蜂蜜

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蜜蜂科昆虫中华蜜蜂Apis cerana Fabricius或意大利蜂Apis mellifera Linnaeus所酿的蜜。春至秋季采收，滤过。
Honey is the honey produced by the honeybee Apis cerana Fabricius or Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Fam. Apidae). It is collected from spring to autumn and filtered.

性状 Description

本品为半透明、带光泽、浓稠的液体，白色至淡黄色或橘黄色至黄褐色，放久或遇冷渐有白色颗粒状结晶析出。气芳香，味极甜。
Honey is a semi-transparent, glossy, and viscous liquid. It is white to pale yellow or orange-yellow to yellow-brown in color. Over time or when cooled, it may gradually form white granular crystalline precipitates. It has a fragrant aroma and an extremely sweet taste.

相对密度 Relative Density

本品如有结晶析出，可置于不超过60℃的水浴中，待结晶全部融化后，搅匀，冷至25℃，照相对密度测定法（通则0601）项下的韦氏比重秤法测定，相对密度应在1.349以上。
If crystallization occurs, the honey can be placed in a water bath not exceeding 60°C. After all the crystals have melted, stir well and cool to 25°C. Determine the relative density using the method of weighing with a Westphal balance under the item of relative density determination (General Rule 0601). The relative density should be above 1.349.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过24.0%（通则0622折光率测定法进行测定）。 取本品（有结晶析出的样品置于不超过60℃的恒温水浴中温热使融化）1～2滴，滴于棱镜上（预先连接阿贝折光计与恒温水浴，并将水浴温度调至40℃±0.1℃至恒温，用新沸过的冷水校正折光计的折光指数为1.3305）测定，读取折光指数，按下式计算∶
　　X=100-[78+390.7（n-1.4768）]

酸度 Acidity

取本品10g，加新沸过的冷水50ml，混匀，加酚酞指示液2滴与氢氧化钠滴定液（0.1mol/L）4ml，应显粉红色，10秒钟内不消失。
Take 10g of the sample, add 50ml of freshly boiled cold water, mix well, add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and 4ml of sodium hydroxide titration solution (0.1mol/L). It should show pink color and not disappear within 10 seconds.

淀粉和糊精 Starch and Dextrin

取本品2g，加水10ml，加热煮沸，放冷，加碘试液1滴，不得显蓝色、绿色或红褐色。
Take 2g of the sample, add 10ml of water, heat to boiling, cool, add 1 drop of iodine test solution, and should not show blue, green, or reddish-brown color.

寡糖 Oligosaccharides

取本品2g，置烧杯中，加入10ml水溶解后，缓缓加至活性炭固相萃取柱（在固相萃取空柱管底部塞入一个筛板，压紧，置固相萃取装置上。称取硅藻土0.2g，加水适量混匀，用吸管加至固相萃取柱管中，自然沉降形成3mm厚的硅藻土层，打开真空泵吸引，称取活性炭0.5g加10ml水搅拌，混匀，用吸管加入，在真空泵的吸引下使活性炭沉降，当水面接近活性炭层面时，再次注入0.2g用水混匀的硅藻土，在真空泵的吸引下，以1秒/滴的速度用25ml的水预洗，当液面到达柱面上2mm时关掉活塞，再压入上筛板，备用）中，打开活塞，在真空泵的吸引下，使溶液通过柱子，待液面下降到柱面以上2mm时，用7%乙醇25ml洗脱，弃去洗脱液。再用50%乙醇10ml洗脱，收集洗脱液，置65℃水浴中减压浓缩至干，残渣加30%乙醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取麦芽五糖对照品，加30%乙醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液与对照品溶液各3μｌ，分别点于同一高效硅胶G薄层板上，以正丙醇-水-三乙胺（60∶30∶0.7）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以苯胺-二苯胺-磷酸的混合溶液（取二苯胺1g，苯胺1ml，磷酸5ml，加丙酮至50ml，混匀），加热至斑点显色清晰，置日光下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品相应位置的下方，应不得显斑点。
Take 2g of the sample, place it in a beaker, dissolve it in 10ml of water, and slowly add it to an activated carbon solid-phase extraction column (place a sieve plate at the bottom of the solid-phase extraction empty column tube, press it tightly, and place it on the solid-phase extraction device. Weigh 0.2g of diatomaceous earth, add an appropriate amount of water, use a pipette to add it to the solid-phase extraction column tube, let it settle naturally to form a 3mm thick diatomaceous earth layer, open the vacuum pump to draw, weigh 0.5g of activated carbon, add 10ml of water, stir well, use a pipette to add it, and let the activated carbon settle under the suction of the vacuum pump. When the water level is close to the level of the activated carbon layer, inject 0.2g of diatomaceous earth mixed with water, and under the suction of the vacuum pump, pre-wash with 25ml of water at a rate of 1 second/drop until the liquid level reaches 2mm above the column surface, close the piston, and then press in the upper sieve plate for later use). Open the piston and let the solution pass through the column under the suction of the vacuum pump. When the liquid level drops to 2mm above the column surface, elute with 25ml of 7% ethanol, discard the eluate. Elute with 10ml of 50% ethanol, collect the eluate, and concentrate it under reduced pressure in a 65℃ water bath until dry. Dissolve the residue in 1ml of 30% ethanol to prepare the sample solution. Take maltopentaose reference substance, add 30% ethanol to prepare a solution containing 1mg per 1ml, as the reference substance solution. Perform a thin-layer chromatography test (according to <0502>). Take 3μl of the sample solution and 3μl of the reference substance solution, spot them on the same high-efficiency silica gel G thin-layer plate, use n-propanol-water-triethylamine (60:30:0.7) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, and spray with a mixed solution of aniline-diphenylamine-phosphoric acid (take 1g of diphenylamine, 1ml of aniline, 5ml of phosphoric acid, add acetone to 50ml, mix well), heat until the spots are clearly colored, and inspect under sunlight. In the sample chromatogram, no spots should appear below the corresponding positions of the reference substance.

5-羟甲基糠醛 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液（5∶95）为流动相；5-羟甲基糠醛检测波长为284nm，鸟苷检测波长为254nm。理论板数按鸟苷峰计算应不低于3000。
Octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel was used as filler; acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid solution (5:95) was used as mobile phase; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was detected at a wavelength of 284 nm, and guanosine was detected at a wavelength of 254 nm; the theoretical number of plates calculated from the guanosine peak should be not less than 3000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取鸟苷对照品适量，精密称定，加10%甲醇制成每1ml含鸟苷0.2mg的溶液，即得。另取5-羟甲基糠醛对照品适量，加10%甲醇制成每1ml含4μg的溶液，作为定位用。
Take the appropriate amount of guanosine control, precision weighing, add 10% methanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg of guanosine per 1ml, that is obtained. Take another appropriate amount of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural control, add 10% methanol to make a solution containing 4μg per 1ml, as a positioning.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品1g，置烧杯中，精密称定，加10%甲醇适量溶解，并分次转移至50ml量瓶中，精密加入鸟苷对照品溶液1ml，加10%甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Take 1g of this product, put it in a beaker, weigh it precisely, add 10% methanol to dissolve it, and transfer it to 50ml measuring flask, add 1ml of guanosine control solution precisely, add 10% methanol to the scale, shake it well, that is to say, it is obtained.

测定法 Assay method

精密吸取供试品溶液10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定；另取鸟苷对照品溶液，5-羟甲基糠醛对照品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，用以确定供试品色谱中5-羟甲基糠醛及鸟苷的色谱峰；以鸟苷对照品计算含量并乘以校正因子0.340进行校正，即得。
Take 10μl of the test solution, inject it into the liquid chromatograph and measure it; take 10μl of guanosine control solution and 10μl of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural control solution, inject it into the liquid chromatograph and measure it, and then determine the peaks of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and guanosine in the chromatogram of the test solution; calculate the content of guanosine control and multiply by the correction factor of 0.340, then the content will be obtained.

本品含5-羟甲基糠醛，不得过0.004%。
This product contains 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, not more than 0.004%.

蔗糖和麦芽糖 Sucrose and Maltose

照〔含量测定〕项下方法测定，分别计算含量。本品含蔗糖和麦芽糖分别不得过5.0%。
Determine according to the method under , and calculate the content separately. The content of sucrose and maltose in the sample should not exceed 5.0% respectively.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以Prevail Carbohyrate ES为色谱柱，以乙腈-水（75∶25）为流动相；示差折光检测器检测。理论板数按果糖峰计算应不低于2000。
The chromatographic column was Prevail Carbohyrate ES and the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (75∶25); the detection was performed by an oscillometric refractive detector. The theoretical plate number should be not less than 2000 based on the fructose peak.

标准曲线的制备 Preparation of standard curves

分别精密称取果糖对照品1.0g，葡萄糖对照品0.8g，置同一具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入40%乙腈20ml，溶解，摇匀，作为果糖、葡萄糖对照品储备液。另精密称取蔗糖对照品0.2g，麦芽糖对照品0.2g，置同一具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入40%乙腈10ml，溶解，摇匀，作为蔗糖、麦芽糖对照品储备液。分别精密量取果糖、葡萄糖对照品储备液和蔗糖、麦芽糖对照品储备液，加40%乙腈配成不同浓度的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖混合对照品溶液。每一浓度溶液配制中，储备液的用量和稀释体积见下表。
Weigh 1.0g of fructose control and 0.8g of glucose control, put them in the same stoppered conical flask, add 40% acetonitrile 20ml, dissolve and shake well, as fructose and glucose control solution. Weigh 0.2g of Sucrose Control, 0.2g of Maltose Control, put in the same stoppered conical flask, add 40% Acetonitrile 10ml, dissolve, shake well, as Sucrose, Maltose Control Reserve. Precisely measure fructose, glucose control stock solution and sucrose, maltose control stock solution, add 40% acetonitrile to form different concentrations of fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose mixed control solution. The dosage and dilution volume of the reserve solution for each concentration are shown in the table below.

精密吸取混合对照品溶液各15μl，注入液相色谱仪，分别测定。以对照品浓度为横坐标，以峰面积值为纵坐标，绘制标准曲线，计算回归方程。
Pipette 15μl of each mixed control solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine separately. The standard curve was plotted with the concentration of the control as the horizontal coordinate and the peak area value as the vertical coordinate, and the regression equation was calculated.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品约1g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入40%乙腈20ml，溶解，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 1g of this product, weighed accurately, placed in a stoppered conical flask, add 40% acetonitrile 20ml, dissolve, shake well, filtration, take the filtrate, that is, obtained.

测定法 Assay method

精密量取供试品溶液15μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，按标准曲线法计算含量。
Precisely measure 15μl of the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, determine and calculate the content according to the standard curve method.

本品含果糖（C6H12O6）和葡萄糖（C6H12O6）的总量不得少于60.0%，果糖与葡萄糖含量比值不得小于1.0。
The total amount of fructose (C6H12O6) and glucose (C6H12O6) contained in this product shall not be less than 60.0%, and the ratio of fructose to glucose content shall not be less than 1.0.

性 Property

平。
neutral.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、脾、大肠经。
Belongs to the lung, spleen, and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

补中，润燥，止痛，解毒；外用生肌敛疮。
Tonify the middle, moisten dryness, relieve pain, detoxify; externally used to promote tissue regeneration and heal sores.

主治 Indications

用于脘腹虚痛，肺燥干咳，肠燥便秘，解乌头类药毒；外治疮疡不敛，水火烫伤。
Used for epigastric pain and weakness, dry cough due to lung dryness, constipation due to intestinal dryness, detoxification of Aconitum herbs; externally used for non-healing ulcers, scalds, and burns.

用量 Dosage

15～30g。
15-30g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉处。
Store in a cool place.

橘核

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为芸香科植物橘Citrus reticulata Blanco及其栽培变种的干燥成熟种子。果实成熟后收集，洗净，晒干。
Tangerine Seed is the dried mature seed of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated varieties (Fam. Rutaceae). The fruit is collected when ripe, cleaned, and dried.

性状 Description

本品略呈卵形，长0.8～1.2cm，直径0.4～0.6cm。表面淡黄白色或淡灰白色，光滑，一侧有种脊棱线，一端钝圆，另端渐尖成小柄状。外种皮薄而韧，内种皮菲薄，淡棕色，子叶2，黄绿色，有油性。气微，味苦。
Seeds slightly ovate, 0.8-1.2 cm long, 0.4-0.6 cm in diameter. Surface pale yellowish-white or pale grayish-white, smooth, with a ridge line on one side, one end bluntly rounded, the other end gradually tapering into a small stalk. Outer seed coat thin and tough, inner seed coat thin and pale brown, cotyledons 2, yellowish-green, oily. Odour, slight; taste, bitter.

鉴别 Identification

本品横切面∶种皮表皮细胞为黏液细胞层；其下为1列厚壁细胞，排列成栅状，外壁完整或上端呈尾状突起，壁厚薄不匀，木化，具十字形或斜纹孔；色素层细胞含橙黄色或黄棕色物，并含草酸钙方晶，直径7～16μm。胚乳细胞3～4列，有的壁连珠状增厚，含脂肪油滴。子叶细胞含细小草酸钙簇晶或方晶，并含脂肪油滴和针簇状橙皮苷结晶。
Transverse section of the seed: epidermal cells of the seed coat form a layer of mucilage cells; below it is a row of thick-walled cells arranged in a lattice, with the outer wall intact or the upper end in the form of a tail-like projection, the wall thick or thin and uneven, lignified, with cross-shaped or oblique pits; pigment layer cells contain orange-yellow or yellow-brown substances, and contain calcium oxalate prisms, 7-16 μm in diameter. Endosperm cells 3-4 rows, some walls thickened in a bead-like manner, containing fat droplets. Cotyledon cells contain small clusters or prisms of calcium oxalate, fat droplets, and needle-like hesperidin crystals.

饮片 Prepared Tangerine Seed

橘核 Tangerine Seed

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，干燥。用时捣碎。
Remove impurities, wash, and dry. Crush before use.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

盐橘核 Salted Tangerine Seed

炮制 Processing

取净橘核，照盐水炙法（通则0213）炒干。用时捣碎。
Salted Tangerine Seed: Take clean Tangerine Seed, stir-fry with salt water according to the method of stir-frying with salt water (General Rule 0213), and dry. Crush before use.

性状 Description

本品形如橘核。子叶淡棕色或黄绿色，少淡绿色。气微，味微咸、苦。
The drug is shaped like a Tangerine Seed. Cotyledons are pale brown or yellowish-green, with few pale green ones. Odour, slight; taste, slightly salty and bitter.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、肾经。
Enters the Liver and Kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

理气，散结，止痛。
Soothes the liver qi, disperses stagnation, and relieves pain.

主治 Indications

用于疝气疼痛，睾丸肿痛，乳痈乳癖。
Used for pain due to hernia, testicular swelling and pain, and breast abscess and breast lumps.

用量 Dosage

3～9g。
3-9g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

Store in a dry place, protected from mold and insects.
置阴凉干燥处， 防蛀。

注∶栽培变种主要有大红袍 Citrus reticulata ‘Dahongpao’、福橘 Citrus reticulata ‘Tangerina’。
Note: The main cultivated varieties include Citrus reticulata ‘Dahongpao’ and Citrus reticulata ‘Tangerina’.

橘核

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为芸香科植物橘Citrus reticulata Blanco及其栽培变种的干燥成熟种子。果实成熟后收集，洗净，晒干。
Tangerine Seed is the dried mature seed of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated varieties (Fam. Rutaceae). The fruit is collected when ripe, cleaned, and dried.

性状 Description

本品略呈卵形，长0.8～1.2cm，直径0.4～0.6cm。表面淡黄白色或淡灰白色，光滑，一侧有种脊棱线，一端钝圆，另端渐尖成小柄状。外种皮薄而韧，内种皮菲薄，淡棕色，子叶2，黄绿色，有油性。气微，味苦。
Seeds slightly ovate, 0.8-1.2 cm long, 0.4-0.6 cm in diameter. Surface pale yellowish-white or pale grayish-white, smooth, with a ridge line on one side, one end bluntly rounded, the other end gradually tapering into a small stalk. Outer seed coat thin and tough, inner seed coat thin and pale brown, cotyledons 2, yellowish-green, oily. Odour, slight; taste, bitter.

鉴别 Identification

本品横切面∶种皮表皮细胞为黏液细胞层；其下为1列厚壁细胞，排列成栅状，外壁完整或上端呈尾状突起，壁厚薄不匀，木化，具十字形或斜纹孔；色素层细胞含橙黄色或黄棕色物，并含草酸钙方晶，直径7～16μm。胚乳细胞3～4列，有的壁连珠状增厚，含脂肪油滴。子叶细胞含细小草酸钙簇晶或方晶，并含脂肪油滴和针簇状橙皮苷结晶。
Transverse section of the seed: epidermal cells of the seed coat form a layer of mucilage cells; below it is a row of thick-walled cells arranged in a lattice, with the outer wall intact or the upper end in the form of a tail-like projection, the wall thick or thin and uneven, lignified, with cross-shaped or oblique pits; pigment layer cells contain orange-yellow or yellow-brown substances, and contain calcium oxalate prisms, 7-16 μm in diameter. Endosperm cells 3-4 rows, some walls thickened in a bead-like manner, containing fat droplets. Cotyledon cells contain small clusters or prisms of calcium oxalate, fat droplets, and needle-like hesperidin crystals.

饮片 Prepared Tangerine Seed

橘核 Tangerine Seed

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，干燥。用时捣碎。
Remove impurities, wash, and dry. Crush before use.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

盐橘核 Salted Tangerine Seed

炮制 Processing

取净橘核，照盐水炙法（通则0213）炒干。用时捣碎。
Salted Tangerine Seed: Take clean Tangerine Seed, stir-fry with salt water according to the method of stir-frying with salt water (General Rule 0213), and dry. Crush before use.

性状 Description

本品形如橘核。子叶淡棕色或黄绿色，少淡绿色。气微，味微咸、苦。
The drug is shaped like a Tangerine Seed. Cotyledons are pale brown or yellowish-green, with few pale green ones. Odour, slight; taste, slightly salty and bitter.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、肾经。
Enters the Liver and Kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

理气，散结，止痛。
Soothes the liver qi, disperses stagnation, and relieves pain.

主治 Indications

用于疝气疼痛，睾丸肿痛，乳痈乳癖。
Used for pain due to hernia, testicular swelling and pain, and breast abscess and breast lumps.

用量 Dosage

3～9g。
3-9g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处， 防蛀。
Store in a dry place, protected from mold and insects.

注∶栽培变种主要有大红袍 Citrus reticulata ‘Dahongpao’、福橘 Citrus reticulata ‘Tangerina’。
Note: The main cultivated varieties include Citrus reticulata ‘Dahongpao’ and Citrus reticulata ‘Tangerina’.

九香虫

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蝽科昆虫九香虫Aspongopus chinensis Dallas的干燥体。11月至次年3月前捕捉，置适宜容器内，用酒少许将其闷死，取出阴干；或置沸水中烫死，取出，干燥。
Aspongopus is the dried body of Aspongopus chinensis Dallas (Fam. Pentatomidae). It is collected from November to March of the following year, placed in a suitable container, suffocated with a small amount of alcohol, taken out and dried; or killed by scalding in boiling water, taken out and dried.

性状 Description

本品略呈六角状扁椭圆形，长1.6～2cm，宽约1cm。表面棕褐色或棕黑色，略有光泽。头部小，与胸部略呈三角形，复眼突出，卵圆状，单眼1对，触角1对各5节，多已脱落。背部有翅2对，外面的1对基部较硬，内部1对为膜质，透明。胸部有足3对，多已脱落。腹部棕红色至棕黑色，每节近边缘处有突起的小点。质脆，折断后腹内有浅棕色的内含物。气特异，味微咸。
The drug is slightly hexagonal and flat-elliptical, measuring 1.6-2 cm long and about 1 cm wide. The surface is brownish-brown or brownish-black with a slight luster. The head is small and slightly triangular with the thorax. The compound eyes are prominent and oval, with a single pair of ocelli and a pair of antennae, each with 5 segments, most of which have fallen off. There are 2 pairs of wings on the back, the outer pair of which is hard at the base and the inner pair is membranous and transparent. There are 3 pairs of legs on the thorax, most of which have fallen off. The abdomen is reddish-brown to brownish-black, with small protrusions near the edges of each segment. The texture is brittle, and there is a light brown internal substance when broken. It has a peculiar odor and a slightly salty taste.

鉴别 Identification

取本品粉末0.2g，加石油醚（60～90°C）20ml超声处理20分钟，滤过，药渣用石油醚洗涤3次，每次5ml，合并洗液及滤液，浓缩至10ml，作为供试品溶液。另取九香虫对照药材0.2g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取油酸对照品，加石油醚（60～90°C）制成每1ml含5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90°C）-乙醚-冰醋酸（36:9:0.9）为展开剂，置用展开剂预饱和20分钟的展开缸内，展开，取出，晾干，置碘蒸气中熏至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
To 0.2g of the powder add 20 ml of petroleum ether (60-90°C) and treat with ultrasound for 20 minutes. Filter, wash the residue with petroleum ether 3 times, each time with 5 ml, combine the washings and the filtrate, and concentrate to 10 ml as the test solution. Take 0.2g of the reference drug of Aspongopus, and prepare the reference drug solution in the same way. Take the reference substance of oleic acid, add petroleum ether (60-90°C) to make a solution containing 5 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether (60-90°C), ether, and glacial acetic acid (36:9:0.9) as the mobile phase. Place the plate in a developing tank pre-saturated with the mobile phase for 20 minutes, develop, remove, dry, and expose to iodine vapor until the spots are clearly visible. The chromatogram obtained with the test solution shows spots of the same color at the corresponding positions as the chromatogram of the reference drug and the chromatogram of the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过9.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过6.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 6.0 per cent <2302>.

黄曲霉毒素 Aflatoxin

照真菌毒素测定法（通则2351）测定。
Determine according to the method for determination of mycotoxins <2351>.

取本品粉末（过二号筛）约5g，精密称定，加入氯化钠3g， 照黄曲霉毒素测定法项下供试品溶液的制备方法，其中，精密量取上清液10ml，测定，计算，即得。
Take about 5g of the powder of this product (passed through a No.2 sieve), accurately weigh, add 3g of sodium chloride, prepare the test solution according to the method for preparation of test solution of aflatoxins, and then accurately take 10ml of the supernatant for determination and calculation.

本品每1000g含黄曲霉毒素B1不得过5μg，含黄曲霉毒素G2、黄曲霉毒素G1、黄曲霉毒素B2和黄曲霉毒素B1的总量不得过10μg。
The content of aflatoxin B1 in this product shall not exceed 5μg per 1000g, and the total content of aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin B2, and aflatoxin B1 shall not exceed 10μg.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于10.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent, not less than 10.0 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

九香虫 Fructus Evodiae

炮制 Processing

除去杂质。
Remove impurities.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

炒九香虫 Stir-fried Fructus Evodiae

炮制 Processing

取净九香虫，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至有香气。
Take clean Fructus Evodiae, stir-fry according to the method of stir-frying <0213> until fragrant.

性状 Description

本品形如九香虫。表面棕黑色至黑色，显油润光泽。气微腥，略带焦香气，味微咸。
This product is shaped like Fructus Evodiae. The surface is dark brown to black with a shiny oily luster. It has a slight fishy odor and a slightly burnt aroma, with a slightly salty taste.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过7.0%。
Water content, same as the crude drug, not more than 7.0 per cent.

性 Property

温。
warm in nature.

味 Flavor

咸。
Salty.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、脾、肾经。
It enters the liver, spleen, and kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

理气止痛，温中助阳。
Regulate qi and relieve pain, warm the middle and assist yang.

主治 Indications

用于胃寒胀痛，肝胃气痛，肾虚阳痿，腰膝酸痛。
Used for stomach cold and distension pain, liver and stomach qi pain, kidney deficiency and impotence, and lumbago and knee pain.

用量 Dosage

3～9g。
3-9g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置木箱内衬以油纸，防潮、防蛀。
Store in a wooden box lined with oil paper to prevent moisture and moth.

矮地茶

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为紫金牛科植物紫金牛Ardisia japonzca（Thunb.） Blume的干燥全草。夏、秋二季茎叶茂盛时采挖，除去泥沙，干燥。
Ardisia Herb is the dried whole plant of Ardisia japonzca (Thunb.) Blume (Fam. Myrsinaceae). The drug is collected in summer and autumn when the stems and leaves are luxuriant, removed from sand and soil, and dried.

性状 Description

本品根茎呈圆柱形，疏生须根。茎略呈扁圆柱形，稍扭曲，长10～30cm，直径0.2～0.5cm；表面红棕色，有细纵纹、叶痕及节；质硬，易折断。叶互生，集生于茎梢；叶片略卷曲或破碎，完整者展平后呈椭圆形，长3～7cm，宽1.5～3cm；灰绿色、棕褐色或浅红棕色；先端尖，基部楔形，边缘具细锯齿；近革质。茎顶偶有红色球形核果。气微，味微涩。
Rhizome cylindrical, with sparse adventitious roots. Stem slightly flattened cylindrical, slightly twisted, 10-30 cm long, 0.2-0.5 cm in diameter; surface reddish-brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles, leaf scars and nodes; texture hard, easily broken. Leaves alternate, clustered at the stem apex; leaf blades slightly curled or broken, elliptical when flattened, 3-7 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide; grayish-green, brownish-brown or light reddish-brown; apex acute, base wedge-shaped, margin finely serrate; nearly leathery. Occasionally red spherical drupe at the top of the stem. Odour, slight; taste, slightly astringent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品茎横切面∶表皮细胞壁厚，有腺毛；老茎可见木栓层。皮层较宽，外侧为数列厚角细胞；有的含草酸钙方晶；具分泌腔。内皮层明显。韧皮部甚窄，外侧有少数纤维。形成层环不明显。木质部细胞均木化，导管多单行排列。髓部较大，具分泌腔。薄壁细胞含草酸钙方晶和淀粉粒，有的含棕色物。
Stem transverse section: epidermal cells with thick walls, glandular hairs present; cork layer visible in old stems. Cortex wide, with several rows of thick-walled cells on the outer side; some containing calcium oxalate prisms; secretory cavities present. Endodermis distinct. Phloem very narrow, with a few fibers on the outer side. Cambium ring indistinct. Xylem cells all lignified, vessels mostly arranged in a single row. Pith relatively large, with secretory cavities. Thin-walled cells containing calcium oxalate prisms and starch grains, some containing brown substances.

本品叶表面观∶表皮细胞垂周壁波状弯曲；气孔为不等式，偶见不定式。腺鳞头部8～10细胞，柄单细胞。
Leaf surface of the drug: epidermal cells with wavy periclinal walls; stomata anisocytic, occasionally anomocytic. Glandular scales with 8-10 cells at the head and a single cell at the stalk.

本品粉末棕褐色。螺纹导管较多见，直径7.5～25μm。分泌腔多破碎，有的含黄棕色分泌物，可见内含棕褐色物质的分泌细胞。纤维壁厚。草酸钙方晶直径7.5～26μm。腺毛由单细胞柄和2细胞头组成。气孔为不等式。可见棕色块状物。淀粉粒单粒卵圆形或圆形，直径3.8～23μm，脐点点状或裂缝状；复粒由2～3分粒组成。
Powder of the drug brown. Spiral vessels more common, diameter 7.5-25 μm. Secretory cavities mostly broken, some containing yellowish-brown secretions, secretory cells containing brown substances visible. Fiber walls thick. Calcium oxalate prisms diameter 7.5-26 μm. Glandular hairs composed of a single-cell stalk and a two-cell head. Stomata anisocytic. Brownish lumps visible. Starch grains single, oval or round, diameter 3.8-23 μm, hilum punctate or fissured; compound grains composed of 2-3 sub-grains.

（2）取本品粉末0.2g，加甲醇20ml，超声处理30分钟，放冷，滤过，滤液浓缩至1ml，作为供试品溶液。另取岩白菜素对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各3μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以二氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇（5∶4∶2）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以1%三氯化铁-1%铁氰化钾（1∶1）的混合溶液。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
To 0.2 g of the powder add 20 ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 30 minutes, cool, filter, concentrate the filtrate to 1 ml as the test solution. Take another 1 ml of methanol to dissolve 0.5 mg of bergenin CRS as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of dichloromethane-acetic ether-methanol (5:4:2) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 3 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a mixed solution of 1% ferric chloride and 1% potassium ferricyanide (1:1). The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过8.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the assay by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-水（20∶80）为流动相；检测波长为275nm。理论板数按岩白菜素峰计算应不低于1500。
Use octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the filler; use methanol-water (20:80) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 275nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of baicalin should not be less than 1500.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取岩白菜素对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含50μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of baicalin reference substance, accurately weigh, add methanol to make a solution containing 50μg per 1ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品细粉约0.2g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇20ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率200W，频率40kHz）40分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.2g of the powder of this product, accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 20ml of methanol, weigh, subject to ultrasonic treatment (power 200W, frequency 40kHz) for 40 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各5μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 5μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含岩白菜素（C14H16O9）不得少于0.50%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of baicalin (C14H16O9) should not be less than 0.50%.

饮片 Prepared slices

矮地茶 Ardisia Herb

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，切段，干燥。
Eliminate Foreign matter, wash, cut into sections, and dry in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的段。根茎圆柱形而弯曲，疏生须根。茎略呈扁圆柱形，表面红棕色，具细纵纹，有的具分枝和互生叶痕。切面中央有淡棕色髓部。叶多破碎，灰绿色至棕绿色，顶端较尖，基部楔形，边缘具细锯齿，近革质。气微，味微涩。
This product is in irregular segments. The rhizome is terete and curved, sparsely fibrous. The stem is slightly compressed cylindrical, with a reddish brown surface, with fine longitudinal lines, some with branches and alternate leaf scars. The cut surface has a light brown pith in the centre. Leaves more broken, grey-green to brown-green, apical more pointed, base cuneate, margin serrulate, subleathery. Slightly astringent taste.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过11.0%。
Same as the crude drug. Not more than 11.0 per cent.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

（除茎横切面、叶表面观外）同药材。
(except stem cross-section, leaf surface view) Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

味 Flavor

辛、微苦。
Pungent, and slightly bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、肝经。
Lung and liver meridians.

功能 Actions

化痰止咳，清利湿热，活血化瘀。
To resolve phlegm and stop coughing, clear and eliminate damp-heat, activate blood circulation and resolve stasis.

主治 Indications

用于新久咳嗽，喘满痰多，湿热黄疸，经闭瘀阻，风湿痹痛，跌打损伤。
Used for cough with phlegm, asthma with fullness, damp-heat jaundice, blood stasis due to menstrual disorders, rheumatic arthralgia, and traumatic injury.

用量 Dosage

15～30g。
15-30 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处。
Preserve in a cool and dry place.

薄荷

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为唇形科植物薄荷Mentha haplocalyx Briq.的干燥地上部分。夏、秋二季茎叶茂盛或花开至三轮时，选晴天，分次采割，晒干或阴干。
Field Mint Herb is the dried aerial part of Mentha haplocalyx Briq. (Fam. Labiatae). The drug is collected in summer and autumn when the stems and leaves are luxuriant or when the flowers are in full bloom, dried in the sun or in the shade.

性状 Description

本品茎呈方柱形，有对生分枝，长15～40cm，直径0.2～0.4cm；表面紫棕色或淡绿色，棱角处具茸毛，节间长2～5cm；质脆，断面白色，髓部中空。叶对生，有短柄；叶片皱缩卷曲，完整者展平后呈宽披针形、长椭圆形或卵形，长2～7cm，宽1～3cm；上表面深绿色，下表面灰绿色，稀被茸毛，有凹点状腺鳞。轮伞花序腋生，花萼钟状，先端5齿裂，花冠淡紫色。揉搓后有特殊清凉香气，味辛凉。
Stems square, with opposite branches, 15-40 cm long, 0.2-0.4 cm in diameter; surface purple-brown or pale green, with pubescence at the angles, internodes 2-5 cm long; texture brittle, fracture white, hollow in the pith. Leaves opposite, with short petioles; leaf blades wrinkled, curled, when whole, broadly lanceolate, long elliptical or ovate, 2-7 cm long, 1-3 cm wide; upper surface dark green, lower surface greyish-green, sparsely pubescent, with glandular scales in pitted depressions. Cymes axillary; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed at the apex; corolla pale purple. Odour, special and cool; taste, pungent and cool.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品叶表面观：腺鳞头部8细胞，直径约至90μm，柄单细胞；小腺毛头部及柄部均为单细胞。非腺毛1～8细胞，常弯曲，壁厚，微具疣突。下表皮气孔多见，直轴式。
(1) Observation of the leaf surface: The head of glandular scales consists of 8 cells, with a diameter of about 90 μm, and the stalk is composed of a single cell; the head and stalk of non-glandular hairs are also single cells. Non-glandular hairs consist of 1-8 cells, often curved, with thick walls and slightly verrucose. Stomata of the lower epidermis are mostly of the paracytic type.

（2）取本品叶的粉末少量，经微量升华得油状物，加硫酸2滴及香草醛结晶少量，初显黄色至橙黄色，再加水1滴，即变紫红色。
(2) Take a small amount of the powder of the drug, sublime it in a microquantity, add 2 drops of sulfuric acid and a small amount of vanillin crystals, initially showing yellow to orange-yellow, then add 1 drop of water, which turns purple-red.

（3）取本品粗粉1g，加无水乙醇10ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取薄荷对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取薄荷脑对照品，加无水乙醇制成每1ml含2mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各5～10μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯（9∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以2%对二甲氨基苯甲醛的40%硫酸乙醇溶液，在80℃加热至斑点显色清晰，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
(3) Take 1 g of the coarse powder of the drug, add 10 ml of anhydrous ethanol, treat with ultrasound for 20 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Take 1 g of the reference drug of Field Mint Herb, and prepare the reference drug solution in the same way. Take the reference substance of Menthol, add anhydrous ethanol to make a solution containing 2 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of toluene and ethyl acetate (9:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5-10 μl of each of the above three solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 40% solution of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 80°C to the spots clear. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spots in the chromatograms obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

叶 Leaf

不得少于30%。
Not less than 30 per cent.

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第四法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 4>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过11.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 11.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

挥发油 Volatile oil

取本品约5mm的短段适量，每100g供试品加水600ml，照挥发油测定法（通则2204）保持微沸3小时测定。
Take an appropriate amount of this product, about 5mm in length. Add 600ml of water to 100g of the test product, and determine the volatile oil content by the method for determination of volatile oil <2204> under the condition of maintaining a slight boiling for 3 hours.

本品含挥发油不得少于0.80%（ml/g）。
The content of volatile oil in this product shall not be less than 0.80% (ml/g).

薄荷脑 Menthol

照气相色谱法（通则0521）测定。
Determine by gas chromatography <0521>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

聚乙二醇为固定相的毛细管柱（柱长为30m，内径为0.32mm，膜厚度为0.25μm）；程序升温：初始温度70℃，保持4分钟，先以每分钟1.5℃的速率升温至120℃，再以每分钟3℃的速率升温至200℃，最后以每分钟30℃的速率升温至230℃，保持2分钟；进样口温度200℃；检测器温度300℃；分流进样，分流比5∶1；理论板数按薄荷脑峰计算应不低于10000。
A capillary column with polyethylene glycol as the stationary phase (column length: 30m, inner diameter: 0.32mm, film thickness: 0.25μm); temperature program: initial temperature 70℃, hold for 4 minutes, then increase at a rate of 1.5℃ per minute to 120℃, then increase at a rate of 3℃ per minute to 200℃, finally increase at a rate of 30℃ per minute to 230℃, hold for 2 minutes; injection port temperature 200℃; detector temperature 300℃; split injection, split ratio 5:1; the theoretical number of plates calculated based on the peak of menthol should not be less than 10000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取薄荷脑对照品适量，精密称定，加无水乙醇制成每1ml含0.2mg的溶液。
Take an appropriate amount of the reference substance of menthol, accurately weigh, and add anhydrous ethanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg per 1ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约2g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入无水乙醇50ml，密塞，称定重量，超声处理（功率250W，频率33kHz）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用无水乙醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 2g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50ml of anhydrous ethanol, seal the flask, weigh it, subject it to ultrasonic treatment (power: 250W, frequency: 33kHz) for 30 minutes, let it cool, weigh it again, make up for the weight loss with anhydrous ethanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate to obtain the test solution.

测定法 Assay

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各1μl，注入气相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 1μl of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, inject them into the gas chromatograph, determine, and obtain the result.

本品按干燥品计算，含薄荷脑（C10H20O）不得少于0.20%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of menthol (C10H20O) shall not be less than 0.20%.

饮片 Prepared slices

薄荷 Peppermint

炮制 Processing

除去老茎和杂质，略喷清水，稍润，切短段，及时低温干燥。
Remove old stems and impurities, lightly spray with water, slightly moisten, cut into short sections, and dry at low temperature in time.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的段。茎方柱形，表面紫棕色或淡绿色，具纵棱线，棱角处具茸毛。切面白色，中空。叶多破碎，上表面深绿色，下表面灰绿色，稀被茸毛。轮伞花序腋生，花萼钟状，先端5齿裂，花冠淡紫色。揉搓后有特殊清凉香气，味辛凉。
The product is in irregular segments. The stem is square and cylindrical, the surface is purple-brown or light green, with longitudinal ribs, and the corners are velvety. The cut surface is white, hollow. Leaves are much broken, dark green on the upper surface, grey-green on the lower surface, sparsely velutinous. Verticillasters axillary, calyx campanulate, apex 5-toothed, corolla lavender. There is a special cool aroma after rubbing, and the taste is pungent and cool.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材。不得过13. 0%。
Same as the crude drug.Not more than 13. 0 per cent.

总灰分 total ash

同药材。
Same as herbs.

酸不溶性灰分 acid-insoluble ash

同药材。
Same as herbs.

含量测定 Assay

挥发油 volatile oil

同药材，含挥发油不得少于0.40%(ml/g)。
Same herb, containing not less than 0.40% volatile oil (ml/g).

薄荷脑 Menthol

同药材，按干燥品计算，含薄荷脑(C10H20O)不得少于0.13%。
The same herb, calculated according to the dry product, containing menthol (C10H20O) shall not be less than 0.13%.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as herbs.

性 Property

凉。
cool.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、肝经。
Lung and liver meridians.

功能 Actions

疏散风热，清利头目，利咽，透疹，疏肝行气。
To disperse wind-heat, clear and benefit the head and eyes, promote throat, promote eruption, and regulate liver and qi.

主治 Indications

用于风热感冒，风温初起，头痛，目赤，喉痹，口疮，风疹，麻疹，胸胁胀闷。
Used for wind-heat common cold, early stage of wind-heat, headache, red eyes, sore throat, mouth ulcers, wind rash, measles, chest and hypochondriac distention.

用量 Dosage

3～6g。
3～6g.

用法 Administration

后下。
Add when the decoction is nearly done.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处。
Store in a cool and dry place.

蓖麻子

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为大戟科植物蓖麻Ricinus communis L.的干燥成熟种子。秋季采摘成熟果实，晒干，除去果壳，收集种子。
Castor Bean is the dried mature seed of Ricinus communis L. (Fam. Euphorbiaceae). The drug is collected in autumn when the fruit is mature, dried in the sun, and the seeds are collected after removing the husk.

性状 Description

本品呈椭圆形或卵形，稍扁，长0.9～1.8cm，宽0.5～1cm。表面光滑，有灰白色与黑褐色或黄棕色与红棕色相间的花斑纹。一面较平，一面较隆起，较平的一面有1条隆起的种脊；一端有灰白色或浅棕色突起的种阜。种皮薄而脆。胚乳肥厚，白色，富油性，子叶2，菲薄。气微，味微苦辛。
Seeds are elliptical or ovate, slightly flattened, 0.9-1.8 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide. Surface smooth, with gray-white and black-brown or yellow-brown and red-brown alternating spots. One side is relatively flat, the other side is slightly raised, with one raised seed ridge on the flatter side; one end has a gray-white or light brown protruding seed hilum. Seed coat thin and brittle. Endosperm thick, white, oily, cotyledons 2, thin. Odour, slight; taste, slightly bitter and pungent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末灰黄色或黄棕色。种皮栅状细胞红棕色，细长柱形，排列紧密，孔沟细密，胞腔内含红棕色物质。外胚乳组织细胞壁不明显，密布细小圆簇状结晶体，菊花形或圆球形，直径8～20mm。内胚乳细胞类多角形，胞腔内含糊粉粒和脂肪油滴。
(1) The powder is grayish-yellow or yellowish-brown. The seed coat has reddish-brown, elongated columnar cells arranged closely, with fine pores and dense cavities containing reddish-brown substances. The cell walls of the outer endosperm tissue are not obvious, and they are densely covered with small round clusters of crystals, chrysanthemum-shaped or spherical, with a diameter of 8-20 mm. The cells of the inner endosperm are polygonal, and the cavities contain starch granules and fat droplets.

（2）取本品粗粉1g，加无水乙醇10ml，冷浸30分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取蓖麻子对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取蓖麻酸对照品，加无水乙醇制成每1ml含1μl的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和对照药材溶液各1μl、对照品溶液2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-乙酸乙酯-甲酸（14∶4∶0.4）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以1%香草醛硫酸溶液，在110℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) Take 1g of the coarse powder, add 10ml of anhydrous ethanol, soak for 30 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Take 1g of the reference drug Ricinus communis and prepare the reference drug solution in the same way. Take the reference substance ricinoleic acid, add anhydrous ethanol to make a solution containing 1μl per 1ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether(60-90°C), ethyl acetate, and formic acid (14:4:0.4) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 1μl of the test solution and the reference drug solution, and 2μl of the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 1% solution of vanillin sulfuric acid, heat at 110°C to the spots clear. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过7.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 7.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

酸败度 Acid value

照酸败度测定法（通则2303）测定。
Determine according to the method for determination of acid value <2303>.

酸值 Acid value

不得过35.0。
Not more than 35.0.

羰基值 Carbonyl value

不得过7.0。
Not more than 7.0.

过氧化值 Peroxide value

不得过0.20。
Not more than 0.20.

蓖麻碱 Ricinine

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine according to the method for determination of ricinine by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-水-二乙胺（11∶89∶0.03）为流动相；检测波长为307nm。理论板数按蓖麻碱峰计算应不低于3000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile-water-diethylamine (11:89:0.03) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 307nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of ricinine should not be less than 3000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取蓖麻碱对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.125mg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of ricinine reference substance, accurately weigh, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.125mg per 1ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过二号筛）约2.5g，精密称定，置索氏提取器中，加石油醚（60～90℃）适量，加热回流提取4小时，弃去石油醚液，药渣挥去溶剂，转移至具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入50%甲醇50ml，称定重量，加热回流2小时，放冷，再称定重量，用50%甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 2.5g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 2 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a Soxhlet extractor, add an appropriate amount of petroleum ether (60-90℃), heat and reflux for 4 hours, discard the petroleum ether solution, evaporate the solvent from the residue, transfer it to a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50% methanol 50ml, weigh, heat and reflux for 2 hours, cool, weigh again, make up for the lost weight with 50% methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 10μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含蓖麻碱（C8H8N2O2）不得过0.32%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of ricinine (C8H8N2O2) should not exceed 0.32%.

饮片 Prepared slices

蓖麻 Castor Bean

炮制 Processing

用时去壳，捣碎。
Remove the shell when used, and crush.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

毒性 Toxicity

有毒。
Toxic.

味 Flavor

甘、辛。
Sweet and pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归大肠、肺经。
Large intestine and lung meridians.

功能 Actions

泻下通滞，消肿拔毒。
To promote bowel movement, relieve constipation, reduce swelling, and detoxify.

主治 Indications

用于大便燥结，痈疽肿毒，喉痹，瘰疬。
Used for dry stool, carbuncle and swelling, sore throat, and scrofula.

用量 Dosage

2～5g。
2-5g.

用法 Administration

外用适量。
For external use, use an appropriate amount.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处。
Preserve in a cool and dry place.

蟾酥

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蟾蜍科动物中华大蟾蜍 Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor 或黑眶蟾蜍 Bufo melanostictus Schneider 的干燥分泌物。多于夏、秋二季捕捉蟾蜍，洗净，挤取耳后腺和皮肤腺的白色浆液，加工，干燥。
Venenum Bufonis is the dried secretion of the auricular and skin glands of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor or Bufo melanostictus Schneider (Fam. Bufonidae). The drug is collected in summer and autumn, when the toads are abundant, and is squeezed out, washed, processed, and dried.

性状 Description

本品呈扁圆形团块状或片状。棕褐色或红棕色。团块状者质坚，不易折断，断面棕褐色，角质状，微有光泽；片状者质脆，易碎，断面红棕色，半透明。气微腥，味初甜而后有持久的麻辣感，粉末嗅之作嚏。
Venenum Bufonis occurs as flattened roundish masses or pieces. The former is hard and not easily broken, with a brownish-brown fracture surface, horny and slightly lustrous; the latter is brittle and easily broken, with a reddish-brown fracture surface, semi-transparent. It has a slight fishy odor, initially sweet and then with a persistent spicy sensation. The powder causes sneezing when smelled.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品断面沾水，即呈乳白色隆起。
When the section of the drug is moistened with water, it becomes raised and milky white.

（2）取本品粉末0.1g，加甲醇5ml，浸泡1小时，滤过，滤液加对二甲氨基苯甲醛固体少量，滴加硫酸数滴，即显蓝紫色。
Take 0.1g of the powder, add 5ml of methanol, soak for 1 hour, filter, add a small amount of solid p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to the filtrate, and then add a few drops of sulfuric acid. The solution turns blue-purple.

（3）取本品粉末0.1g，加三氯甲烷5ml，浸泡1小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加醋酐少量使溶解，滴加硫酸，初显蓝紫色，渐变为蓝绿色。
Take 0.1g of the powder, add 5ml of chloroform, soak for 1 hour, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in a small amount of acetic anhydride, and then add sulfuric acid. The solution initially turns blue-purple and gradually changes to blue-green.

（4）取〔含量测定〕项下供试品溶液10ml，水浴蒸干，用甲醇2ml溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取蟾酥对照药材0.2g，加甲醇10ml，加热回流30分钟，滤过，滤液作为对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以环己烷-三氯甲烷-丙酮（4∶3∶3）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，加热至斑点显色清晰，分别置日光和紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点或荧光斑点。
To prepare the test solution, take 10ml of the solution obtained in the Assay section, evaporate to dryness in a water bath, dissolve in 2ml of methanol. Prepare the reference solution by taking 0.2g of the reference drug, adding 10ml of methanol, heating under reflux for 30 minutes, filtering, and using the filtrate as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of n-hexane, chloroform, and acetone (4:3:3) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat until the spots are clearly visible, and examine under daylight and ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The chromatogram obtained with the test solution shows spots or fluorescent spots of the same color as those obtained with the reference drug in corresponding positions.

特征图谱 Chromatographic Fingerprint

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
The determination is performed by high-performance liquid chromatography according to the method described in Assay.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

同〔含量测定〕项。
Same as the Assay section.

参照物溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solutions

取蟾酥对照药材25mg，按〔含量测定〕项下供试品溶液制备方法制成对照药材参照物溶液；另取〔含量测定〕项下的对照品溶液，作为对照品参照物溶液。
Take 25mg of the reference drug, prepare the reference solution of the reference drug according to the method described in the Assay section; take the reference solution of the reference drug described in the Assay section as the reference solution of the reference drug.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取〔含量测定〕项下的供试品溶液，即得。
Take the test solution described in the Assay section, and the test solution is obtained.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取参照物溶液与供试品溶液各5μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Precisely aspirate 5μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

供试品特征图谱中应呈现5个特征峰，并应与对照药材参照物色谱峰中的5个特征峰相对应，其中峰4应与华蟾酥毒基参照物峰的保留时间相一致。
The test solution should exhibit 5 characteristic peaks, which should correspond to the 5 characteristic peaks in the chromatogram of the reference drug. Peak 4 should have the same retention time as the peak of venenum bufonis toxin in the reference drug.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，0.3%乙酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；柱温为30℃；流速为每分钟0.6ml；检测波长为296nm。理论板数按华蟾酥毒基峰计算应不低于10000。
Use octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the filler; acetonitrile as mobile phase A, 0.3% acetic acid solution as mobile phase B, perform gradient elution according to the specified conditions in the table below; column temperature is 30°C; flow rate is 0.6 ml per minute; detection wavelength is 296 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of hucansu toxin should not be less than 10000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取华蟾酥毒基对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含100μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of hucansu toxin reference substance, accurately weigh, dissolve in methanol to obtain a solution containing 100 μg per 1 ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品细粉约25mg，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇20ml，称定重量，加热回流1小时，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 25 mg of this product powder, accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 20 ml of methanol, weigh, heat under reflux for 1 hour, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取上述对照品溶液10μl与供试品溶液10～20μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，以华蟾酥毒基对照品为参照，以其相应的峰为S峰，计算蟾毒灵和脂蟾毒配基的相对保留时间，其相对保留时间应在规定值的±5%范围之内。相对保留时间及校正因子见下表∶
Precisely aspirate 10 μl of the above-mentioned reference solution and 10-20 μl of the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph for determination. Take hucansu toxin reference substance as the reference, and calculate the relative retention time of chansudin and lipophilic chansudin based on its corresponding peak. The relative retention time should be within the range of ±5% of the specified value. The relative retention time and correction factor are shown in the table below.

以华蟾酥毒基对照品为对照，分别乘以校正因子，计算华蟾酥毒基、蟾毒灵和脂蟾毒配基的含量。
Take hucansu toxin reference substance as the reference, multiply by the correction factor respectively, and calculate the content of hucansu toxin, chansudin, and lipophilic chansudin.

本品按干燥品计算，含蟾毒灵(C24H34O4)、华蟾酥毒基(C26H34O6)和脂蟾毒配基(C24H32O4)的总量不得少于7.0%。
Calculated on the dried product basis, the total content of chansudin (C24H34O4), hucansu toxin (C26H34O6), and lipophilic chansudin (C24H32O4) should not be less than 7.0%.

饮片 Prepared slices

蟾酥粉 Toad Venom powder

炮制 Processing

取蟾酥，捣碎，加白酒浸渍，时常搅动至呈稠膏状，干燥，粉碎。
Take toad venom, crush it, soak it in white wine, stir it frequently until it becomes a thick paste, dry it, and grind it into powder.

每10kg蟾酥，用白酒20kg。
For every 10kg of toad venom, use 20kg of white wine.

性状 Property

本品为棕黄色至棕褐色粉末。气微腥，味初甜而后有持久的麻辣感，嗅之作嚏。
This product is brownish-yellow to brown powder. It has a slight fishy odor and a sweet taste followed by a persistent spicy sensation. It can cause sneezing when smelled.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过8.0%。
Not more than 8.0 per cent, same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

(2)(3)(4) 同药材。
(2)(3)(4) are the same as the crude drug.

特征图谱 Characterisation mapping

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

温。
warm.

毒性 Toxicity

有毒。
Toxic.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归心经。
Meridian tropism: Heart meridian.

功能 Actions

解毒，止痛，开窍醒神。
Detoxification, pain relief, opening the orifices and awakening the mind.

主治 Indications

用于痈疽疔疮，咽喉肿痛，中暑神昏，痧胀腹痛吐泻。
Used for carbuncles, furuncles, sore throat, heatstroke with loss of consciousness, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.

用量 Dosage

0.015～0.03g。
0.015-0.03 g.

用法 Administration

多入丸散用。外用适量。
Often used in pill or powder form. For external use, use an appropriate amount.

注意 Precautions

孕妇慎用。
Caution for pregnant women.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，防潮。
Store in a dry place, protected from moisture.

椿皮

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为苦木科植物臭椿Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle的干燥根皮或干皮。全年均可剥取，晒干，或刮去粗皮晒干。
Ailanthus Bark is the dried root bark or dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Fam. Simaroubaceae). It can be collected and peeled off throughout the year, dried in the shade, or scraped off the rough bark and dried.

性状 Description

根皮 Root bark

呈不整齐的片状或卷片状，大小不一，厚0.3～1cm。外表面灰黄色或黄褐色，粗糙，有多数纵向皮孔样突起和不规则纵、横裂纹，除去粗皮者显黄白色；内表面淡黄色，较平坦，密布梭形小孔或小点。质硬而脆，断面外层颗粒性，内层纤维性。气微，味苦。
Irregularly shaped or rolled pieces, varying in size, 0.3-1 cm thick. Outer surface grayish-yellow or yellowish-brown, rough, with numerous longitudinal corky protuberances and irregular longitudinal and transverse fissures; when the rough bark is removed, it appears yellowish-white; inner surface pale yellow, relatively flat, densely dotted with oval or punctiform lenticels. Texture hard and brittle; fracture, granular in the outer layer and fibrous in the inner layer. Odour, slight; taste, bitter.

干皮 bark

呈不规则板片状，大小不一，厚0.5～2cm。外表面灰黑色，极粗糙，有深裂。
Bark: Irregularly shaped plate-like pieces, varying in size, 0.5-2 cm thick. Outer surface grayish-black, extremely rough, deeply fissured.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品根皮粉末淡灰黄色。石细胞甚多，类圆形、类方形或形状不规则，直径24～96μm，壁厚，或三面较厚，一面较薄，有的胞腔内含草酸钙方晶。纤维直径20～40μm，壁极厚，木化。草酸钙方晶直径11～48μm；簇晶直径约至48μm。淀粉粒类球形或卵圆形，直径3～13μm。
(1) Powder of root bark: Pale grayish-yellow. Numerous stone cells, mostly rounded, square or irregular in shape, 24-96 μm in diameter, thick-walled, or with three thicker walls and one thinner wall, some containing calcium oxalate prisms in the cell cavity. Fibres 20-40 μm in diameter, with extremely thick walls, lignified. Calcium oxalate prisms 11-48 μm in diameter; cluster crystals up to about 48 μm in diameter. Starch grains mostly spheroidal or ellipsoidal, 3-13 μm in diameter.

干皮粉末灰黄色。木栓细胞碎片较多，草酸钙簇晶偶见，无淀粉粒。
Powder of bark: Grayish-yellow. Numerous fragments of cork cells, occasional calcium oxalate cluster crystals, no starch grains.

（2）取本品粉末2g，加乙醚20ml，超声处理15分钟，滤过，滤液挥干，残渣加乙醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取椿皮对照药材2g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-乙酸乙酯（4∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
(2) To 2 g of the powder add 20 ml of ether, treat with ultrasound for 15 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of ethanol as the test solution. Prepare a solution of the reference material of Ailanthus Bark in the same manner as the test solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether (60-90°C) and ethyl acetate (4:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference material.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过11.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 11.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于5.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent,not less than 5.0 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

椿皮 Bark of Chinese Toon

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切丝或段，干燥。
Eliminate Foreign matter,wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into shreds or sections, and dry in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的丝条状或段状。外表面灰黄色或黄褐色，粗糙，有多数纵向皮孔样突起和不规则纵、横裂纹，除去粗皮者显黄白色。内表面淡黄色，较平坦，密布梭形小孔或小点。气微，味苦。
This product is irregular in shape, with a thread-like or segmental appearance. The outer surface is grayish-yellow or yellowish-brown, rough, with numerous longitudinal skin-like protrusions and irregular longitudinal and transverse cracks. When the rough skin is removed, it appears yellowish-white. The inner surface is light yellow, relatively flat, and densely covered with shuttle-shaped pores or small dots. It has a slight aroma and a bitter taste.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过10.0%。
Not more than 10.0 per cent.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材。
Same as the medicinal material.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

同药材。
Same as the medicinal material.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材，不得少于6.0%。
Not less than 6.0 per cent <2201>.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the medicinal material.

麸炒椿皮 Stir-fried Bark of Chinese Toon

取椿皮丝（段），照麸炒法（通则0213）炒至微黄色。
Take the shredded (or sectioned) bark of Chinese Toon, stir-fry it according to the method of stir-frying with bran <0213> until it turns slightly yellow.

性状 Description

本品形如椿皮丝（段），表面黄色或褐色，微有香气。
This product is similar to shredded (or sectioned) bark of Chinese Toon, with a yellow or brown surface and a slight aroma.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过10.0%。
Same as the medicinal material. Not more than 10.0 per cent.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材，不得少于6.0%。
Same as the medicinal material. Not less than 6.0 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the medicinal material.

检查 Examination

（总灰分 酸不溶性灰分） 同药材。
Identification (Total ash Acid-insoluble ash) same as the medicinal material.

性 Property

寒。
cold.

味 Flavor

苦、涩。
Bitter and astringent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归大肠、胃、肝经。
Large Intestine, Stomach, and Liver meridians.

功能 Actions

清热燥湿，收涩止带，止泻，止血。
To clear heat and dry dampness, astringe and stop abnormal vaginal discharge, stop diarrhea, and stop bleeding.

主治 Indications

用于赤白带下，湿热泻痢，久泻久痢，便血，崩漏。
Used for abnormal vaginal discharge (leukorrhea), damp-heat diarrhea, chronic diarrhea, bloody stool, and metrorrhagia and metrostaxis.

用量 Dosage

6～9g。
6-9 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and protect against moth damage.

磁石

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为氧化物类矿物尖晶石族磁铁矿，主含四氧化三铁（Fe3O4）。采挖后，除去杂石。
Magnetite is the oxide mineral of the spinel group, mainly composed of ferrous ferric oxide (Fe3O4). After mining, it is purified by removing impurities.

性状 Description

本品为块状集合体，呈不规则块状，或略带方形，多具棱角。灰黑色或棕褐色，条痕黑色，具金属光泽。体重，质坚硬，断面不整齐。具磁性。有土腥气，味淡。
Magnetite is a block-like aggregate, irregularly shaped or slightly square, often with edges and corners. It is gray-black or brownish-black, with a black streak and metallic luster. It is heavy, hard, and has an uneven fracture. It is magnetic and has an earthy odor and a mild taste.

鉴别 Identification

取本品粉末约0.1g，加盐酸2ml，振摇，静置。上清液显铁盐的鉴别反应（通则0301）。
Take about 0.1g of the powder, add 2ml of hydrochloric acid, shake and let it stand. The clear liquid shows the identification reaction of iron salt (General Rule 0301).

含量测定 Content Determination

取本品细粉约0.25g，精密称定，置锥形瓶中，加盐酸15ml与25%氟化钾溶液3ml，盖上表面皿，加热至微沸，滴加6%氯化亚锡溶液，不断摇动，待分解完全，瓶底仅留白色残渣时，取下，用少量水冲洗表面皿及瓶内壁，趁热滴加6%氯化亚锡溶液至显浅黄色（如氯化亚锡加过量，可滴加高锰酸钾试液至显浅黄色），加水100ml与25%钨酸钠溶液15滴，并滴加1%三氯化钛溶液至显蓝色，再小心滴加重铬酸钾滴定液（0.01667mol/L）至蓝色刚好褪尽，立即加硫酸-磷酸-水（2∶3∶5）10ml与二苯胺磺酸钠指示液5滴，用重铬酸钾滴定液（0.01667mol/L）滴定至溶液显稳定的蓝紫色。每1ml重铬酸钾滴定液（0.01667mol/L）相当于5.585mg的铁（Fe）。
Take about 0.25g of the fine powder, accurately weigh it, place it in a conical flask, add 15ml of hydrochloric acid and 3ml of 25% potassium fluoride solution, cover with a surface dish, heat to a slight boil, add 6% stannous chloride solution dropwise, shake continuously, wait for complete decomposition, leaving only white residue at the bottom of the bottle, remove it, rinse the surface dish and the inner wall of the bottle with a small amount of water, and while it is still hot, add 6% stannous chloride solution dropwise until it appears light yellow (if stannous chloride is excessive, dropwise add potassium permanganate solution until it appears light yellow), add 100ml of water and 15 drops of 25% sodium tungstate solution, and dropwise add 1% titanium trichloride solution until it appears blue, then carefully add potassium dichromate titration solution (0.01667mol/L) until the blue color just fades away, immediately add 10ml of sulfuric acid-phosphoric acid-water (2:3:5) and 5 drops of sodium diphenylamine sulfonate indicator solution, and titrate with potassium dichromate titration solution (0.01667mol/L) until the solution appears stable blue-purple. Each 1ml of potassium dichromate titration solution (0.01667mol/L) is equivalent to 5.585mg of iron (Fe).

本品含铁（Fe）不得少于50.0%。
The iron (Fe) content in magnetite should not be less than 50.0%.

饮片 Prepared Slices

磁石 Magnetite

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，砸碎。
Remove impurities and crush.

性状 Description

本品为不规则的碎块。灰黑色或褐色，条痕黑色，具金属光泽。质坚硬。具磁性。有土腥气，味淡。
Magnetite prepared slices are irregular fragments. They are gray-black or brownish-black, with a black streak and metallic luster. They are hard in texture, magnetic, and have an earthy odor and a mild taste.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Content Determination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

煅磁石 Calcined Magnetite

炮制 Processing

取净磁石块，照煅淬法（通则0213）煅至红透，醋淬，碾成粗粉。
Take clean magnetite blocks, calcine them according to the calcination and quenching method (General Rule 0213) until they are red and translucent, quench with vinegar, and grind into coarse powder.

每100kg 磁石，用醋30kg 。
Vinegar 30 kg per 100 kg magnet.

性状 Description

本品为不规则的碎块或颗粒。表面黑色。质硬而酥。无磁性。有醋香气。
Calcined magnetite is irregular fragments or particles. The surface is black. It is hard and brittle in texture. It is non-magnetic. It has a vinegar aroma.

含量测定 Content Determination

同药材，含铁（Fe）不得少于45.0%。
Same as the crude drug. The iron (Fe) content should not be less than 45.0%.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

寒。
cold.

味 Flavor

咸。
salty.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、心、肾经。
It enters the Liver, Heart, and Kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

镇惊安神，平肝潜阳，聪耳明目，纳气平喘。
It calms the mind, soothes the Liver and suppresses Yang, sharpens the hearing and improves vision, and regulates Qi and relieves asthma.

主治 Indications

用于惊悸失眠，头晕目眩，视物昏花，耳鸣耳聋，肾虚气喘。
It is used for palpitations and insomnia, dizziness and vertigo, blurred vision, tinnitus and deafness, and deficiency of the Kidney with Qi wheezing.

用量 Dosage

9～30g。
9-30g.

用法 Administration

先煎。
decoct first.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Store in a dry place.