蜂蜜

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蜜蜂科昆虫中华蜜蜂Apis cerana Fabricius或意大利蜂Apis mellifera Linnaeus所酿的蜜。春至秋季采收，滤过。
Honey is the honey produced by the honeybee Apis cerana Fabricius or Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Fam. Apidae). It is collected from spring to autumn and filtered.

性状 Description

本品为半透明、带光泽、浓稠的液体，白色至淡黄色或橘黄色至黄褐色，放久或遇冷渐有白色颗粒状结晶析出。气芳香，味极甜。
Honey is a semi-transparent, glossy, and viscous liquid. It is white to pale yellow or orange-yellow to yellow-brown in color. Over time or when cooled, it may gradually form white granular crystalline precipitates. It has a fragrant aroma and an extremely sweet taste.

相对密度 Relative Density

本品如有结晶析出，可置于不超过60℃的水浴中，待结晶全部融化后，搅匀，冷至25℃，照相对密度测定法（通则0601）项下的韦氏比重秤法测定，相对密度应在1.349以上。
If crystallization occurs, the honey can be placed in a water bath not exceeding 60°C. After all the crystals have melted, stir well and cool to 25°C. Determine the relative density using the method of weighing with a Westphal balance under the item of relative density determination (General Rule 0601). The relative density should be above 1.349.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过24.0%（通则0622折光率测定法进行测定）。 取本品（有结晶析出的样品置于不超过60℃的恒温水浴中温热使融化）1～2滴，滴于棱镜上（预先连接阿贝折光计与恒温水浴，并将水浴温度调至40℃±0.1℃至恒温，用新沸过的冷水校正折光计的折光指数为1.3305）测定，读取折光指数，按下式计算∶
　　X=100-[78+390.7（n-1.4768）]

酸度 Acidity

取本品10g，加新沸过的冷水50ml，混匀，加酚酞指示液2滴与氢氧化钠滴定液（0.1mol/L）4ml，应显粉红色，10秒钟内不消失。
Take 10g of the sample, add 50ml of freshly boiled cold water, mix well, add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and 4ml of sodium hydroxide titration solution (0.1mol/L). It should show pink color and not disappear within 10 seconds.

淀粉和糊精 Starch and Dextrin

取本品2g，加水10ml，加热煮沸，放冷，加碘试液1滴，不得显蓝色、绿色或红褐色。
Take 2g of the sample, add 10ml of water, heat to boiling, cool, add 1 drop of iodine test solution, and should not show blue, green, or reddish-brown color.

寡糖 Oligosaccharides

取本品2g，置烧杯中，加入10ml水溶解后，缓缓加至活性炭固相萃取柱（在固相萃取空柱管底部塞入一个筛板，压紧，置固相萃取装置上。称取硅藻土0.2g，加水适量混匀，用吸管加至固相萃取柱管中，自然沉降形成3mm厚的硅藻土层，打开真空泵吸引，称取活性炭0.5g加10ml水搅拌，混匀，用吸管加入，在真空泵的吸引下使活性炭沉降，当水面接近活性炭层面时，再次注入0.2g用水混匀的硅藻土，在真空泵的吸引下，以1秒/滴的速度用25ml的水预洗，当液面到达柱面上2mm时关掉活塞，再压入上筛板，备用）中，打开活塞，在真空泵的吸引下，使溶液通过柱子，待液面下降到柱面以上2mm时，用7%乙醇25ml洗脱，弃去洗脱液。再用50%乙醇10ml洗脱，收集洗脱液，置65℃水浴中减压浓缩至干，残渣加30%乙醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取麦芽五糖对照品，加30%乙醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液与对照品溶液各3μｌ，分别点于同一高效硅胶G薄层板上，以正丙醇-水-三乙胺（60∶30∶0.7）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以苯胺-二苯胺-磷酸的混合溶液（取二苯胺1g，苯胺1ml，磷酸5ml，加丙酮至50ml，混匀），加热至斑点显色清晰，置日光下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品相应位置的下方，应不得显斑点。
Take 2g of the sample, place it in a beaker, dissolve it in 10ml of water, and slowly add it to an activated carbon solid-phase extraction column (place a sieve plate at the bottom of the solid-phase extraction empty column tube, press it tightly, and place it on the solid-phase extraction device. Weigh 0.2g of diatomaceous earth, add an appropriate amount of water, use a pipette to add it to the solid-phase extraction column tube, let it settle naturally to form a 3mm thick diatomaceous earth layer, open the vacuum pump to draw, weigh 0.5g of activated carbon, add 10ml of water, stir well, use a pipette to add it, and let the activated carbon settle under the suction of the vacuum pump. When the water level is close to the level of the activated carbon layer, inject 0.2g of diatomaceous earth mixed with water, and under the suction of the vacuum pump, pre-wash with 25ml of water at a rate of 1 second/drop until the liquid level reaches 2mm above the column surface, close the piston, and then press in the upper sieve plate for later use). Open the piston and let the solution pass through the column under the suction of the vacuum pump. When the liquid level drops to 2mm above the column surface, elute with 25ml of 7% ethanol, discard the eluate. Elute with 10ml of 50% ethanol, collect the eluate, and concentrate it under reduced pressure in a 65℃ water bath until dry. Dissolve the residue in 1ml of 30% ethanol to prepare the sample solution. Take maltopentaose reference substance, add 30% ethanol to prepare a solution containing 1mg per 1ml, as the reference substance solution. Perform a thin-layer chromatography test (according to <0502>). Take 3μl of the sample solution and 3μl of the reference substance solution, spot them on the same high-efficiency silica gel G thin-layer plate, use n-propanol-water-triethylamine (60:30:0.7) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, and spray with a mixed solution of aniline-diphenylamine-phosphoric acid (take 1g of diphenylamine, 1ml of aniline, 5ml of phosphoric acid, add acetone to 50ml, mix well), heat until the spots are clearly colored, and inspect under sunlight. In the sample chromatogram, no spots should appear below the corresponding positions of the reference substance.

5-羟甲基糠醛 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液（5∶95）为流动相；5-羟甲基糠醛检测波长为284nm，鸟苷检测波长为254nm。理论板数按鸟苷峰计算应不低于3000。
Octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel was used as filler; acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid solution (5:95) was used as mobile phase; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was detected at a wavelength of 284 nm, and guanosine was detected at a wavelength of 254 nm; the theoretical number of plates calculated from the guanosine peak should be not less than 3000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取鸟苷对照品适量，精密称定，加10%甲醇制成每1ml含鸟苷0.2mg的溶液，即得。另取5-羟甲基糠醛对照品适量，加10%甲醇制成每1ml含4μg的溶液，作为定位用。
Take the appropriate amount of guanosine control, precision weighing, add 10% methanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg of guanosine per 1ml, that is obtained. Take another appropriate amount of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural control, add 10% methanol to make a solution containing 4μg per 1ml, as a positioning.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品1g，置烧杯中，精密称定，加10%甲醇适量溶解，并分次转移至50ml量瓶中，精密加入鸟苷对照品溶液1ml，加10%甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Take 1g of this product, put it in a beaker, weigh it precisely, add 10% methanol to dissolve it, and transfer it to 50ml measuring flask, add 1ml of guanosine control solution precisely, add 10% methanol to the scale, shake it well, that is to say, it is obtained.

测定法 Assay method

精密吸取供试品溶液10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定；另取鸟苷对照品溶液，5-羟甲基糠醛对照品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，用以确定供试品色谱中5-羟甲基糠醛及鸟苷的色谱峰；以鸟苷对照品计算含量并乘以校正因子0.340进行校正，即得。
Take 10μl of the test solution, inject it into the liquid chromatograph and measure it; take 10μl of guanosine control solution and 10μl of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural control solution, inject it into the liquid chromatograph and measure it, and then determine the peaks of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and guanosine in the chromatogram of the test solution; calculate the content of guanosine control and multiply by the correction factor of 0.340, then the content will be obtained.

本品含5-羟甲基糠醛，不得过0.004%。
This product contains 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, not more than 0.004%.

蔗糖和麦芽糖 Sucrose and Maltose

照〔含量测定〕项下方法测定，分别计算含量。本品含蔗糖和麦芽糖分别不得过5.0%。
Determine according to the method under , and calculate the content separately. The content of sucrose and maltose in the sample should not exceed 5.0% respectively.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以Prevail Carbohyrate ES为色谱柱，以乙腈-水（75∶25）为流动相；示差折光检测器检测。理论板数按果糖峰计算应不低于2000。
The chromatographic column was Prevail Carbohyrate ES and the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (75∶25); the detection was performed by an oscillometric refractive detector. The theoretical plate number should be not less than 2000 based on the fructose peak.

标准曲线的制备 Preparation of standard curves

分别精密称取果糖对照品1.0g，葡萄糖对照品0.8g，置同一具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入40%乙腈20ml，溶解，摇匀，作为果糖、葡萄糖对照品储备液。另精密称取蔗糖对照品0.2g，麦芽糖对照品0.2g，置同一具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入40%乙腈10ml，溶解，摇匀，作为蔗糖、麦芽糖对照品储备液。分别精密量取果糖、葡萄糖对照品储备液和蔗糖、麦芽糖对照品储备液，加40%乙腈配成不同浓度的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖混合对照品溶液。每一浓度溶液配制中，储备液的用量和稀释体积见下表。
Weigh 1.0g of fructose control and 0.8g of glucose control, put them in the same stoppered conical flask, add 40% acetonitrile 20ml, dissolve and shake well, as fructose and glucose control solution. Weigh 0.2g of Sucrose Control, 0.2g of Maltose Control, put in the same stoppered conical flask, add 40% Acetonitrile 10ml, dissolve, shake well, as Sucrose, Maltose Control Reserve. Precisely measure fructose, glucose control stock solution and sucrose, maltose control stock solution, add 40% acetonitrile to form different concentrations of fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose mixed control solution. The dosage and dilution volume of the reserve solution for each concentration are shown in the table below.

精密吸取混合对照品溶液各15μl，注入液相色谱仪，分别测定。以对照品浓度为横坐标，以峰面积值为纵坐标，绘制标准曲线，计算回归方程。
Pipette 15μl of each mixed control solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine separately. The standard curve was plotted with the concentration of the control as the horizontal coordinate and the peak area value as the vertical coordinate, and the regression equation was calculated.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品约1g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入40%乙腈20ml，溶解，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 1g of this product, weighed accurately, placed in a stoppered conical flask, add 40% acetonitrile 20ml, dissolve, shake well, filtration, take the filtrate, that is, obtained.

测定法 Assay method

精密量取供试品溶液15μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，按标准曲线法计算含量。
Precisely measure 15μl of the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, determine and calculate the content according to the standard curve method.

本品含果糖（C6H12O6）和葡萄糖（C6H12O6）的总量不得少于60.0%，果糖与葡萄糖含量比值不得小于1.0。
The total amount of fructose (C6H12O6) and glucose (C6H12O6) contained in this product shall not be less than 60.0%, and the ratio of fructose to glucose content shall not be less than 1.0.

性 Property

平。
neutral.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、脾、大肠经。
Belongs to the lung, spleen, and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

补中，润燥，止痛，解毒；外用生肌敛疮。
Tonify the middle, moisten dryness, relieve pain, detoxify; externally used to promote tissue regeneration and heal sores.

主治 Indications

用于脘腹虚痛，肺燥干咳，肠燥便秘，解乌头类药毒；外治疮疡不敛，水火烫伤。
Used for epigastric pain and weakness, dry cough due to lung dryness, constipation due to intestinal dryness, detoxification of Aconitum herbs; externally used for non-healing ulcers, scalds, and burns.

用量 Dosage

15～30g。
15-30g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉处。
Store in a cool place.