玄明粉

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Dried Sodium Sulfate is obtained by wind-weathering and drying of Mirabilite. It mainly contains Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4).

Description

It is a white powder, odorless, and has a salty taste. It has hygroscopicity.

Identification

The aqueous solution of this product shows the identification reaction of sodium salt <0301> and sulfate <0301>.

Examination

Iron salts and zinc salts, magnesium salts, chlorides

Test according to the method under potassium nitrate, but use half the amount specified. The results should meet the requirements.

Heavy metals

Take 1.0g of the sample, dissolve it in 2ml of dilute acetic acid and a suitable amount of water to make 25ml, and test it according to the law <0821, method 1>. The content of heavy metals should not exceed 20mg/kg.

Arsenic salts

Take 0.10g of the sample, dissolve it in 23ml of water, add 5ml of hydrochloric acid, and test it according to the law <0822>. The content of arsenic should not exceed 20mg/kg.

Acidity and alkalinity

Take 0.5g of the sample, dissolve it in 20ml of water. Take 10ml, add 2 drops of methyl red indicator, which should not turn red; take another 10ml, add 5 drops of bromothymol blue indicator, which should not turn blue.

Assay

Take the sample, dry it at 105°C to a constant weight, take about 0.3g, accurately weigh it, and determine the content according to the method under potassium nitrate.

Calculated on the dried product, the content of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) should not be less than 99.0%.

Property

Cold.

Flavor

Salty and bitter.

Meridian tropism

Stomach and large intestine meridian.

Actions

To promote bowel movement and relieve constipation, moisturize dryness and soften hardness, clear heat and reduce swelling.

Indications

Used for accumulation of excessive heat, dry and hard stool, abdominal distension and pain; externally used for sore throat, oral ulcers, swollen gums, red eyes, abscesses, and erysipelas.

Dosage

3-9g. For external use, use an appropriate amount.

Administration

Dissolve in the decoction and take orally.

Precautions

Caution for pregnant women; avoid using it with sulfur and Tribulus terrestris.

Storage

Seal and store in a moisture-proof place.

棕榈

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Trachycarpus Petiole is the dried petiole of Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook. f.) H. Wendl. (Fam. Palmae). The drug is collected by cutting off the lower part of the old petiole and sheath of the leaf, removing fibrous brown hairs, and drying in the sun.

Description

Trachycarpus Petiole is long and plate-like, with one end narrower and thicker, and the other end wider and slightly thinner, varying in size. The surface is reddish-brown, rough, with longitudinal and vertical wrinkles; one side has obvious protruding fibers, and both sides of the fibers are covered with brownish hairs. The texture is hard and tough, not easily broken, and the fracture is fibrous. It has a slight odor and a mild taste.

Identification

（1）The powder of this product is reddish-brown to brownish-brown. The fibers are bundled, slender, with a diameter of 12-15μm. The thin-walled cells on the outer side of the fibers contain small clusters of calcium oxalate, forming crystal fibers. The stomata are straight or indefinite, with 5-6 subsidiary cells. Tracheids with reticulate, spiral, and ladder-like wall thickenings can be seen.

（2）Take 1g of the powder, add 20ml of water, heat for 5 minutes, filter, and dilute the filtrate with water to 20ml. Take 1ml of the filtrate, add 2-3 drops of ferric chloride test solution, and a dirty green flocculent precipitate is formed; take another 1ml of the filtrate, add 3 drops of sodium chloride gelatin test solution, and a white turbidity appears.

Prepared slices

Trachycarpus Petiole

Processing

Eliminate foreign matter, wash, and dry.

Description

Same as the crude drug.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Trachycarpus Petiole (carbonized)

Processing

Carbonize the clean Trachycarpus Petiole as described under the method for carbonizing by calcining <0213>.

Description

Irregular pieces, varying in size. Externally dark brown to black, lusterous, with longitudinal wrinkles; when toughing, black toner in hand. Internal coke yellow, fibrous. Odour, burnt aromatic; taste, bitter and astringent.

Identification

（1）Powder: Black brown. Fibres bundled, black brown, surrounded with parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate, forming crystal fibres. Scalariform vessels are about 25 µm in diameters.

（2）To 5g of the powder, add 50ml of methanol, ultrasonicate for 20 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 1ml of methanol, as the test solution. Dissolvel Protocatechuic aldehyde CRS and Protocatechuic acid CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.2mg of each per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography <0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of chloroform, n-butanol and glacial acetic acid (20 : 1 : 1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately 5µl of each of the above two solutions to the plate. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with ferric chloride TS. The dark-green spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

Property

Neutral.

Flavor

Bitter and astringent.

Meridian tropism

Lung, liver, and large intestine meridians.

Actions

To astringe and stop bleeding.

Indications

Used for vomiting blood, nosebleed, hematuria, bloody stool, and metrorrhagia and metrostaxis.

Dosage

3-9g.

Administration

Generally used after processing.

Storage

Preserve in a dry place.

自然铜

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Pyrite is the mineral of the sulfide class, belonging to the pyrite group of the pyrite family, mainly containing iron disulfide (FeS2). After mining, remove impurities.

Description

Pyrite crystals are mostly cubic, and aggregates are dense blocks. The surface is bright yellow with a metallic luster; some are yellow-brown or brownish-brown without a metallic luster. It has stripes, and the streaks are green-black or brown-red. The body is heavy, hard or slightly brittle, easy to crush, the fracture surface is yellow-white with a metallic luster; or the fracture surface is brownish-brown, and silver-white bright stars can be seen.

Identification

Take 1g of the powder, add 4ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, shake, filter, and the filtrate shows the identification reaction of ferric salt (General Rule 0301).

Content Determination

Take about 0.25g of the fine powder, accurately weigh it, place it in a porcelain crucible, ignite it at about 650°C for about 30 minutes, take it out, let it cool, transfer the calcined substance to a conical flask, add 15ml of hydrochloric acid and 3ml of 25% potassium fluoride solution, cover the surface dish, heat to a slight boil, dropwise add 6% stannous chloride solution, shake continuously, wait for complete decomposition, leaving only white residue at the bottom of the bottle, wash the surface dish and the inner wall of the bottle with a small amount of water, dropwise add 6% stannous chloride solution to a light yellow color (if there is an excess of stannous chloride, dropwise add potassium permanganate solution to a light yellow color), add 100ml of water and 15 drops of 25% sodium tungstate solution, and dropwise add 1% titanium trichloride solution to a blue color, then carefully add potassium dichromate titration solution (0.01667mol/L) until the blue color just fades, immediately add 10ml of sulfuric acid-phosphoric acid-water (2:3:5) and 10 drops of 0.5% sodium diphenylamine sulfonate solution, titrate with potassium dichromate titration solution (0.01667mol/L) until the solution shows a stable blue-purple color. Each 1ml of potassium dichromate titration solution (0.01667mol/L) is equivalent to 5.585mg of iron (Fe).

The iron (Fe) content of this product should be 40.0% to 55.0%.

Prepared Slices

Pyrite

Processing

Pyrite is purified by removing impurities, washing, and drying. Crush before use.

Description

Same as the crude drug.

Calcined Pyrite

Processing

Take purified pyrite, calcine it according to the calcination and quenching method <0213> until it is dark red, quench it with vinegar until the surface turns blackish-brown, the luster disappears, and it becomes crispy.

For every 100kg of pyrite, use 30kg of vinegar.

Description

This product is small cubic or irregular granules or powder, brownish-brown to blackish-brown or gray-black, without metallic luster. The texture is crispy. Slightly acidic odor.

Content Determination

Same as the crude drug. The iron (Fe) content of this product should not be less than 40.0%.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Neutral.

Flavor

Pungent.

Meridian tropism

Liver meridian.

Actions

Dispels blood stasis and relieves pain, promotes the healing of tendons and bones.

Indications

Used for contusions, fractures of tendons and bones, and pain and swelling caused by blood stasis.

Dosage

3-9g. External use appropriate amount.

Administration

Mostly made into pills or powder for oral administration. If used in decoction, it is advisable to decoct it first.

Storage

Place in a dry place.

紫珠叶

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Callicarpa Leaf is the dried leaf of Callicarpa formosana Rolfe (Fam. Verbenaceae). The drug is collected in summer and autumn when the branches and leaves are luxuriant, removed from impurities, and dried.

Description

Leaves crumpled and curled, some broken. When the intact leaf is flattened, it is ovate-elliptic or elliptic, 4-19cm long, 2.5-9cm wide. Apex gradually acute or obtuse-rounded, base broadly cuneate or obtuse-rounded, margin finely serrate, nearly entire near the base. Upper surface grayish-green or brownish-green, with stellate hairs and short coarse hairs; lower surface pale green or pale brownish-green, densely covered with yellow-brown stellate hairs and golden glandular dots, prominent midrib and lateral veins, minor veins extending to the teeth. Petiole 0.5-1.5cm long. Odour, slight; taste, slightly bitter and astringent.

Identification

（1）The powder is grayish-yellow to brownish-brown. There are two types of non-glandular hairs: one is stellate hairs, mostly broken and lignified, with 1 to several rounds of 1-6 lateral cells in each round; the other non-glandular hairs are 1-3 cells in diameter, with thicker walls. The head of glandular scale consists of 8-11 cells, flat and spherical, with a very short stalk. The head of small glandular hair consists of 2-4 cells, with a stalk of 1-2 cells. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are small and scattered in the leaf parenchyma cells.

（2）Take 1g of the powder, add 30ml of ether, heat under reflux for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 2ml of methanol, and take the supernatant as the test solution. Take ursolic acid CRS, add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and glacial acetic acid (20:5:8:0.1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 3-5μl of the test solution and 3μl of the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 11.0 per cent <2302>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent,not less than 20.0 per cent.

Content determination

Carry out the method for determination of content by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile-0.5% phosphoric acid solution (17:83) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 332nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of astragalin should not be less than 3000.

Preparation of reference solution

Take an appropriate amount of astragalin reference substance, accurately weigh, add 50% methanol to make a solution containing 50μg per ml.

Preparation of test solution

Take about 0.25g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50% methanol 50ml, seal tightly, weigh, let it stand overnight, heat reflux for 1 hour, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with 50% methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

Determination method

Accurately take 10μl of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

Calculated on the dried product, the content of astragalin (C29H36O15) should not be less than 0.50%.

Prepared slices

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter,wash, cut into sections, and dry in the sun.

Property

Cold.

Flavor

Bitter and astringent.

Meridian tropism

Liver, lung, and stomach meridians.

Actions

To cool the blood, astringe and stop bleeding, disperse stasis, detoxify, and reduce swelling.

Indications

Used for bleeding, hemoptysis, vomiting blood, blood in the stool, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, bleeding from external injuries, heat-toxin sores and ulcers, and scalds.

Dosage

3-15g. For external use, apply an appropriate amount.

Administration

Grind into powder and take orally 1.5-3g. Apply to the affected area.

Storage

Store in a well-ventilated and dry place.

紫菀

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Aster Root and Rhizome is the dried root and rhizome of Aster tataricus L. f. (Fam. Compositae). It is collected in spring and autumn, removed from the rhizome with nodes (known as "mother root") and impurities, and dried in braids or directly in the sun.

Description

Rhizomes irregularly shaped, various in size, with remnants of stems and leaves at the top; texture slightly hard. Rhizomes clustered with numerous fine roots, 3-15cm long, 0.1-0.3cm in diameter, often braided; surface purple-red or grayish-red, with longitudinal wrinkles; texture relatively soft and flexible. Odour, slightly fragrant; taste, sweet and slightly bitter.

Identification

（1）The transverse section of the rhizome: epidermal cells mostly shriveled or sometimes detached, containing purple-red pigments. Subepidermal cells in one row, slightly elongated tangentially, with slightly thickened side walls and inner walls, some containing purple-red pigments. Cortex wide, with intercellular spaces; 4-6 secretory ducts located on the inner side of the cortex; endodermis distinct. Pith small, wood slightly polygonal; phloem bundles located between the arcs of the wood; usually with pith in the center.

Rhizome epidermis with glandular hairs, cortex scattered with stone cells and thick-walled cells. Thin-walled cells in roots and rhizomes contain inulin, and some contain clusters of calcium oxalate crystals.

（2）Take 1g of the powder, add 25ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1ml of ethyl acetate as the test solution. Take asterone CRS, dissolve in ethyl acetate to produce a solution containing 1mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether(60-90°C)and ethyl acetate(9:1)as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 3μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate,dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. Examine under daylight and ultraviolet light at 365nm. The spots or fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

Examination

Water

Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Total ash

Not more than 15.0 per cent <2302>.

Acid-insoluble ash

Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, not less than 45.0 per cent.

Content determination

Carry out the method for determination of content by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Use octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile-water (96:4) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 200nm; column temperature 40°C. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of artemisinin should not be less than 3500.

Preparation of reference solution

Take an appropriate amount of artemisinin reference substance, accurately weigh, add acetonitrile to make a solution containing 0.1mg per ml.

Preparation of test solution

Take about 1g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 20ml of methanol, weigh, immerse at 40°C for 1 hour, ultrasonicate (power 250W, frequency 40kHz) for 15 minutes, take out, cool, weigh again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

Determination method

Accurately take 20μl of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

Calculated on the dried product, the content of artemisinin (C30H50O) should not be less than 0.15%.

Prepared slices

Artemisia annua

Processing

Remove impurities, wash, slightly moisten, cut into thick slices or sections, and dry.

Description

This product is irregular thick slices or segments. The outer epidermis of the root is purplish-red or grayish-red with longitudinal wrinkles. The cut surface is pale brown with a brownish-yellow wooden core in the center. The gas is slightly fragrant, sweet and slightly bitter.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Water

Same as the crude drug.

Extractives

Same as the crude drug.

Content determination

Same as the crude drug.

Honey-fried Artemisia annua

Processing

Take the slices of Artemisia annua (sections), fry them according to the method of honey-fried <0213> until they are not sticky.

Description

This product is similar to the slices of Artemisia annua (sections), with a brownish or purplish-brown surface. It has a honey aroma and a sweet taste.

Examination

Water

Same as the crude drug. Not more than 16.0 per cent.

Content determination

Same as the crude drug, the content of artemisinin (C30H50O) should not be less than 0.10%.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Warm.

Flavor

Pungent and bitter.

Meridian tropism

Lung meridian.

Actions

Nourish the lungs and descend qi, resolve phlegm and stop coughing.

Indications

Used for cough with abundant phlegm, acute or chronic cough, and cough with blood due to lung deficiency.

Dosage

5-10g.

Administration

None.

Storage

Store in a cool and dry place, protected from moisture.

紫苏子

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Perilla Fruit is the dried mature fruit of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (Fam. Labiatae). The drug is collected in autumn when the fruit is mature, removed from impurities, and dried in the sun.

Description

The fruit is ovate or nearly spherical, about 1.5mm in diameter. The surface is grayish-brown or grayish-brown, with slightly raised dark purple reticulate veins. The base is slightly pointed, with grayish-white dotted fruit stalk scars. The fruit peel is thin and brittle, easily crushed. The seeds are yellowish-white, with membranous seed coat, and the cotyledons are 2, whitish, and oily. It has a fragrant aroma when crushed and a slightly pungent taste.

Identification

(1)This product is powdered gray-brown. The cross-sectional view of the epidermal cells of the seed coat is extremely flattened, with hook-like thickened walls; The surface is oval-shaped, and the walls are densely carved and hook-like thickened. The exocarp cells are yellowish-brown, the cross-sectional cells are flattened, and the outer wall is papillae; The surface is round-like, with slightly curved walls and a fine keratin texture on the surface. The endocarp tissue is mainly a heterotype stone cell in cross-section, which is irregularly shaped; The top view is polygonal, with unclear intercellular boundaries and a stellate cavity. Inner endosperm cells vary in size and contain fatty oil droplets; Some contain fine calcium oxalate cubic crystals. Cotyledons are rectangular in shape and filled with fatty oil droplets.

(2)Take 1g of powder of this product, add 25ml of methanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, and add 1ml of methanol to the residue to dissolve it as a test solution. In addition, 1g of perilla seeds were taken as a control medicinal material, and a control medicinal material solution was made by the same method. According to the thin layer chromatography <2302> test, 2μl of each of the above two solutions was absorbed, which were respectively placed on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, and n-hexane-toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (2:5:2.5:0.5) was used as the developing solvent, expanded, taken out, dried, sprayed with aluminum trichloride test solution, and placed under ultraviolet light (365nm) for inspection. In the chromatography of the test sample, spots of the same color are displayed at the corresponding position of the chromatography of the control medicinal material.

Examination

Water

Not more than 8.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

Content determination

It was determined by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel is used as filler; methanol-0.1% formic acid solution (40∶60) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength is 330nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the calculation of the rosmarinic acid peak.

Preparation of reference solution

Take an appropriate amount of rosmarinic acid reference substance, weigh it accurately, and add methanol to make a solution containing 80μg per ml.

Preparation of test solution

Take about 0.5g of the powder of this product (through the second sieve), weigh it accurately, place it in an Erlenmeyer flask with a stopper, add 50ml of 80% methanol accurately, plug it, weigh it, heat and reflux it for 2 hours, let it cool, weigh it again, make up for the weight loss with 80% methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.

Determination method

10μl of the reference solution and 20μl of the test solution were accurately absorbed, injected into the liquid chromatograph, and measured.

This product is calculated as a dry product, and the content of rosmarinic acid (C18H16O8) shall not be less than 0.25%.

Prepared slices

Perilla Fruit

Processing

Remove impurities, wash and dry.

Description

Same as the crude drug.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Content determination

Same as the crude drug.

Fried Perilla Fruit

Processing

Take Perilla Fruit and fry them according to the clear stir-fry method <0213> until there is a burst sound.

Description

This product is shaped like perilla seeds, the surface is gray-brown, there are fine cracks, and there is a burnt aroma.

Examination

Water

Same as the crude drug. Not more than 2.0 per cent.

Content determination

Same as the crude drug. Contains rosmarinic acid (C18H16O8) not less than 0.20%.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Warm.

Flavor

Pungent.

Meridian tropism

Lung meridian.

Actions

Lowers gas and dissolves phlegm, relieves cough and asthma, moistens the intestines and laxatives.

Indications

Used for phlegm, qi reversal, cough and asthma, intestinal dryness and constipation.

Dosage

3-10g.

Administration

None.

Storage

Place in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths.

紫石英

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Fluorite is the mineral fluorite of the family Fluoritum. It mainly contains calcium fluoride (CaF2). After mining, remove impurities.

Description

It is irregularly shaped and angular, with a blocky or granular aggregate. It is purple or green, uneven in depth, and has white streaks. It is translucent to transparent and has a glassy luster. The surface often has cracks. The texture is hard and brittle, and it is easily broken. It has a slight odor and a mild taste.

Identification

（1）To 0.1g of the powder add 2ml of hydrochloric acid and 5ml of 4% boric acid solution in a beaker, heat to dissolve at a gentle boil. Take 1 drop of the solution and place it on a microscope slide, add 1 drop of sulfuric acid (1→4) to the slide, let it stand for a while, and observe under a microscope. Needle-shaped crystals can be seen.

（2）Observe the sample under ultraviolet light (365nm), showing bright purple or purple to bluish-purple fluorescence.

（3）Take 20mg of the powder and 15mg of silica powder, mix well, place it in a dry test tube with a rubber stopper wrapped in tin foil, add 10 drops of sulfuric acid. Take another fine glass tube through the rubber stopper, wet the lower end of the glass tube with a drop of water, insert the stopper about 3.5cm from the bottom of the test tube, carefully heat the bottom of the test tube (on an asbestos board), when the water droplet moves up and down, stop heating for about 1 minute, then continue heating until a thick white smoke is emitted. After standing for 2-3 minutes, remove the stopper and glass tube, rinse the lower end of the glass tube with 2-3 drops of water to flow into the crucible, add 1 drop of ammonium molybdate solution [take 3g of ammonium molybdate, dissolve in 60ml of water, then add 20ml of nitric acid solution (1→2), shake well], slightly heat, the solution appears pale yellow, after standing for 1-2 minutes, add 1 drop of aniline solution (take 1g of aniline, dissolve in 10% acetic acid to make 100ml) and 1-2 drops of saturated sodium acetate solution, it will turn blue or form a blue precipitate.

Content determination

Take about 0.1g of the powder, accurately weigh it, place it in a conical flask, add 2ml of hydrochloric acid and 5ml of 4% boric acid solution, heat to dissolve, add 300ml of water, 10% triethanolamine solution 10ml, and 1 drop of methyl red indicator, drop 10% potassium hydroxide solution until the solution turns yellow, then continue to add 15ml, and add about 30mg of calcium yellow-green indicator, titrate with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium titration solution (0.05mol/L) until the yellow-green fluorescence of the solution disappears and turns orange. Each 1ml of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium titration solution (0.05mol/L) is equivalent to 3.904mg of calcium fluoride (CaF2).

The content of calcium fluoride (CaF2) in the sample should not be less than 85.0%.

Prepared slices

Fluorite

Processing

Remove impurities and crush into pieces.

Description

It is irregularly shaped and fragmented. It is purple or green, translucent to transparent, and has a glassy luster. It has a slight odor and a mild taste.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Content determination

Same as the crude drug.

Calcined Fluorite

Processing

Take clean fluorite blocks, calcine them according to the calcination and quenching method <0213>, and quench with vinegar.

For every 100kg of purple quartz, 30kg of vinegar is used.

Description

It is irregularly shaped and fragmented or in powder form. The surface is yellowish-white, brown, or purple, without luster. The texture is crisp. It has a vinegar aroma and a mild taste.

Content determination

Same as the crude drug, the content of calcium fluoride (CaF2) should not be less than 80.0%.

Identification

Same as the crude drug（1）and（3）.

Property

Warm.

Flavor

Sweet.

Meridian tropism

Kidney, heart, and lung meridians.

Actions

Warm the kidney and warm the uterus, calm the mind and soothe the nerves, warm the lungs and relieve asthma.

Indications

Used for deficiency of kidney yang, cold uterus and infertility, palpitations and restlessness, insomnia and excessive dreaming, and cold cough and asthma.

Dosage

9-15g.

Administration

Decoct first.

Storage

Store in a dry place.

紫草

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Arnebia Root is the dried root of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. or Arnebia guttata Bunge (Fam. Boraginaceae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from soil and sand, and dried.

Description

Xinjiang Arnebia Root（soft Arnebia Root）

Irregularly elongated cylindrical, often twisted, 7-20cm long, 1-2.5cm in diameter. The surface is purple-red or purple-brown, the cortex is loose, in the form of strip-shaped pieces, often overlapped in more than 10 layers, and easily peeled off. Some remnants of divergent stems can be seen at the top. It is light in weight, soft in texture, easily broken, with an uneven fracture surface, a small amount of wood, and yellowish-white or yellow in color. It has a peculiar odor, slightly bitter and astringent taste.

Inner Mongolia Arnebia Root

Conical or cylindrical, twisted, 6-20cm long, 0.5-4cm in diameter. The root head is slightly thick, with one or more remnants of stems at the top, covered with short and hard hairs. The surface is purple-red or dark purple, the cortex is slightly thin, often overlapped in several layers, and easily peeled off. It is hard and brittle in texture, easily broken, with a relatively neat fracture surface, purple-red cortex, a small amount of wood, and yellowish-white in color. It has a peculiar odor and astringent taste.

Identification

（1）The powder is deep purple-red. Non-glandular hairs are single-celled, with a diameter of 13-56μm, and the base is enlarged into a trumpet shape. The wall has longitudinal fine stripes, and some cell cavities contain purple-red pigments. The cork cells are reddish-brown, and the surface appears polygonal or circular polygonal, containing purple-red pigments. There are more thin-walled cells, which are light brown or colorless, and most of them are filled with purple-red pigments. The main vessels are reticulate vessels, and there are few vessels with pitted vessels, with a diameter of 7-110μm.

（2）Take 0.5g of the powder, add 20ml of petroleum ether (60-90°C), and sonicate for 20 minutes. Filter and concentrate the filtrate to 1ml as the test solution. Take another 0.5g of the reference drug of Arnebia Root and prepare the reference drug solution by the same method. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography <0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of cyclohexane-toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (5:5:0.5:0.1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 4μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. The chromatogram obtained with the test solution shows the same purple-red spots at the corresponding positions as those obtained with the reference drug solution; spray with a 10% solution of potassium hydroxide in methanol, and the spots turn blue.

Examination

Water

Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Assay

Total hydroxynaphthoquinone pigments

Take an appropriate amount of the sample, dry it at 50°C for 3 hours, crush it (through a No. 3 sieve), take about 0.5g, accurately weigh it, place it in a 100ml volumetric flask, add ethanol to the mark, shake it constantly within 4 hours, and filter it. Accurately take 5ml of the filtrate, place it in a 25ml volumetric flask, add ethanol to the mark, shake it well. According to the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric method <0401>, measure the absorbance at a wavelength of 516nm, and calculate it based on the molar absorption coefficient (ε) of shikonin (C16H16O5) as 242.

The content of total hydroxynaphthoquinone pigments in this product, calculated as shikonin (C16H16O5), shall not be less than 0.80%.

β,β'-Dimethylacryloyl arbutin

Determined by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Using octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; using acetonitrile-water-formic acid (70:30:0.05) as the mobile phase; detecting wavelength at 275nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of β,β'-dimethylacryloyl arbutin should not be less than 2000.

Prepare a solution of the reference substance

Take an appropriate amount of β,β'-dimethylacryloyl arbutin reference substance, accurately weigh it, add ethanol to make a solution containing 0.1mg per ml.

Prepare a solution of the test sample

Take about 0.5g of the powder of the sample (through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh it, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 25ml of petroleum ether (60-90°C), weigh it, treat it with ultrasound (power 250W, frequency 33kHz) for 30 minutes, let it cool, weigh it again, make up for the weight loss with petroleum ether (60-90°C), shake it well, and filter it. Accurately take 10ml of the filtrate, evaporate it to dryness, dissolve the residue in the mobile phase, transfer it to a 10ml volumetric flask, add the mobile phase to the mark, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.

Determination method

Accurately take 10μl of the solution of the reference substance and the test sample solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine them.

Calculated on the dried product, the content of β,β'-dimethylacryloyl arbutin (C21H22O6) shall not be less than 0.30%.

Prepared slices

Xinjiang Arnebia Root

Processing

Remove impurities, cut into thick slices or sections.

Slices of Xinjiang Arnebia Root

It is irregular cylindrical slices or strip-shaped slices with a diameter of 1-2.5cm. Purple-red or purple-brown. The bark is deep purple. The cylindrical slices have a smaller wood part, which is yellow-white or yellow.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Assay

Same as the crude drug.

Inner Mongolia Arnebia Root

Processing

Remove impurities, wash, soften, cut into thin slices, and dry.

Slices of Inner Mongolia Arnebia Root

It is irregular cylindrical slices or strip-shaped slices, some of which may have short hard hairs, with a diameter of 0.5-4cm, hard and brittle. Purple-red or purple-brown. The bark is deep purple. The cylindrical slices have a smaller wood part, which is yellow-white or yellow.

Identification

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Assay

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Cold.

Flavor

Sweet and salty.

Meridian tropism

Heart and Liver meridians.

Actions

Clear heat and cool blood, activate blood circulation and detoxify, promote eruption and eliminate spots.

Indications

Used for excessive heat and toxicity in the blood, dark purple spots, measles that do not erupt, sores, eczema, scalds.

Dosage

5-10g. For external use, use an appropriate amount.

Administration

Make a decoction or soak in vegetable oil for topical application.

Storage

Store in a dry place.

竹茹

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Bamboo Shavings is the dried middle layer of the stems of Bambusa tuldoides Munro, Sinocalamus beecheyanus (Munro) McClure var. Pubescens P.F.Li, or Phyllostachys nigra（Lodd.）Munro var.henonis（Mitf.）Stapf ex Rendle (Fam. Gramineae). It can be collected and processed throughout the year. Fresh stems are taken, the outer bark is removed, and the slightly greenish middle layer is scraped into strips or sliced into thin pieces, then tied into bundles and dried in the shade. The former is called "San Zhuru" and the latter is called "Qi Zhuru".

Description

Bamboo Shavings are irregularly coiled clusters of silk-like strips or long, thin, flat pieces. They vary in width, thickness, and color, ranging from light green, yellowish-green to yellowish-white. They are fibrous, lightweight, flexible, and elastic. They have a slight odor and a mild taste.

Examination

Water

Not more than 7.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

Extractives

Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, not less than 4.0 per cent.

Prepared slices

Bamboo Shavings

Processing

Eliminate Foreign matter from Bamboo Shavings, cut into sections or knead into small balls.

Description

Same as the crude drug.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Extractives

Same as the crude drug.

Ginger-Processed Bamboo Shavings

Processing

Take clean Bamboo Shavings, process them with ginger juice frying method <0213> until they turn yellow.

Description

This product is similar to Bamboo Shavings in shape, with a yellow surface. It has a slight ginger aroma.

Examination

Same as the crude drug.

Extractives

Same as the crude drug.

Property

Slightly cold.

Flavor

Sweet.

Meridian tropism

Lung, stomach, heart, and gallbladder meridians.

Actions

To clear heat and transform phlegm, relieve restlessness, and stop vomiting.

Indications

Used for phlegm-heat cough, phlegm entangled with gallbladder fire, restlessness and insomnia, irritability and insomnia, stroke with phlegm obstruction, strong tongue with speechlessness, stomach heat and vomiting, pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting, restless fetal movement.

Dosage

5-10g.

Administration

None.

Storage

Store in a dry place, protect from mold and insects.

猪胆粉

English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

Overview

Pig Bile Powder is the dried bile of Sus scrofa domestica Brisson (Fam. Suidae).

Processing

The bile is collected from pigs, filtered, dried, and powdered.

Description

Pig Bile Powder is yellow or grayish-yellow powder. It has a slight fishy odor, a bitter taste, and is hygroscopic.

Identification

Take 0.1g of the fine powder, add 5ml of 10% sodium hydroxide solution, heat at 120°C for 4 hours, cool, adjust the pH value to 2-3 by adding hydrochloric acid, shake well. Extract with four 10ml portions of ethyl acetate, combine the extracts, evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 10ml of ethanol as the test solution. Take an appropriate amount of deoxycholic acid CRS, dissolve in ethanol to produce a solution containing 1mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using the upper layer solution of a newly prepared mixture of isooctane, ether, glacial acetic acid, n-butanol, and water (10:5:5:3:1) as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether(60-90°C)and ether(4:5)as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate,dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. Examine under daylight and ultraviolet light at 365nm. The spots or fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

Examination

Ox Bile, Sheep Bile

Take 0.1g each of Ox Bile and Sheep Bile, prepare the test solutions according to the method described under "Identification" from the step of "add 5ml of 10% sodium hydroxide solution", and prepare the reference solutions of the corresponding medicinal materials in the same way. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using the same procedure as described under "Identification". The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution should not correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solutions of Ox Bile and Sheep Bile.

Reducing sugars

Take 10mg of the powder, dissolve in 2ml of water, add a few drops of α-naphthol ethanol solution (1→50), shake well, add about 0.5ml of sulfuric acid slowly along the tube wall, the interface of the two liquids should not show a purple-red ring.

Foreign organic matter

Take 10mg of the powder, dissolve in 2ml of water, centrifuge or filter, take the insoluble matter, observe under a microscope, there should be no plant tissue, animal tissue, or starch.

Water

Take about 0.3g of the powder, accurately weigh, carry out the determination of water content according to the method for water determination<0832, method 3>, the water content should not be more than 10.0%.

Assay

Carry out the determination by high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler (column length 250mm; inner diameter 4.6mm); use a mixture of methanol and 0.03mol/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution (70:30) as the mobile phase (adjust the pH value to 4.4 with phosphoric acid); detect at a wavelength of 200nm. The theoretical plate number calculated from the peak of tauroursodeoxycholic acid should not be less than 3000.

Preparation of reference solution

Take an appropriate amount of tauroursodeoxycholic acid CRS, accurately weigh, dissolve in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.5mg per ml, and set aside.

Preparation of test solution

Take about 0.5g of the powder, accurately weigh, place it in a 50ml volumetric flask, add 20ml of methanol, ultrasonicate (power 500W, frequency 40kHz) for 20 minutes, cool, add methanol to the mark, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

Assay method

Accurately aspirate 20μl each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine the content.

Calculate the content of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (C26H45O6NS) in the dried powder, which should not be less than 2.0%.

Property

Cold.

Flavor

Bitter.

Meridian tropism

Liver, gallbladder, lung, and large intestine meridians.

Actions

It clears heat and moistens dryness, stops coughing and relieves asthma, and detoxifies.

Indications

It is used for cough, asthma, fever with thirst, red eyes, sore throat, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, and boils and swelling.

Dosage

0.3-0.6g. For external use, use an appropriate amount.

Administration

Taken orally or made into pills or powder. Grind into powder or mix with water and apply to the affected area.

Storage

Store in a sealed container, protected from light, in a cool and dry place.