知母

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为百合科植物知母Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge.的干燥根茎。春、秋二季采挖，除去须根和泥沙，晒干，习称“毛知母”；或除去外皮，晒干。
Anemarrhena Rhizome is the dried rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. (Fam. Liliaceae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from rootlets and sand, dried in the sun, and called "Mao Zhimu"; or the outer bark is removed and dried.

性状 Description

本品呈长条状，微弯曲，略扁，偶有分枝，长3～15cm，直径0.8～1.5cm，一端有浅黄色的茎叶残痕。表面黄棕色至棕色，上面有一凹沟，具紧密排列的环状节，节上密生黄棕色的残存叶基，由两侧向根茎上方生长；下面隆起而略皱缩，并有凹陷或突起的点状根痕。质硬，易折断，断面黄白色。气微，味微甜、略苦，嚼之带黏性。
Rhizomes long, slightly curved, slightly flattened, occasionally branched, 3-15cm long, 0.8-1.5cm in diameter, with a pale yellow stem and leaf scar at one end. Surface yellowish-brown to brown, with a shallow groove on the upper surface, densely arranged annular nodes, yellowish-brown residual leaf bases densely covering the nodes, growing from both sides to the upper part of the rhizome; the lower part is raised and slightly wrinkled, with concave or raised punctate root marks. Texture hard, easily broken, fracture yellowish-white. Odour, slight; taste, slightly sweet and bitter, chewy.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄白色。黏液细胞类圆形、椭圆形或梭形，直径53～247μm，胞腔内含草酸钙针晶束。草酸钙针晶成束或散在，长26～110μm。
（1）The powder is yellowish-white. Mucilage cells are circular, elliptical or fusiform, with a diameter of 53-247μm, and contain bundles of calcium oxalate needles. Calcium oxalate needles are bundled or scattered, with a length of 26-110μm.

（2）取本品粉末0.5g，加稀乙醇10ml，超声处理20分钟，取上清液作为供试品溶液。另取芒果苷对照品，加稀乙醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各4μl，分别点于同一聚酰胺薄膜上，以乙醇-水（1:1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
（2）Take 0.5g of the powder, add 10ml of diluted ethanol, and sonicate for 20 minutes. Take the supernatant as the test solution. Take mangiferin reference substance, add diluted ethanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per ml as the reference solution. Perform thin-layer chromatography test according to the method specified in <0502>. Take 4μl of each of the above two solutions, respectively, spot them on the same polyamide film, use ethanol-water (1:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and examine under ultraviolet light at 365nm. In the chromatogram of the test solution, there are fluorescent spots of the same color at the corresponding positions as those in the chromatogram of the reference solution.

（3）取本品粉末0.2g，加30%丙酮10ml，超声处理20分钟，取上清液作为供试品溶液。另取知母皂苷BII对照品，加30%丙酮制成每1 ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水（4:1:5）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以香草醛硫酸试液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
（3）Take 0.2g of the powder, add 10ml of 30% acetone, and sonicate for 20 minutes. Take the supernatant as the test solution. Take anemarrhena saponin BII reference substance, add 30% acetone to make a solution containing 1mg per ml as the reference solution. Perform thin-layer chromatography test according to the method specified in <0502>. Take 4μl of each of the above two solutions, respectively, spot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the upper layer solution of n-butanol-glacial acetic acid-water (4:1:5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and spray with vanillin sulfuric acid reagent, heat at 105°C until the spots are clearly colored. In the chromatogram of the test solution, there are spots of the same color at the corresponding positions as those in the chromatogram of the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过9.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过4.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

芒果苷 Mangiferin

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine the content of Mangiferin by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.2%冰醋酸溶液（15:85）为流动相；检测波长为258nm。理论板数按芒果苷峰计算应不低于6000。
Using octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; using acetonitrile-0.2% glacial acetic acid solution (15:85) as the mobile phase; detection wavelength is 258nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of Mangiferin should not be less than 6000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取芒果苷对照品适量，精密称定，加稀乙醇制成每1ml含50μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of Mangiferin reference substance, accurately weigh, add dilute ethanol to make a solution containing 50μg per 1ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约0.1g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入稀乙醇25ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率400W，频率40kHz）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用稀乙醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.1g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 25ml of dilute ethanol, weigh, ultrasonicate (power 400W, frequency 40kHz) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up the weight lost with dilute ethanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液和供试品溶液各10μ1，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Precisely draw 10μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, determine, and obtain the result.

本品按干燥品计算，含芒果苷（C19H18O11）不得少于0.70%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of Mangiferin (C19H18O11) should not be less than 0.70%.

知母皂苷BⅡ Zhimu saponin BⅡ

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine the content of Dioscin BⅡ by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以辛烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-水（25:75）为流动相；蒸发光散射检测器检测。理论板数按知母皂苷BⅡ峰计算应不低于10000。
Using octylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; using acetonitrile-water (25:75) as the mobile phase; detected by evaporative light scattering detector. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of Dioscin BⅡ should not be less than 10000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取知母皂苷BⅡ对照品适量，精密称定，加30%丙酮制成每1ml含0.50mg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of Dioscin BⅡ reference substance, accurately weigh, add 30% acetone to make a solution containing 0.50mg per 1ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约0.15g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入30%丙酮25ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率400W，频率40kHz）30分钟，取出，放冷，再称定重量，用30%丙酮补足减失的重量，摇匀。滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.15g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 25ml of 30% acetone, weigh, ultrasonicate (power 400W, frequency 40kHz) for 30 minutes, take out, cool, weigh again, make up the weight lost with 30% acetone, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液5μl、10μl，供试品溶液5～10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，用外标两点法对数方程计算，即得。
Precisely draw 5μl and 10μl of the reference solution, and 5-10μl of the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, determine, and calculate using the logarithmic equation of the external standard two-point method.

本品按干燥品计算，含知母皂苷BⅡ（C45H76O19）不得少于3.0%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of Dioscin BⅡ (C45H76O19) should not be less than 3.0%.

饮片 Prepared slices

知母 Anemarrhena Rhizome

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥，去毛屑。
Remove impurities, wash it clean, soak it until it is thoroughly wet, cut it into thick slices, dry it, and remove the hair and debris.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则类圆形的厚片。外表皮黄棕色或棕色，可见少量残存的黄棕色叶基纤维和凹陷或突起的点状根痕。切面黄白色至黄色。气微，味微甜、略苦，嚼之带黏性。
This product is an irregularly round, thick piece. The outer skin is yellowish-brown or brown, with a small number of remnants of yellow-brown leaf-based fibers and depressed or protruding punctate root marks. Cuts are yellowish-white to yellow. The breath is slight, the taste is slightly sweet, slightly bitter, and the chew is sticky.

检查 Examination

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

同药材，不得过2.0%。
Same as the crude drug. Not more than 2.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，含芒果苷（C19H18O11）不得少于0.50%，含知母皂苷BII（C45H76O19）不得少于3.0%。
Same as the crude drug, the content of Mangiferin (C19H18O11) should not be less than 0.50%, the content of Dioscin BⅡ (C45H76O19) should not be less than 3.0%.

鉴别 Identification

（水分和总灰分）同药材。
（Water and total ash) Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

（水分和总灰分）同药材。
（Water and total ash) Same as the crude drug.

盐知母 Salt Anemarrhena Rhizome

炮制 Processing

取知母片，照盐水炙法（通则0213）炒干。
Take the slices of Anemarrhena Rhizome and fry it dry according to the brine method <0213>.

性状 Description

本品形如知母片，色黄或微带焦斑。味微咸。
This product is shaped like a parent film, with yellow color or micro-scorched spots. The taste is slightly salty.

检查 Examination

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

同药材，不得过2.0%。
Same as the crude drug. Not more than 2.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，含芒果苷（C19H18O11）不得少于0.40%，含知母皂苷BII（C45H76O19）不得少于2.0%。
Same as the crude drug, the content of Mangiferin (C19H18O11) should not be less than 0.40%, the content of Dioscin BⅡ (C45H76O19) should not be less than 2.0%.

鉴别 Identification

（水分和总灰分）同药材。
（Water and total ash) Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

（水分和总灰分）同药材。
（Water and total ash) Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

味 Flavor

苦、甘。
Bitter and sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、胃、肾经。
Lung, Stomach and Kidney meridian

功能 Actions

清热泻火，滋阴润燥。
Clear heat and fire, nourish yin and moisten dryness.

主治 Indications

用于外感热病，高热烦渴，肺热燥咳，骨蒸潮热，内热消渴，肠燥便秘。
Used for exogenous fever, high fever and irritability, lung heat and dry cough, steaming bone and tidal fever, internal heat and diabetes, intestinal dryness and constipation.

用量 Dosage

6～12g。
6-12g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防潮。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and keep away from moisture.

知母

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为百合科植物知母Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge.的干燥根茎。春、秋二季采挖，除去须根和泥沙，晒干，习称“毛知母”；或除去外皮，晒干。
Common Anemarrhena Rhizome is the dried rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. (Fam. Liliaceae). The drug is collected in spring or autumn, removed from fibrous roots and soil, dried in the sun, known as “Maozhimu”; or removed from outer tissue, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈长条状，微弯曲，略扁，偶有分枝，长3～15cm，直径0.8～1.5cm，一端有浅黄色的茎叶残痕。表面黄棕色至棕色，上面有一凹沟，具紧密排列的环状节，节上密生黄棕色的残存叶基，由两侧向根茎上方生长；下面隆起而略皱缩，并有凹陷或突起的点状根痕。质硬，易折断，断面黄白色。气微，味微甜、略苦，嚼之带黏性。
Slat-shaped, slightly curved, somewhat compressed, branched occasionally, 3-15 cm long, 0. 8-1. 5 cm in diameter, with pale yellowish stem and leaf scars. Externally yellowish-brown to brown, the upper part exhibiting a concave groove and closely arranged annular nodes with dense yellowish-brown remains of leaf bases growing upward bilaterally; the lower part raised and somewhat shrivelled, exhibiting depressed or protruding dotted root scars. Texture hard, easily broken, fracture yellowish-white, Odour slight; taste, slightly sweetish, bitterish and viscous on chewing.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄白色。黏液细胞类圆形、椭圆形或梭形，直径53～247µm，胞腔内含草酸钙针晶束。草酸钙针晶成束或散在，长26～110µm。
（2）取本品粉末0.5g，加稀乙醇10ml，超声处理20分钟，取上清液作为供试品溶液。另取芒果苷对照品，加稀乙醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法 （通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各4µl，分别点于同一聚酰胺薄膜上，以乙醇-水（1：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过9.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过4.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

芒果苷
照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。

饮片 Prepared slices

知母 Common Anemarrhena Rhizome

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥，去毛屑。
Anemarrhenae Rhizoma Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, dry and remove hairs and scraps.

本品呈不规则类圆形的厚片。外表皮黄棕色或棕色，可见少量残存的黄棕色叶基纤维和凹陷或突起的点状根痕。切面黄白色至黄色。气微，味微甜、略苦，嚼之带黏性。
In irregular subrounded thick slices. Externally yellowish-brown or brown, a few residual fibres of leaf base yellowish-brown, depressed or protruding dotted roots cars visible. Cut surface yellowish-white to yellow. Odour slight; taste sweetish and bitterish, viscous on chewing.

检查 Examination

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

同药材，不得过2.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not more than 2.0%.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，含芒果苷（C19H18O11）不得少于0.50%，含知母皂苷BⅡ（C45H76O19）不得少于3.0%。
Same as the crude drug, it contains not less than 0.50% of magiferin (C19H18O11) and 3.0% of timosaponin B II (C45H76O19).

盐知母 Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (processed with salt)

照盐水炙法（通则0213）炒干。
Stir-bake the slice of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma as described under the method for stir-baking with salt-water<0213>until dry.

本品形如知母片，色黄或微带焦斑。味微咸。
The shape similar to the thick slices, yellow or with burned spots. Taste sarish.

检查 Examination

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

同药材，不得过2.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not more than 2.0%.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，含芒果苷（C19H18O11）不得少于0.40%，含知母皂苷BⅡ （C45H76O19）不得少于2.0%。
Same as the crude drug, it contains not less than 0.40% of magiferin (C19H18O11) and 2.0% of timosaponin B II (C45H76O19).

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

苦、甘，寒。归肺、胃、肾经。
Cold; bitter and sweet. Meridian tropism: Lung, stomach, and kidney meridians.

功能与主治 Actions and Indications

清热泻火，滋阴润燥。用于外感热病，高热烦渴，肺热燥咳，骨蒸潮热，内热消渴，肠燥便秘。
To clear heat, purge fire, nourish yin, and moisten dryness. Used for exogenous febrile diseases, high fever with restlessness and thirst, lung heat with dry cough, bone-steaming and tidal fever, internal heat with polydipsia, and constipation due to intestinal dryness.

用法与用量 Administration and Dosage

6～12g。
6-12 g.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防潮。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place, and protect from moisture.