of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (Fam. Labiatae). The drug is collected in summer when the branches and leaves are luxuriant, removed from impurities, and dried in the sun.

Description

Leaves irregularly wrinkled, curled, and broken; when whole, ovate or elliptical, 4-11cm long, 2.5-9cm wide; apex long-pointed or acute; base rounded or broadly cuneate; margin with rounded serrations. Both surfaces purple or upper surface green, lower surface purple, sparsely covered with grayish-white hairs, and with numerous glandular scales in concave dots on the lower surface. Petiole 2-7cm long, purple or purple-green. Texture brittle. When the leaf has tender stem, the stem is 2-5mm in diameter, purple-green, and has medullated section in the middle. Odour, fragrant; taste, slightly pungent.

Identification

（1）The surface of the leaf is made into a section: some cells in the epidermis contain purple pigment, and when 10% hydrochloric acid solution is added, it immediately turns red; or when 5% potassium hydroxide solution is added, it immediately turns bright green, and then changes to yellow-green.

The powder is brownish-green. Non-glandular hairs consist of 1-7 cells, with a diameter of 16-346μm, and the surface has linear texture. Some cells are filled with purple-red or pink substances. The head of glandular hair is mostly composed of 2 cells, with a diameter of 17-36μm, and the stalk is a single cell. Glandular scales are often broken, and the head consists of 4-8 cells. Epidermal cells of both upper and lower surfaces are irregular in shape, with wavy curved periclinal walls, and the stomata are of the paracytic type, with more stomata on the lower surface. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are small and exist in mesophyll cells.

（2）Take the volatile oil under the "Content Determination" section, add n-hexane to make a solution containing 10μl per ml as the test solution. Take perillaldehyde CRS, add n-hexane to make a solution containing 10μl per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of n-hexane and ethyl acetate (15:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in ethanol. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

（3）Take 0.5g of the powder, add 25ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 30 minutes, filter, concentrate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 2ml of methanol as the test solution. Take 0.5g of the reference drug of Perilla Leaf, and prepare the reference drug solution by the same method. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate, methanol, formic acid, and water (9:0.5:1:0.5) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 3μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832,method 4>.

Content Determination

The method for determination of volatile oil<2204> is used, and the reflux is maintained for 2.5 hours.

The volatile oil content of this product shall not be less than 0.40% (ml/g).

Prepared slices

Perilla Leaf

Processing

Eliminate impurities and old stems; or spray with water, cut into pieces, and dry.

Description

This product is irregular segments or uncut leaves. The leaves are mostly wrinkled, curled, and broken, and the intact ones are oval after being flattened. The edges are roundly serrate. Purple on both sides or green on the upper surface, purple on the lower surface, sparsely grayish-white hairs. The petioles are purple or purplish-green. With young branches, the diameter of the branches is 2~5mm, purple-green, and there is pith in the middle of the section. The air is fragrant and the taste is slightly pungent.

Content Determination

Same as the crude drug. The volatile oil content of this product shall not be less than 0.20% (ml/g).

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Warm.

Flavor

Pungent.

Meridian tropism

Lung and spleen meridians.

Actions

To release the exterior and dispel cold, promote the circulation of qi, and harmonize the stomach.

Indications

Used for wind-cold common cold, cough and nausea, vomiting during pregnancy, and fish and crab poisoning.

Dosage

5-10g.

Administration

None.

Storage

Preserve in a cool and dry place.

紫苏梗

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Perilla Stem is the dried stem of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (Fam. Labiatae). The drug is collected in autumn after the fruit is ripe, removed from impurities, dried in the sun, or cut into slices and dried.

Description

Stems square-cylindrical, with four obtuse angles, variable in length, 0.5-1.5cm in diameter; externally purple-brown or dark purple, with longitudinal furrows and fine longitudinal wrinkles on all sides; nodes slightly swollen, with opposite branch scars and leaf scars. Light in weight, hard in texture, and fractured into flakes. Transverse section thick, 2-5 mm, often oblong, wood yellowish-white, rays fine and dense, radiate, medulla white, loose or exfoliated. Odour, slightly fragrant; taste, mild.

Identification

（1）The powder is yellowish-white to grayish-green. Numerous wood fibers, mostly in bundles, with a diameter of 8-45μm. The parenchyma fibers of the pith sheath are pale yellow or yellow-brown, elongated, with a diameter of 10-46μm, and some have obvious pits. The epidermal cells are brownish-yellow, and the surface appears polygonal or square-like, with thickened walls in a bead-like pattern. The calcium oxalate needles are small and fill the thin-walled cells.

（2）To 1g of the powder add 25ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of methanol as the test solution. Take another appropriate amount of rosmarinic acid CRS, dissolve in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.2mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (3:3:0.2) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 9.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

Content determination

Carry out the method for determination of content by high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filling material; use methanol-0.1% formic acid solution (38:62) as the mobile phase; detection wavelength 330nm. The theoretical number of plates calculated from the peak of rosmarinic acid should not be less than 3000.

Preparation of reference solution

Preparation of reference solution Take an appropriate amount of rosmarinic acid CRS, accurately weigh, add 60% acetone to make a solution containing 40 μg per ml, and set aside.

Preparation of test solution

Preparation of test solution Take about 0.5g of the powder (passed through a No. 3 sieve) of the test item, accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 25ml of 60% acetone, seal tightly, weigh, treat with ultrasound (power 250 W, frequency 40 kHz) for 30 minutes, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with 60% acetone, shake well, filter, and take the subsequent filtrate.

Determination method

Method of determination Accurately draw 10 μl of the reference solution and 5-20 μl of the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

The content of rosmarinic acid (C18H16O8) in the drug, calculated with reference to the dried drug, should not be less than 0.10%.

Prepared slices

Perilla Stem

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter, soak briefly, soften until thoroughly wet, cut into thick slices, and dry.

Description

This product is a thick sheet similar to a square shape. The surface is purplish-brown or dark purple, and some can see opposite branch marks and leaf marks. The cut surface of the wood is yellowish-white, with fine radial grain, and the pith is white, loose or detached. The smell is slightly fragrant and the taste is light.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Warm.

Flavor

Pungent.

Meridian tropism

Lung and spleen meridians.

Actions

To regulate qi, relieve pain, and secure the fetus.

Indications

For chest and hypochondriac distension, epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, and restless fetus.

Dosage

5-10g.

Administration

None.

Storage

Preserve in a dry place.

紫花前胡

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Peucedani Decursivi Radix is the dried root of Peucedanum decursivum (Miq.) Maxim. (Fam. Umbelliferae). The drug is collected in autumn and winter when the aerial part withers, removed from rootlets, and dried in the sun.

Description

Roots irregularly cylindrical, conical or fusiform, main root slender, with a few lateral roots, 3-15cm long, 0.8-1.7cm in diameter; surface brown to dark brown, with occasional remains of stem base and membranous leaf sheath, shallowly longitudinally wrinkled, with grayish-white transverse lenticels-like projections and dotted rootlet scars. Texture hard, fracture white, cortex narrow, with a few yellow oil dots. Odour, aromatic; taste, slightly bitter and pungent.

Identification

（1）Cross-section of the root of this product: the cork layer is several columns to more than 10 rows of flat cells, with an epicortical layer outside. The inner layer of the plug is extremely narrow, and there are tubing scattered in it. Phloem broad; Most of the tubing are round, slightly arranged in a multi-wheel ring shape, and there are 5~10 secretory cells; Phloem rays are often curved and form fissures of varying sizes near the cortex. The cambium is ring-shaped. The xylem is small, and the ducts are arranged radially in a radial pattern; Wood rays are wider; Wood fibers are rare. Parenchyma cells contain starch granules.

（2）To 0.5g of the powder add 25ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 20 minutes, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Prepare a solution containing 50μg per ml of peucedanin CRS in methanol as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol-water (8:1:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate,dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

Acid-insoluble ash

Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent,not less than 30.0 per cent.

Content determination

Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use methanol-water (40:60) as the mobile phase; detect at the wavelength of 334nm. The theoretical plate number calculated from the peak of peucedanin should not be less than 1500.

Preparation of reference solution

Take an appropriate amount of peucedanin CRS, accurately weigh, add methanol to make a solution containing 50μg per ml, and mix well.

Preparation of test solution

Take about 0.5g of the powder (passed through a No. 3 sieve) of the test drug, accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 25ml of methanol, weigh again, soak for 1 hour, treat with ultrasound (power 100W, frequency 40kHz) for 20 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up the loss in weight with methanol, shake well, filter, accurately measure 1 ml of the filtrate, place it in a 10ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, shake well, and obtain the test solution.

Determination method

Accurately draw 5μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

Calculated on the dried basis, the content of peucedanin (C20H24O9) should not be less than 0.90%.

Prepared slices

Peucedani Decursivi Radix

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter, wash clean, soften briefly, cut into thin slices, and dry in the sun.

Property

Slightly cold.

Flavor

Bitter and pungent.

Meridian tropism

Lung meridian.

Actions

To descend qi and transform phlegm, dispel wind and clear heat.

Indications

Used for phlegm-heat cough with fullness in the chest, thick and yellow sputum, and cough with phlegm due to wind-heat.

Dosage

3-9g.

Administration

Or made into pills or powder.

Storage

Preserve in a cool and dry place, protect from mold and moth.

蜘蛛香

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Valerian Rhizome and Root is the dried rhizome and root of Valeriana jatamansi Jones (Fam. Valerianaceae). The drug is collected in autumn, removed from soil and sand, and dried.

Description

Rhizome cylindrical, slightly flattened, slightly curved, few branches, 1.5-8cm long, 0.5-2cm in diameter; surface dark brown or grayish-brown, with closely spaced nodes and pointed root scars, some slightly swollen at the top, with stem and leaf remnants; texture firm, not easily broken, fracture slightly flat, yellowish-brown or grayish-brown, visible vascular bundle points (vascular bundles) arranged in a ring. Roots slender, slightly curved, 3-15cm long, diameter about 0.2cm, with shallow longitudinal wrinkles, brittle texture. Odour, characteristically aromatic; taste, slightly bitter and pungent.

Identification

（1）Cross-section of the rhizome: 1 column of epidermal cells, square or oblong-shaped, light brown, thickened outer wall, wood embolization, sometimes non-glandular hairs or glandular hairs, some wood plug layer outside no epidermal cells. The cortex is broad, and root or leaf traces are commonly vascular; The endothelial layer is pronounced. The externally tough vascular bundle is multiple, arranged intermittently in a ring. The medulla is broad. Parenchymal cells contain numerous yellowish-brown needle-like or fan-shaped hesperidin crystals. This product powder gray brown. There are many starch grains, single grains round, oblong or ovate, some pointed at one end, diameter 5~39μm, umbilical point crack, tridental or pointed, some visible layer lines; The compound granules are composed of 2~4 grains. The catheters are mainly reticulated catheters and monostriated catheters. Parenchymal cells contain light tan and hesperidin crystals.

（2）To 0.2g of the powder add 5ml of ether, shake for 5 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 0.5ml of methanol as the test solution. Take valtrate CRS and acevaltrate CRS, dissolve in methanol to produce a mixed solution containing 1mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel GF254 as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether (30-60°C) and acetone (5:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5μl of the test solution and 2μl of the Reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 254nm. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 4>.

Total ash

Not more than 10.0 per cent <2302>.

Acid-insoluble ash

Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the cold maceration method>, using ethanol as the solvent,not less than 8.0 per cent.

Prepared slices

Valerian Rhizome and Root

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter,wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into slices, and dry in the sun.

Property

Warm.

Flavor

Slightly bitter and pungent.

Meridian tropism

Heart, spleen, and stomach meridians.

Actions

To regulate qi and relieve pain, promote digestion and stop diarrhea, dispel wind and eliminate dampness, and calm the mind and tranquilize the spirit.

Indications

Abdominal distension and pain, indigestion, diarrhea and dysentery, rheumatic arthralgia, lumbago and weakness of the knees, insomnia.

Dosage

3-6g.

Administration

None.

Storage

Store in a dry place, protected from dust and moth.

紫花地丁

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Violet Herb is the dried aerial part of Viola yedoensis Makino (Fam. Violaceae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from impurities, and dried.

Description

The drug is in irregular masses, often wrinkled. The main root is long-conical, measuring 1-3mm in diameter, pale yellowish-brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles. Leaves are basal, grayish-green, and become lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate after being flattened, measuring 1.5-6cm long and 1-2cm wide. The apex is obtuse, the base is truncate or slightly cordate, the margin is bluntly serrate, and both surfaces are hairy. The petiole is slender, measuring 2-6cm long, and the upper part has obvious narrow wings. The flower stem is slender. The petals are 5, purple or pale brown. The corolla tube is slender. The capsule is ellipsoid or 3-lobed, containing numerous seeds that are pale brown. The odor is slight, and the taste is slightly bitter and sticky.

Identification

（1）Transverse section of the leaf: The upper epidermal cells are larger, elongated in the longitudinal direction, with thicker outer walls and mucification of the inner walls, often expanding into a semicircular shape. The lower epidermal cells are smaller, occasionally with mucilage cells. The upper and lower epidermis have single non-glandular hairs, measuring 32-240μm in length and 24-32μm in diameter, with short lines of cuticle. The palisade cells are arranged in 2-3 rows, and the spongy cells are round, containing clusters of calcium oxalate crystals, with a diameter of 11-40 μm. The vascular bundles of the main veins are collateral, and there are 1-2 rows of thick-walled cells in the inner side of the upper and lower epidermis.

（2）Take 2g of the powder, add 20ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 20 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 10ml of hot water with stirring, filter, recover the solvent from the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1ml of methanol as the test solution. Take another 2g of the reference drug of Violet Herb, prepare the reference drug solution in the same way. Take quercetin CRS as the reference substance, dissolve it in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.1mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of toluene-acetic acid- formic acid (5:3:1) as the upper layer solution. Apply separately to the plate 5-10μl of each of the test solution, the reference drug solution, and the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365nm. The fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 18.0 per cent <2302>.

Acid-insoluble ash

Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the cold maceration method>, using 95% ethanol as the solvent,not less than 5.0 per cent.

Assay

Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (10:90) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 344 nm, and the theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of quercetin should not be less than 5000.

Preparation of reference solution

Take an appropriate amount of quercetin CRS, accurately weigh, dissolve in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.1mg per ml, and set aside.

Preparation of test solution

Take about 0.5g of the powder (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, add 50ml of methanol with precision, weigh again, heat under reflux at 70°C for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight lost with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the subsequent filtrate.

Method

Accurately draw 5μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and measure to obtain the result.

Calculated on the dried basis, the content of quercetin (C9H6O4) should not be less than 0.20%.

Prepared slices

Violet Herb

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter, wash clean, cut into pieces, and dry.

Property

Cold.

Flavor

Bitter and pungent.

Meridian tropism

Heart and liver meridians.

Actions

To clear heat and detoxify, cool blood, and reduce swelling.

Indications

Used for carbuncles and sores, furuncles and abscesses, erysipelas, and snake bites.

Dosage

15-30 g.

Administration

None.

Storage

Preserve in a dry place.

竹节参

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Rhizoma Panacis Japonici is the dried rhizome and root of Panax japonicus C.A.Mey. (Fam. Araliaceae). The drug is collected in autumn, removed from the main root and bark, and dried.

Description

Rhizome cylindrical, slightly curved, some with fleshy lateral roots, 5-22cm long, 0.8-2.5cm in diameter; surface yellow or yellowish-brown, rough, with dense longitudinal wrinkles and root scars; nodes distinct, internodes 0.8-2cm long, each node with 1 depressed stem scar; texture hard, fracture yellowish-white to pale yellow-brown, yellow dot-like vascular bundles arranged in a ring; odour, slight; taste, bitter followed by slight sweetness.

Identification

（1）Cross-section of this product: The cork layer is 2~10 rows of cells. The cortex is slightly wider, with a few secretory tracts. The vascular bundles are externally tough, arranged in a ring-like pattern, and the cambium layer forms a loop. Occasionally, the secretory tract is seen in the phloem. The xylem bundles are slightly arranged in 2~4 rows radially, and some are arranged in a single row; Wood fibers are often 1~4 bundles, and some fiber bundles have larger lignified thick-walled cells next to them. There is a medulla in the center. The parenchyma cells contain many calcium oxalate clusters, with a diameter of 17~70μm, and contain starch granules.

Powder yellowish-white to yellowish-brown. Wood fibres in bundles, about 25 μm in diameter, walls slightly thickened, with oblique fissures, some crossing to form a herringbone pattern. Calcium oxalate clusters numerous, about 15-70μm in diameter. Laticiferous vessels, reticulate vessels or vessels with bordered pits, about 20-70 μm in diameter. Fragments of resin canals occasionally seen, containing yellowish masses. Fragments of cork tissue cells polygonal, rectangular or irregular, walls thickened. Numerous starch grains, mostly single, nearly spherical, about 10μm in diameter, some already gelatinized.

（2）To about 0.2g of the powder add 25ml of 60% methanol, treat under ultrasound for 40 min, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Prepare a solution containing 1mg per ml of ginsenoside Ro CRS and a solution containing 1mg per ml of ginsenoside IVa CRS in 60% methanol as the Reference solutions. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel GF254 as the coating substance and a mixture of chloroform, methanol, formic acid and water (4.5:1.5:0.1:0.3) as the lower layer solution. Apply separately to the plate 10μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365nm. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solutions.

Examination

Water

Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

Acid-insoluble ash

Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

Assay

Determine by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler, acetonitrile as mobile phase A, 0.15% phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase B, gradient elution was carried out as specified in the table below, the column temperature was 40°C, and the detection wavelength was 203nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 10,000 according to the ginsenoside Ro peak.

Preparation of reference solution

Take an appropriate amount of ginsenoside Ro reference substance and bamboo ginsenoside IVa reference substance, weigh it accurately, and add 60% methanol respectively to make a solution containing 1.0mg per ml.

Preparation of test solution

Take about 0.2g of the powder of this product (through the No. 2 sieve), weigh it accurately, place it in a plugged Erlenmeyer flask, add 25ml of 60% methanol accurately, weigh it, sonicate it at 25 °C (power 500W, frequency 28kHz) for 40 minutes, let it cool, weigh it again, make up for the weight loss with 60% methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate to obtain it.

Assay method

20μl of the reference solution and the test solution were accurately absorbed, injected into the liquid chromatograph, and measured.

This product is calculated as a dry product, and the content of ginsenoside Ro (C48H76O19) and bamboo saponin IV.a (C42H66O14) shall not be less than 1.5% respectively.

Prepared slices

Rhizoma Panacis Japonici

Processing

Crush before use.

Property

Warm.

Flavor

Sweet and slightly bitter.

归经 | Meridian tropism

Liver, spleen, and lung meridians.

Actions

To promote blood circulation and stop bleeding, reduce swelling and relieve pain, resolve phlegm and stop coughing, and tonify deficiency and strengthen the body.

Indications

Used for cough with blood-streaked sputum, injuries from falls or blows, cough with excessive phlegm, and post-illness weakness.

Dosage

6-9g.

Administration

None.

Storage

Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and protect against moth.

猪牙皂

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Gleditsia Fruit (Abnormal) is the dried abnormal fruit of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. (Fam. Leguminosae). The drug is collected in autumn, freed from impurities, and dried.

Description

Fruits cylindrical, slightly flattened and curved, 5-11cm long, 0.7-1.5cm wide; surface purple-brown or purple-brown, covered with grayish-white waxy powder, lustrous after wiping, with small wart-like projections and linear or reticulate cracks. Apex with the remains of a beak-shaped style, base with the remains of a fruit stalk. Texture hard and brittle, easily broken; fracture yellowish-brown, spongy in the middle, with pale green or pale brownish-yellow filaments, occasionally with undeveloped seeds. Odour, slight; taste, sweet at first, then pungent.

Identification

（1）The powder is brownish-yellow. Numerous stone cells are mostly circular, elongated, or irregular in shape, with a diameter of 15-53μm. Fibers mostly occur in bundles, with a diameter of 10-25μm, slightly lignified walls, and peripheral cells containing calcium oxalate prisms and a few cluster crystals, forming crystal fibers; beside the fiber bundles, there are often thick-walled cells of square or rectangular shape. Calcium oxalate prisms are 6-15μm long; cluster crystals have a diameter of 6-14μm. There are many lignified thin-walled cells, and the pits and pits are obvious. The epidermal cells of the fruit peel are reddish-brown, and the surface appears polygonal, with a thicker wall and granular horny texture visible on the surface.

（2）Take 1g of the powder, add 8ml of ethanol, heat under reflux for 5 minutes, cool, and filter. Take 0.5ml of the filtrate, place it in a small porcelain dish, evaporate to dryness, cool, add 3 drops of acetic anhydride, stir well, add 2 drops of sulfuric acid along the wall of the dish, and gradually show a reddish-purple color.

（3）Take 1g of the powder, add 10ml of water, boil for 10 minutes, filter, and vigorously shake the filtrate to produce persistent foam (lasting for more than 15 minutes).

（4）Take 1g of the powder, add 10ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 10ml of water, extract with 10ml of ethyl acetate, take the ethyl acetate solution, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1ml of methanol as the test solution. Take 1g of the reference drug Gleditsia Fruit (Abnormal), prepare the reference drug solution in the same way. Perform the thin-layer chromatography test<0502> using silica gel G as the coating substance and a lower layer solution of chloroform-methanol-water-acetic acid (18:1:0.6:0.2) as the mobile phase. Apply 10μl of each of the above two solutions separately to the same silica gel G thin-layer plate. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 14.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

Prepared slices

Gleditsia Fruit (Abnormal)

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter, wash clean, dry in the sun. Crush before use.

Description

Same as the crude drug.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Warm.

Flavor

Pungent and salty.

Meridian tropism

Lung and large intestine meridians.

Actions

To resolve phlegm, open the orifices, disperse nodules, and reduce swelling.

Indications

Used for stroke with locked jaw, coma with unresponsiveness, epilepsy with excessive phlegm, obstruction of the orifices, throat impediment with phlegm obstruction, stubborn phlegm with wheezing and coughing, uncomfortable expectoration, and dry stool; externally for treating carbuncles and swelling.

Dosage

1-1.5g. For external use, apply an appropriate amount.

Administration

Often used in pill or powder form. Powder to induce sneezing or apply the powder to the affected area.

Precautions

Slightly toxic. Not to be used by pregnant women, patients with hemoptysis or hematemesis.

Storage

Store in a dry place, protected from moth.

猪牙皂

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Gleditsia Fruit (Abnormal) is the dried abnormal fruit of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. (Fam. Leguminosae). The drug is collected in autumn, freed from impurities, and dried.

Description

Fruits cylindrical, slightly flattened and curved, 5-11cm long, 0.7-1.5cm wide; surface purple-brown or purple-brown, covered with grayish-white waxy powder, lustrous after wiping, with small wart-like projections and linear or reticulate cracks. Apex with the remains of a beak-shaped style, base with the remains of a fruit stalk. Texture hard and brittle, easily broken; fracture yellowish-brown, spongy in the middle, with pale green or pale brownish-yellow filaments, occasionally with undeveloped seeds. Odour, slight; taste, sweet at first, then pungent.

Identification

（1）The powder is brownish-yellow. Numerous stone cells are mostly circular, elongated, or irregular in shape, with a diameter of 15-53μm. Fibers mostly occur in bundles, with a diameter of 10-25μm, slightly lignified walls, and peripheral cells containing calcium oxalate prisms and a few cluster crystals, forming crystal fibers; beside the fiber bundles, there are often thick-walled cells of square or rectangular shape. Calcium oxalate prisms are 6-15μm long; cluster crystals have a diameter of 6-14μm. There are many lignified thin-walled cells, and the pits and pits are obvious. The epidermal cells of the fruit peel are reddish-brown, and the surface appears polygonal, with a thicker wall and granular horny texture visible on the surface.

（2）Take 1g of the powder, add 8ml of ethanol, heat under reflux for 5 minutes, cool, and filter. Take 0.5ml of the filtrate, place it in a small porcelain dish, evaporate to dryness, cool, add 3 drops of acetic anhydride, stir well, add 2 drops of sulfuric acid along the wall of the dish, and gradually show a reddish-purple color.

（3）Take 1g of the powder, add 10ml of water, boil for 10 minutes, filter, and vigorously shake the filtrate to produce persistent foam (lasting for more than 15 minutes).

（4）Take 1g of the powder, add 10ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 10ml of water, extract with 10ml of ethyl acetate, take the ethyl acetate solution, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1ml of methanol as the test solution. Take 1g of the reference drug Gleditsia Fruit (Abnormal), prepare the reference drug solution in the same way. Perform the thin-layer chromatography test<0502> using silica gel G as the coating substance and a lower layer solution of chloroform-methanol-water-acetic acid (18:1:0.6:0.2) as the mobile phase. Apply 10μl of each of the above two solutions separately to the same silica gel G thin-layer plate. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 14.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

Prepared slices

Gleditsia Fruit (Abnormal)

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter, wash clean, dry in the sun. Crush before use.

Description

Same as the crude drug.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Warm.

Flavor

Pungent and salty.

Meridian tropism

Lung and large intestine meridians.

Actions

To resolve phlegm, open the orifices, disperse nodules, and reduce swelling.

Indications

Used for stroke with locked jaw, coma with unresponsiveness, epilepsy with excessive phlegm, obstruction of the orifices, throat impediment with phlegm obstruction, stubborn phlegm with wheezing and coughing, uncomfortable expectoration, and dry stool; externally for treating carbuncles and swelling.

Dosage

1-1.5g. For external use, apply an appropriate amount.

Administration

Often used in pill or powder form. Powder to induce sneezing or apply the powder to the affected area.

Precautions

Slightly toxic. Not to be used by pregnant women, patients with hemoptysis or hematemesis.

Storage

Store in a dry place, protected from moth.