苦杏仁

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蔷薇科植物山杏Prunus armeniaca L.var.ansu Maxim.、西伯利亚杏Prunus sibirica L.、东北杏Prunus mandshurica（Maxim.）Koehne 或杏Prunus armeniaca L.的干燥成熟种子。夏季采收成熟果实，除去果肉和核壳，取出种子，晒干。
Bitter Apricot Seed is the dried mature seed of Prunus armeniaca L.var.ansu Maxim., Prunus sibirica L., Prunus mandshurica（Maxim.）Koehne or Prunus armeniaca L. (Fam. Rosaceae). The drug is collected in summer when the fruit is ripe, removed from the pulp and shell, and dried.

性状 Description

本品呈扁心形，长1～1.9cm，宽0.8～1.5cm，厚0.5-0.8cm。表面黄棕色至深棕色，一端尖，另端钝圆，肥厚，左右不对称，尖端一侧有短线形种脐，圆端合点处向上具多数深棕色的脉纹。种皮薄，子叶2，乳白色，富油性。气微，味苦。
Seeds are flattened-heart-shaped, measuring 1-1.9 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm wide, and 0.5-0.8 cm thick. The surface is yellow-brown to dark brown, with one end pointed and the other end blunt and round. The seed is thick, asymmetrical, with short linear hilum on one side of the pointed end, and numerous dark brown veins on the round end. The seed coat is thin, with 2 cotyledons, milky white and oily. It has a slight odor and a bitter taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1）种皮表面观：种皮石细胞单个散在或数个相连，黄棕色至棕色，表面观类多角形、类长圆形或贝壳形，直径25～150μm。种皮外表皮细胞浅橙黄色至棕黄色，常与种皮石细胞相连，类圆形或多边形，壁常皱缩。
(1) Observation of the surface of the seed coat: The stone cells of the seed coat are scattered or connected in groups, yellow-brown to brown in color, and appear polygonal, elongated, or shell-shaped under observation, with a diameter of 25-150μm. The outer epidermal cells of the seed coat are light orange-yellow to brownish-yellow in color, often connected to the stone cells, and are round or polygonal in shape, with wrinkled walls.

（2）取本品粉末2g，置索氏提取器中，加二氯甲烷适量，加热回流2小时，弃去二氯甲烷液，药渣挥干溶剂，加甲醇30ml，加热回流30分钟，放冷，滤过，滤液作为供试品溶液。另取苦杏仁苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含2mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各3μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水（15:40:22:10）5～10℃放置12小时的下层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，立即用0.8%磷钼酸的15%硫酸乙醇溶液浸板，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) Take 2g of the powder, place it in a Soxhlet extractor, add an appropriate amount of dichloromethane, heat under reflux for 2 hours, discard the dichloromethane liquid, evaporate the solvent from the residue, add 30ml of methanol, heat under reflux for 30 minutes, cool, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Take the amygdalin reference substance, add methanol to make a solution containing 2mg per ml as the reference solution. Perform the thin-layer chromatography test<0502> by taking 3μl of each of the above two solutions, spot them separately on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the lower layer solution of dichloromethane-acetic ether-methanol-water (15:40:22:10) placed at 5-10°C for 12 hours as the developing agent, develop, remove, and immediately immerse the plate in a 15% sulfuric acid-ethanol solution containing 0.8% phosphomolybdic acid, heat at 105°C until the spots are clearly visible. In the chromatogram of the test solution, spots of the same color appear at corresponding positions as in the chromatogram of the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过7.0%（通则0832第四法）。
Not more than 7.0 per cent <0832,method 4>.

过氧化值 Peroxide value

不得过0.11（通则2303）。
Not more than 0.11 <2303>.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（8:92）为流动相；检测波长为207nm。理论板数按苦杏仁苷峰计算应不低于7000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (8:92) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 207nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of amygdalin should not be less than 7000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取苦杏仁苷对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含40μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of amygdalin reference substance, accurately weigh, add methanol to make a solution containing 40μg per 1ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过二号筛）约0.25g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇25ml，密塞，称定重量，超声处理（功率250W，频率50kHz）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，精密量取续滤液5ml，置50ml量瓶中，加50%甲醇稀释至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.25g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 2 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 25ml of methanol, seal the flask, weigh, treat with ultrasound (power 250W, frequency 50kHz) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with methanol, shake well, filter, accurately take 5ml of the filtrate, place it in a 50ml volumetric flask, dilute with 50% methanol to the mark, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10～20μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 10-20μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含苦杏仁苷（C20H27NO11）不得少于3.0%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of amygdalin (C20H27NO11) should not be less than 3.0 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

苦杏仁 Bitter Apricot Kernel

炮制 Processing

用时捣碎。
Crush when used.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

燀苦杏仁 Charred Bitter Apricot Kernel

炮制 Processing

取净苦杏仁，照燀法（通则0213）去皮。用时捣碎。
Take clean bitter apricot kernel, peel according to the charring method <0213>. Crush when used.

性状 Description

本品呈扁心形。表面乳白色或黄白色，一端尖，另端钝圆，肥厚，左右不对称，富油性。有特异的香气，味苦。
This product is flat and heart-shaped. The surface is milky white or yellowish white, one end is pointed and the other end is blunt and round, thick, asymmetrical on the left and right, and rich in oil. It has a unique aroma and a bitter taste.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，含苦杏仁苷（C20H27NO11）不得少于2.4%。
Same as the crude drug, the content of amygdalin (C20H27NO11) should not be less than 2.4 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

(2)同药材。
(2)Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

炒苦杏仁 Stir-fried Bitter Apricot Kernel

炮制 Processing

取燀苦杏仁，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至黄色。用时捣碎。
Take charred bitter apricot kernel, stir-fry according to the stir-frying method <0213> until yellow. Crush when used.

性状 Description

本品形如燀苦杏仁，表面黄色至棕黄色，微带焦斑。有香气，味苦。
This product is similar to charred bitter apricot kernel. The surface is yellow to brownish yellow with slight scorch marks. It has a fragrance and a bitter taste.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过6.0%。
Water content should not exceed 6.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，含苦杏仁苷（C20H27NO11）不得少于2.4%。
Same as the crude drug, the content of amygdalin (C20H27NO11) should not be less than 2.4 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

(2)同药材。
(2)Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

过氧化值 Peroxide value

同药材。
Same as the medicinal materials.

性 Property

微温；有小毒。
Slightly warm, and slightly toxic.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、大肠经。
Lung and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

降气止咳平喘，润肠通便。
Descend qi, stop cough, relieve asthma, moisten the intestines, and promote bowel movements.

主治 Indications

用于咳嗽气喘，胸满痰多，肠燥便秘。
Used for cough, asthma, chest fullness with excessive phlegm, dry intestines, and constipation.

用量 Dosage

5～10g。
5-10g.

用法 Administration

生品入煎剂后下。
Add when the decoction is nearly done.

注意 Precautions

内服不宜过量，以免中毒。
Do not take excessive doses orally to avoid poisoning.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a cool and dry place, and protect against moth damage.

苦杏仁

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蔷薇科植物山杏Prunus armeniaca L.var.ansu Maxim.、西伯利亚杏Prunus sibirica L.、东北杏 Prunus mandshurica （Maxim.） Koehne 或杏 Prunus armeniaca L. 的干燥成熟种子。夏季采收成熟果实，除去果肉和核壳，取出种子，晒干。
Bitter Apricot Seed is the dried ripe seed of Prunus armeniaca Lvar.ansu Maxim, Prunus sibirica L, Prunus mandshurica(Maxim.)Koehne or Prunus armeniaca L(Fam. Rosaceae). The fruit is collected in summer and the seed is removed from the pulp and the shell, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈扁心形，长1～1.9cm，宽0.8～1.5cm，厚0.5～0.8cm。表面黄棕色至深棕色，一端尖，另端钝圆，肥厚，左右不对称，尖端一侧有短线形种脐，圆端合点处向上具多数深棕色的脉纹。种皮薄，子叶2，乳白色，富油性。气微，味苦。
Flattened-cordate,1-1.9 cm long,0.8-1.5 cm wide,0.5-0.8 cm thick. Externally yellowish-brown to deep brown, acute at one end, obtusely rounded plump and unsymmetrical at the other end. A short-linear hilum situated at the acute end and a chalaza at the rounded end with numerous upwards deep-brown veins. Testa thin; cotyledons 2, milky-white,oily. Odour, slight; taste, bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）种皮表面观：种皮石细胞单个散在或数个相连，黄棕色至棕色，表面观类多角形、类长圆形或贝壳形，直径25～150µm。种皮外表皮细胞浅橙黄色至棕黄色，常与种皮石细胞相连，类圆形，壁常皱缩。
（2）取本品粉末2g，置索氏提取器中，加二氯甲烷适量，加热回流2小时，弃去二氯甲烷液，药渣挥干，加甲醇30ml，加热回流30分钟，放冷，滤过，滤液作为供试品溶液。另取苦杏仁苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含2mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各3µl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水（15：40：22：10）5～10℃放置12小时的下层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，立即用0.8%磷钼酸的15%硫酸乙醇溶液浸板，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

检查 Examination

过氧化值 Peroxide value

不得过0.11（通则2303）。
Not more than 0.11 <2303>.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（8：92）为流动相；检测波长为207nm。理论板数按苦杏仁苷峰计算应不低于7000。
Chromatographic system and system suitability Use octa-decylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase and a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution (8:92) as the mobile phase. As detector a spectrophotometer set at 207 nm. The number of theoretical plates of the column is not less than 7000, calculated with reference to the peak of amygdalin.

对照品溶液的制备 取苦杏仁苷对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含40µg的溶液，即得。
Reference solution Dissolve a quantity of amygdalin CRS, accurately weighed, in methanol to produce a solution containing 40 μg per ml as the reference solution.

供试品溶液的制备 取本品粉末（过二号筛）约0.25g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇25ml，密塞，称定重量，超声处理（功率250W，频率50kHz）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，过滤，精密量取续滤液5ml，置50ml量瓶中，加50%甲醇稀释至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Test solution Weigh accurately 0.25 g of the powder (through No.2 sieve) in a conical flask with stopper, add accurately 25 ml of methanol, tightly stopper, weigh and ultrasonicate (power 250 W, frequency 50 kHz) for 30 minutes, cool and weigh again, replenish the loss of weight with methanol mix well and filter. Measure accurately 5 ml of the successive filtrate into a 50 ml volumetric flask, dilute with 50% methanol to volume and mix well. Filter and use the successive filtrate as the test solution.

测定法 分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10～20µl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Procedure Inject accurately 10-20μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, into the column, and calculate the content.

本品含苦杏仁苷（C20H27NO11）不得少于3.0%。
It contains not less than 3.0 per cent of amygdalin (C20H27NO11), calculate with reference to the dried drug.

饮片 Prepared slices

苦杏仁 Bitter Apricot Seed

炮制 Processing

用时捣碎。
Break to pieces before use.

性状 Description

【鉴别】【检查】【含量测定】同药材。
Description and Identification As required for the crude drug.

燀苦杏仁 Armeniacae Semen Amarum (rinsed in boiling water)

取净苦杏仁，照燀法（通则0213）去皮。用时捣碎。
Peel the clean Armeniacae Semen Amarun as described under the method for rinsing in boiling water<0213>. Break to pieces before use.

本品呈扁心形。表面乳白色或黄白色，一端尖，另端钝圆，肥厚，左右不对称，富油性。有特异的香气，味苦。
Flattened-cordate. Externally milky white or yellowish-white, acute at one end, obtusely rounded at the other hand, plump and unsymmetrical, oily. Odour, characteristic aromatic; taste, bitter.

【含量测定】 同药材，含苦杏仁苷（C20H27NO11）不得少于2.4%。
Assay It contains not less than 2.4 per cent of amygdalin (C20H27 NO11) following the method for the crude drug.

【鉴别】【检查】同药材。
Identification As required for the crude drug.

炒苦杏仁 Armeniacae Semen Amarum (stir-baked)

取燀苦杏仁，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至黄色。用时捣碎。
Stir-bake the Armeniacae Semen Amarum (rinsed in boiling water) as described under the method for simple stir-baking<0213> until it becomes yellow. Break to pieces before use.

本品形如燀苦杏仁，表面黄色至棕黄色，微带焦斑。有香气，味苦。
Similar to Armeniacae Semen Amarum in shape, externally yellow to brownish-yellow with slight charred spots. Odour, aromatic; taste, bitter.

【含量测定】 同药材，含苦杏仁苷（C20H27NO11）不得少于2.1%。
Assay It contains not less than 2.1 per cent of amygdalin (C20H27 NO11), following the method for the crude drug.

【鉴别】【检查】 同药材。
Identification As required for the crude drug.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

苦，微温；有小毒。归肺、大肠经。
Mild warm; bitter; slightly toxic. Lung and large intestine meridians.

功能与主治 Actions

降气止咳平喘，润肠通便。用于咳嗽气喘，胸满痰多，肠燥便秘。
To direct qi downward, suppress cough, relieve wheezing, moisten the intestines, and open the bowels. Used for cough and wheezing, chest fullness, profuse sputum, and constipation caused by intestinal dryness.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

5～10g，生品入煎剂后下。
5-10 g, unprocessed for decoction, added when the decoction is nearly done.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

内服不宜过量，以免中毒。
Be careful of overdosage for oral administration to avoid poisoning.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a cool and dry place, and protect from moth.