马钱子

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为马钱科植物马钱Strychnos nux-vomica L.的干燥成熟种子。冬季采收成熟果实，取出种子，晒干。
Nux Vomica Seed is the dried ripe seed of Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Fam. Loganiaceae). The drug is collected in winter when the fruit is ripe, the seed is removed, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈纽扣状圆板形，常一面隆起，一面稍凹下，直径1.5～3cm，厚0.3～0.6cm。表面密被灰棕色或灰绿色绢状茸毛，自中间向四周呈辐射状排列，有丝样光泽。边缘稍隆起，较厚，有突起的珠孔，底面中心有突起的圆点状种脐。质坚硬，平行剖面可见淡黄白色胚乳，角质状，子叶心形，叶脉5～7条。气微，味极苦。
Seeds button-shaped, circular or slightly oval, 1.5-3 cm in diameter, 0.3-0.6 cm thick. Surface covered with grey-brown or grey-green silky hairs, arranged radially from the centre, lustrous. Margin slightly raised, thicker, with prominent bead-like pores; hilum prominent, in the centre of the base. Texture hard; transverse section showing pale yellowish-white endosperm, horny, cotyledons heart-shaped, with 5-7 veins. Odour, slight; taste, extremely bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1） 本品粉末灰黄色。非腺毛单细胞，基部膨大似石细胞，壁极厚，多碎断，木化。胚乳细胞多角形，壁厚，内含脂肪油及糊粉粒。
(1) Powder greyish-yellow. Non-glandular hairs single-celled, base swollen like stone cells, walls very thick, mostly broken and lignified. Endosperm cells polygonal, walls thick, containing oil droplets and starch grains.

（2） 取本品粉末0.5g，加三氯甲烷-乙醇（10:1）混合溶液5ml与浓氨试液0.5ml，密塞，振摇5分钟，放置2小时，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取士的宁对照品、马钱子碱对照品，加三氯甲烷制成每1ml各含2mg的混合溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-丙酮-乙醇-浓氨试液（4:5:0.6:0.4）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以稀碘化铋钾试液。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) To 0.5 g of the powder add 5 ml of a mixture of chloroform and ethanol (10:1), and 0.5 ml of concentrated ammonia TS. Seal the container, shake for 5 minutes, allow to stand for 2 hours, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Prepare separately the reference solutions of strychnine and brucine by dissolving each in chloroform to contain 2 mg per ml. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of toluene, acetone, ethanol, and concentrated ammonia TS (4:5:0.6:0.4) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a solution of iodine and potassium iodide in water. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

黄曲霉毒素 Aflatoxin

照真菌毒素测定法（通则2351）测定。
Determine according to the method for determination of mycotoxins <2351>.

取本品粉末（过二号筛）约5g，精密称定，加入氯化钠3g，照黄曲霉毒素测定法项下供试品溶液的制备方法，其中，精密量取上清液10ml，测定，计算，即得。
Weigh accurately about 5g of the powder (passed through a No.2 sieve), add 3g of sodium chloride, prepare the test solution according to the method for preparation of the test solution for aflatoxins determination, and then accurately take 10ml of the supernatant, determine and calculate.

本品每1000g含黄曲霉毒素B1不得过5μg，含黄曲霉毒素G2、黄曲霉毒素G1、黄曲霉毒素B2和黄曲霉毒素B1的总量不得过10μg
The content of aflatoxin B1 in each 1000g of the product shall not exceed 5μg, and the total content of aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin B2, and aflatoxin B1 shall not exceed 10μg.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 The chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.01mol/L庚烷磺酸钠与0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾等量混合溶液（用10%磷酸调节pH值至2.8）（21∶79）为流动相；检测波长为260nm。理论板数按士的宁峰计算应不低于5000。
Use octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the filler; use a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.01mol/L sodium pentanesulfonate and 0.02mol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate in equal amounts (adjust the pH value to 2.8 with 10% phosphoric acid) (21:79) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 260nm. The theoretical plate number calculated according to the peak of schisandrin should not be less than 5000.

对照品溶液的制备 Prepare the reference solution

取士的宁对照品6mg、马钱子碱对照品5mg，精密称定，分别置10ml量瓶中，加三氯甲烷适量使溶解并稀释至刻度，摇匀。分别精密量取2ml，置同一10ml量瓶中，用甲醇稀释至刻度，摇匀，即得（每1ml含士的宁0.12mg、马钱子碱0.1mg）。
Weigh accurately 6mg of schisandrin reference substance and 5mg of magnolol reference substance, place them separately in 10ml volumetric flasks, add an appropriate amount of chloroform to dissolve and dilute to the mark, shake well. Accurately take 2ml of each solution, place them in the same 10ml volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to the mark, shake well, and obtain the reference solution (each 1ml contains 0.12mg of schisandrin and 0.1mg of magnolol).

供试品溶液的制备 Prepare the test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约0.6g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，加氢氧化钠试液3ml，混匀，放置30分钟，精密加入三氯甲烷20ml，密塞，称定重量，置水浴中回流提取2小时，放冷，再称定重量，用三氯甲烷补足减失的重量，摇匀，分取三氯甲烷液，用铺有少量无水硫酸钠的滤纸滤过，弃去初滤液，精密量取续滤液3ml，置10ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Weigh accurately about 0.6g of the powder (passed through a No.3 sieve), place it in a conical flask with a stopper, add 3ml of sodium hydroxide solution, mix well, let it stand for 30 minutes, accurately add 20ml of chloroform, seal tightly, weigh, reflux extract in a water bath for 2 hours, cool, weigh again, make up for the lost weight with chloroform, shake well, take a portion of the chloroform solution, filter through filter paper with a small amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate, discard the initial filtrate, accurately take 3ml of the subsequent filtrate, place it in a 10ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, shake well, and obtain the test solution.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately aspirate 10μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, determine, and obtain the results.

本品按干燥品计算，含士的宁（C21H22N2O2）应为1.20%～2.20%，马钱子碱（C23H26N2O4）不得少于0.80%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of schisandrin (C21H22N2O2) should be 1.20% to 2.20%, and the content of magnolol (C23H26N2O4) should not be less than 0.80%.

饮片 Prepared slices

生马钱子 Raw Magnolia Vine

炮制 Processing

除去杂质。
Remove impurities.

性状 Appearance

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

制马钱子 Make Magnolia Vine

炮制 Processing

取净马钱子，照炒法（通则0213) 用砂烫至鼓起并显棕褐色或深棕色。
Take the net nux vomica, according to the stir-frying method ( general rule 0213 ) with sand hot to bulge and brown or dark brown.

性状 Description

本品形如马钱子，两面均膨胀鼓起，边缘较厚。表面棕褐色或深棕色，质坚脆，平行剖面可见棕褐色或深棕色的胚乳。微有香气，味极苦。
The product is shaped like magnolia vine, with both sides swollen and bulging, and the edges thicker. The surface is brown or dark brown, the texture is hard and brittle, and the parallel section shows brown or dark brown endosperm. It has a slight aroma and extremely bitter taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1） 本品粉末棕褐色或深棕色。非腺毛单细胞，棕黄色，基部膨大似石细胞，壁极厚，多碎断，木化。胚乳细胞多角形，壁厚，内含棕褐色物。
(1) The powder of the product is brown or dark brown. Non-glandular single cells are brownish-yellow, and the base is swollen like stone cells, with extremely thick walls, mostly broken and lignified. The endosperm cells are polygonal with thick walls and contain brownish-brown substances.

(2)同药材。
( 2 ) Same medicinal materials.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过12.0%。
Water content is the same as the crude drug, not more than 12.0%.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

温；有大毒。
Warm; highly toxic.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、脾经。
Liver and spleen meridians.

功能 Actions

通络止痛，散结消肿。
Promote blood circulation and relieve pain, disperse nodules and reduce swelling.

主治 Indications

用于跌打损伤，骨折肿痛，风湿顽痹，麻木瘫痪，痈疽疮毒，咽喉肿痛。
Used for injuries from falls, fractures with swelling and pain, stubborn rheumatism, numbness and paralysis, carbuncles, sores and toxins, and throat swelling and pain.

用量 Dosage

0.3～0.6g。
0.3-0.6g.

用法 Administration

炮制后入丸散用。
After processing, used in pill or powder form.

注意 Precautions

孕妇禁用；不宜多服久服及生用；运动员慎用；有毒成分能经皮肤吸收，外用不宜大面积涂敷。
Prohibited for pregnant women; should not be taken for a long time or in large doses, and should not be used raw; athletes should use it with caution; toxic components can be absorbed through the skin, so it should not be applied topically in large areas.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Store in a dry place.

马钱子

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为马钱科植物马钱Strychnos nux-vomica L.的干燥成熟种子。冬季采收成熟果实，取出种子，晒干。
Nux Vomica is the dried ripe seed of Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Fam. Loganiaceae). The fruit is collected in winter, and the seed is gathered, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈纽扣状圆板形，常一面隆起，一面稍凹下，直径1.5～3cm，厚0.3～0.6cm。表面密被灰棕或灰绿色绢状茸毛，自中间向四周呈辐射状排列，有丝样光泽。边缘稍隆起，较厚，有突起的珠孔，底面中心有突起的圆点状种脐。质坚硬，平行剖面可见淡黄白色胚乳，角质状，子叶心形，叶脉5～7条。气微，味极苦。
Button-shaped, 1.5-3 cm in diameter, 0.3- 0.6 cm thick, frequently one side prominent and the other slightly dented. Outer surface densely covered with greyish brown or greyish-green silky hairs, radiating from centre to circumference, silky-lustrous. Edge slightly prominent, relatively thick, with a protrudent micropyle; a prominent dot-like hilum in the centre of the bottom surface. Texture hard, pale yellowish-white endosperm visible in horizontal section, horny, cotyledons cordate, with 5-7 veins. Odour, slight; taste, extremely bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末灰黄色。非腺毛单细胞，基部膨大似石细胞，壁极厚，多碎断，木化。胚乳细胞多角形，壁厚，内含脂肪油及糊粉粒。
（2）取本品粉末0.5g，加三氯甲烷-乙醇（10：1）混合溶液5ml与浓氨试液0.5ml，密塞，振摇5分钟，放置2小时，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取士的宁对照品、马钱子碱对照品，加三氯甲烷制成每1ml各含2mg的混合溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10μl分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-丙酮-乙醇-浓氨试液（4：5：0.6：0.4）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以稀碘化铋钾试液。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic system and system suitability

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.01mol/L庚烷磺酸钠与0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾等量混合溶液（用10%磷酸调节pH值至2.8）（21：79）为流动相；检测波长为260nm。理论板数按士的宁峰计算应不低于5000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase and a mixture of acetonitrile and a mixture solution of equal quantities of 0,01 mol/L sodium heptane sulfonate solution and 0.02 mol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (adjust pH to 2.8 with 10% phosphoric acid) (21 : 79) as the mobile phase. As detector a spectrophotometer set at 260 nm. The number of theoretical plates of the column is not less than 5000, calculate with the reference to the peak of strychnine.

对照品溶液的制备 Reference solution

取士的宁对照品6mg、马钱子碱对照品5mg，精密称定，分别置10ml量瓶中，加三氯甲烷适量使溶解并稀释至刻度，摇匀。分别精密量取2ml，置同一10ml量瓶中，用甲醇稀释至刻度，摇匀，即得（每1ml含士的宁0.12mg、马钱子碱0.1mg）。
Dissolve 6 mg of strychnine CRS and 5 mg of brucine CRS, accurately weighed, in a 10 ml volumetric flask respectively and dilute with chloroform to volume, and mix well. Accurately measure each of 2 ml to a 10 ml volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix well (containing 0.12 mg of strychnine and 0.1 mg of brucine per ml).

供试品溶液的制备 Test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约0.6g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，加氢氧化钠试液3ml，混匀，放置30分钟，精密加入三氯甲烷20ml，密塞，称定重量，置水浴中回流提取2小时，放冷，再称定重量，用三氯甲烷补足减失的重量，摇匀，分取三氯甲烷液，用铺有少量无水硫酸钠的滤纸滤过，弃去初滤液，精密量取续滤液3ml，置10ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Weigh accurately 0.6 g of the powder (through No. 3 sieve), in a stoppered conical flask, add 3 ml of sodium hydroxide TS, mix well, stand for 30 minutes. Add accurately 20 ml of chloroform, stopper closely, weigh, heat under reflux for 2 hours, allow to cool, weigh again, replenish the loss of the weight with chloroform, shake thoroughly. Filter with filter paper spreaded with a small quantity of anhydrous sodium sulfate. Accurately measure 3 ml of the successive filtrate in a 10 ml volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix well.

测定法 Procedure

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Inject accurately 10 μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, into the column, and calculate the content.

本品按干燥品计算，含士的宁（C21H22N2O2）应为1.20%～2.20%，马钱子碱（C23H26N2O4）不得少于0.80%。
It contains not less than 1.20 per cent and not more than 2.20 per cent of strychnine (C21H32N2O2), not less than 0.80 per cent of brucine (C23H26N2O4), calculated with reference to the dried drug.

饮片 Prepared slices

马钱子 Nux Vomica

炮制 Processing

生马钱子 除去杂质。
Strychni Semen Eliminate foreign matter.

性状 Description

同药材。
As required for the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
As required for the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
As required for the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
As required for the crude drug.

制马钱子 Processed Nux Vomica

取净马钱子，照烫法（通则0213）用砂烫至鼓起并显棕褐色或深棕色。
Scald the clean Strychni Semen as described under the method for simple stri-baking <0213> until inflated and trtms into brown or dark brown.

本品形如马钱子，两面均膨胀鼓起，边缘较厚。表面棕褐色或深棕色，质坚脆，平行剖面可见棕褐色或深棕色的胚乳。微有香气，味极苦。
Similar to Strychni Semen in shape, two sides always prominent, edge relatively thick. Externally brown or dark brown, texture hard and fragile, brown or dark endosperm visible in parallel sections. Odour, slightly aromatic; taste, extremely bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末棕褐色或深棕色。非腺毛单细胞，棕黄色，基部膨大似石细胞，壁极厚，多碎断，木化。胚乳细胞多角形，壁厚，内含棕褐色物。
（2）【检查】（水分）同药材，不得过12.0%。

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

苦，温；有大毒。归肝、脾经。
Warm; bitter; highly toxic. Lung and spleen meridians.

功能与主治 Actions

通络止痛，散结消肿。用于跌打损伤，骨折肿痛，风湿顽痹，麻木瘫痪，痈疽疮毒，咽喉肿痛。
To unblock the collaterals, relieve pain, dissipate bind and disperse swelling. Traumatic injuries, swelling and pain caused by fracture, wind-dampness stubborn bi disorder, numbness, paralysis, abscesses and cellulitis, sore, skin infections, and swelling and sore throat.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

0.3～0.6g，炮制后人丸散用。
0.3-0.6 g, used in pills or powder after processed.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

孕妇禁用；不宜多服久服及生用；运动员慎用；有毒成分能经皮肤吸收，外用不宜大面积涂敷。
Contraindicated during pregnancy. Overdosage, long-term or unprocessed admin istration is inadvisable. Use cautiously in athletes. Large area topical application is inadvisable, as the toxic component can be absorbed by skin.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Preserve in a dry place.