何首乌

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蓼科植物何首乌Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.的干燥块根。秋、冬二季叶枯萎时采挖，削去两端，洗净，个大的切成块，干燥。
Fleeceflower Root is the dried root tuber of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (Fam. Polygonaceae). The drug is collected in autumn and winter when the leaves wither, removed from rootlet, washed clean, cut into thick slices and dried.

性状 Description

本品呈团块状或不规则纺锤形，长6～15cm，直径4～12cm。表面红棕色或红褐色，皱缩不平，有浅沟，并有横长皮孔样突起和细根痕。体重，质坚实，不易折断，断面浅黄棕色或浅红棕色，显粉性，皮部有4～11个类圆形异型维管束环列，形成云锦状花纹，中央木部较大，有的呈木心。气微，味微苦而甘涩。
Fleeceflower Root is in irregular spindle-shaped or irregular block-shaped, 6-15 cm long, 4-12 cm in diameter. Surface reddish-brown or reddish-brown, wrinkled and uneven, with shallow grooves, and transverse long lenticels-like projections and fine root scars. Heavy, solid, not easily broken, fracture light yellowish-brown or light reddish-brown, showing powder, bark with 4-11 circular-shaped heteromorphic vascular bundles arranged in a ring, forming a cloud-like pattern, central wood larger, some with pith. Odour, slight; taste, slightly bitter and astringent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：木栓层为数列细胞，充满棕色物。韧皮部较宽，散有类圆形异型维管束4～11个，为外韧型，导管稀少。根的中央形成层成环；木质部导管较少，周围有管胞和少数木纤维。薄壁细胞含草酸钙簇晶和淀粉粒。
Transverse section: cork cells arranged in rows, filled with brown substances. Cortex wide, scattered with 4-11 circular-shaped heteromorphic vascular bundles, exodermis type, few vessels. The central formation layer of the root is ring-shaped; the xylem has fewer vessels, surrounded by parenchyma cells and a few fibers. Thin-walled cells contain clusters of calcium oxalate and starch grains.

粉末黄棕色。淀粉粒单粒类圆形，直径4～50μm，脐点人字形、星状或三叉状，大粒者隐约可见层纹；复粒由2～9分粒组成。草酸钙簇晶直径10～80（160）μm，偶见簇晶与较大的方形结晶合生。棕色细胞类圆形或椭圆形，壁稍厚，胞腔内充满淡黄棕色、棕色或红棕色物质，并含淀粉粒。具缘纹孔导管直径17～178μm。棕色块散在，形状、大小及颜色深浅不一。
Powder is yellowish-brown. Starch grains are single-grained and circular, with a diameter of 4-50μm. The hilum is shaped like a Chinese character, star-shaped or trident-shaped, and the layer pattern can be vaguely seen in larger grains; compound grains consist of 2-9 granules. Calcium oxalate clusters have a diameter of 10-80 (160)μm, and occasionally clusters are associated with larger square crystals. Brown cells are circular or elliptical, with slightly thick walls, and the cavity is filled with light yellowish-brown, brown or reddish-brown substances, and contains starch grains. The laticiferous vessels have a diameter of 17-178μm. Brown blocks are scattered, with different shapes, sizes, and shades of color.

（2）取本品粉末0. 25g，加乙醇50ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液浓缩至3ml，作为供试品溶液。另取何首乌对照药材0.25g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各,2μl，分别点于同一以羧甲基纤维素钠为黏合剂的硅胶H薄层板上使成条状，以三氯甲烷-甲醇（7：3）为展开剂，展至约3.5cm，取出，晾干，再以三氯甲烷-甲醇（20：1）为展开剂，展至约7cm，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
To 0.25g of the powder add 50 ml of ethanol, heat under reflux for 1 hour, filter, evaporate the filtrate to 3 ml, as the test solution. Take 0.25g of the reference drug of Fleeceflower Root, and prepare the reference drug solution by the same method. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as the adhesive and silica gel H as the coating substance. Apply separately to the plate 2 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a mixture of chloroform and methanol (7:3) as the mobile phase, develop to about 3.5 cm, take out, dry in air. Then, using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (20:1) as the mobile phase, develop to about 7 cm, take out, dry in air, and examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过10.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Content determination

二苯乙烯苷 Hyperoside

避光操作。照高效液相色谱 法（通则0512）测定。
Perform content determination according to the method of high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-水（25：75）为流动相；检测波长为320nm。 理论板数按2,3,5,4'-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷峰计算应不低于2000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile-water (25:75) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 320nm. The theoretical plate number should not be less than 2000, calculated based on the peak of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxydiphenyl-2-O-β-D-glucoside.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取2,3,5,4'-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷对照品适量，精密称定，加稀乙醇制成每1ml含0.2mg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxydiphenyl-2-O-β-D-glucoside reference substance, accurately weigh, dissolve in dilute ethanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg per 1ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.2g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入稀乙醇25ml，称定重量，加热回流30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用稀乙醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，静置，上清液滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.2g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 25ml of dilute ethanol, weigh, heat under reflux for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with dilute ethanol, shake well, let it stand, filter the supernatant, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各 10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 10μl of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含2,3,5,4'-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（C20H22O9）不得少于1.0%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxydiphenyl-2-O-β-D-glucoside (C20H22O9) should not be less than 1.0%.

结合蒽醌 Bound anthraquinones

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Perform determination according to the method of high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（80：20）为流动相；检测波长为254nm。理论板数按大黄素峰计算应不低于3000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (80:20) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 254nm. The theoretical plate number should not be less than 3000, calculated based on the peak of emodin.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取大黄素对照品、大黄素甲醚对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇分别制成每1ml含大黄素80μg，大黄素甲醚40μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of emodin reference substance and emodin methyl ether reference substance, accurately weigh, dissolve in methanol to make a solution containing 80μg of emodin and 40μg of emodin methyl ether per 1ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约1g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇50ml，称定重量，加热回流1小时，取出，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液5ml作为供试品溶液A（测游离蒽醌用）。另精密量取续滤液25ml，置具塞锥形瓶中，水浴蒸干， 精密加8%盐酸溶液20ml，超声处理（功率100W,频率 40kHz）5分钟，加三氯甲烷20ml，水浴中加热回流1小时，取出，立即冷却，置分液漏斗中，用少量三氯甲烷洗涤容器，洗液 并入分液漏斗中，分取三氯甲烷液，酸液再用三氯甲烷振摇提取3次，每次15ml，合并三氯甲烷液，回收溶剂至干，残渣加甲醇使溶解，转移至10ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，滤过， 取续滤液，作为供试品溶液B（测总蒽醌用）。
Take about 1g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50ml of methanol, weigh, heat under reflux for 1 hour, take out, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with methanol, shake well, filter, take 5ml of the filtrate as the test solution A (for determination of free anthraquinones). Precisely take another 25ml of the filtrate, place it in a stoppered conical flask, evaporate to dryness in a water bath, accurately add 20ml of 8% hydrochloric acid solution, treat with ultrasound (power 100W, frequency 40kHz) for 5 minutes, add 20ml of chloroform, heat under reflux in a water bath for 1 hour, take out, cool immediately, place in a separating funnel, wash the container with a small amount of chloroform, and transfer the washings to the separating funnel. Take the chloroform solution, and shake the acid solution with chloroform for extraction 3 times, each time with 15ml, combine the chloroform solutions, recover the solvent to dryness, dissolve the residue with methanol, transfer to a 10ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution B (for determination of total anthraquinones).

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与上述两种供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 10μl of the reference solution and the two test solutions mentioned above, respectively, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

结合蒽醌含量=总蒽醌含量-游离蒽醌含量
Content of bound anthraquinones = Total anthraquinones content - Free anthraquinones content

本品按干燥品计算，含结合蒽醌以大黄素（C15H10O5）和大黄素甲醚（C16H12O5）的总量计，不得少于0.10%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of bound anthraquinones, calculated as the total amount of emodin (C15H10O5) and emodin methyl ether (C16H12O5), should not be less than 0.10%.

饮片 Prepared slices

何首乌 Fleeceflower Root

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，稍浸，润透，切厚片或块，干燥。
Remove impurities, wash, soak briefly, soften until thoroughly wet, cut into thick slices or pieces, and dry.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的厚片或块。外表皮红棕色或红褐色，皱缩不平，有浅沟，并有横长皮孔样突起及细根痕。切面浅黄棕色或浅红棕色，显粉性；横切面有的皮部可见云锦状花纹，中央木部较大，有的呈木心。气微，味微苦而甘涩。
This product is irregular thick slices or blocks. The outer epidermis is reddish brown or reddish brown, wrinkled, with shallow grooves, and horizontal long lenticel-like protrusions and fine root marks. The section is light yellowish brown or light reddish brown, powdery ; some skins on the transverse section can see cloud brocade pattern, the central wood is larger, and some are wood core. The taste is slightly bitter and sweet.

含量测定 Content determination

结合蒽醌 Bound anthraquinones

同药材，含结合蔥醋以大黄素(C15H10O5) 和大黄素甲酪(C16H12O5) 的总篮计，不得少于0.05%。
The same medicinal materials, containing bound onion vinegar to emodin (C15H10O5) and emodin (C16H12O5 ) of the total basket, not less than 0.05%.

二苯乙烯苷 BStilbene glycoside

同药材。
The same as medicinal materials.

鉴别 Identification

（除横切面外）同药材。
(Except transverse section) The same as medicinal materials.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same medicinal materials.

性 Property

微温。
Slightly warm.

味 Flavor

苦、甘、涩。
Bitter, sweet, astringent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、心、肾经。
Liver, heart, and kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

解毒，消痈，截疟，润肠通便。
Detoxify, dissipate abscesses, interrupt malaria, moisten the intestines and promote bowel movements.

主治 Indications

用于疮痈，瘰疬，风疹瘙痒，久疟体虚，肠燥便秘。
Used for sores and abscesses, scrofula, rubella itching, chronic malaria with deficiency, dryness of the intestines and constipation.

用量 Dosage

3～6g。
3-6 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a dry place, protect from moth.

何首乌

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蓼科植物何首乌Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.的干燥块根。秋、冬二季叶祜萎时采挖，削去两端，洗净，个大的切成块，干燥。
Fleeceflower Root is the dried root tuber of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (Fam. Polygonaceae). The drug is collected in autumn and winter when leaves wither, removed from two ends, washed clean, and the large one cut into pieces, and then dried.

性状 Description

本品呈团块状或不规则纺锤形，长 6～15cm。直径4～12cm。表面红棕色或红褐色，皱缩不平，有浅沟，并有横长皮孔样突起和细根痕。体重，质坚实，不易折断，断面浅黄棕色或浅红棕色，显粉性，皮部有4～11个类圆形异型维管束环列，形成云锦状花纹，中央木部较大，有的呈木心。气微，味微苦而甘涩。
Mass or irregular fusiform, 6-15 cm long, 4-12 cm in diameter. Externally reddish-brown, shrunken and uneven, shallowly grooved, with transverse elongated lenticel-like protrusions and fine rootlet scars. Texture heavy, compact, uneasily broken, fracture pale yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, starchy, bark exhibiting 4-11 subrounded rings of abnormal vascular bundles, forming brocaded patterns, wood in central part relatively large, some having a woody core. Odour, slight; taste, bitterish, sweetish and astringent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：木栓层为数列细胞，充满棕色物。韧皮部较宽，散有类圆形异型维管束4～11个，为外韧型，导管稀少。根的中央形成层成环；木质部导管较少，周围有管胞和少数木纤维。薄壁细胞含草酸钙簇晶和淀粉粒。
粉末黄棕色。淀粉粒单粒类圆形，直径4～50μm，脐点人字形、星状或三叉状，大粒者隐约可见层纹；复粒由2～9分粒组成。草酸钙簇晶直径10～80（160）μm，偶见簇晶与较大的方形结晶合生。棕色细胞类圆形或橢圆形，壁稍厚，胞腔内充满淡黄棕色、棕色或红棕色物质，并含淀粉粒。具缘纹孔导管直径17～178μm。棕色块散在，形状、大小及颜色深浅不一。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过10.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

二苯乙烯苷 2, 3, 5, 4’-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside

避光操作。照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Operate protected from light. Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic system and system suitability

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-水（25：75）为流动相；检测波长为320nm。理论板数按2，3，5，4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷峰计算应不低于2000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase and a mixture of acetonitrile and water (25 : 75) as the mobile phase. As detector a spectrophotometer set at 320 nm. The number of theoretical plates of the column is not less than 2000, calculated with the reference to the peak of 2,3,5,4’- tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside.

对照品溶液的制备 Reference solution

取2，3，5，4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷对照品适量，精密称定，加稀乙醇制成每1ml含0.2mg的溶液，即得。
Weigh accurately a quantity of 2,3,5,4’- tetrahydroxystibene-2-O-β-D-glucoside CRS, dissolve in dilute ethanol to produce a solution containing 0.2 mg per ml as the reference solution.

供试品溶液的制备 Test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.2g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入稀乙醇25ml，称定重量，加热回流30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用稀乙醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，静置，上清液滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Weigh accurately 0.2 g of the powder (through No. 4 sieve) to a stoppered conical flask, add accurately 25 ml of dilute ethanol and weigh, heat under reflux on a water bath for 30 minutes, allow to cool, weigh again, replenish the loss of the solvent with dilute ethanol and mix well, filter the supernatant and use the successive filtrate as test solution.

测定法 Procedure

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately inject 10 μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, into the column, determine and calculate the content.

本品按干燥品计算，含2，3，5，4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（C20H22O9）不得少于1.0%。
It contains not less than 1.0 per cent of 2,3,5,4'- tetrahydroxystibene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (C20H22O9) with reference to the dried drug.

结合蒽醌 Combined anthraquinone (CAQ)

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic system and system suitability

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（80：20）为流动相；检测波长为254nm。理论板数按大黄素峰计算应不低于3000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase and a mixture of methanol and 0.1% solution of phosphoric acid (80 : 20) as the mobile phase. As detector a spectro-photometer set at 254 nm. The number of theoretical plates of the column is not less than 3000, calculated with the reference to the peak of emodin.

对照品溶液的制备 Reference solution

取大黄素对照品、大黄素甲醚对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇分别制成每1ml含大黄素80μg，大黄素甲醚40μg的溶液，即得。
Weigh accurately emodin CRS and physcion CRS, respectively, and dissolve in methanol to produce a mixture containing 80 μg and 40 μg of each per ml as the reference solution.

供试品溶液的制备 Test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约1g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，糈密加入甲醇50ml，称定重量，加热回流1小时，取出，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液5ml作为供试品溶液A（测游离蔥醌用）。另精密量取续滤液25ml，置具塞锥形瓶中，水浴蒸干，精密加8%盐酸溶液20ml，超声处理（功率100W，频率40kHz）5分钟，加三氯甲烷20ml，水浴中加热回流1小时，取出，立即冷却，置分液漏斗中，用少量三氯甲烷洗涤容器，洗液并入分液漏斗中，分取三氯甲烷液，酸液再用三氯甲烷振摇提取3次，每次15ml，合并三氯甲烷液，回收溶剂至干，残渣加甲醇使溶解，转移至10ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，作为供试品溶液B（测总蒽醌用）。
Weigh accurately 1 g of the powder (through No. 4 sieve) to a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50 ml of methanol and weigh. Heat under reflux for 1 hour, cool and weigh again, replenish the loss of the solvent with methanol and mix well, filter, use the successive filtrate as the test solution A (for determination of free anthraquinone (FAQ). Measure accurately another more 25 ml of the successive filtrate to a stoppered conical flask, evaporate to dryness on a water bath, add accurately 20 ml of 8% solution of hydrochloric acid, ultrasonicate (powder, 100 W, frequency, 40 kHz) for 5 minutes, add 20 ml of chloroform, heat under reflux for 1 hour and cool immediately, then transfer to a separating funnel, wash the container with a small quantity of chloroform and combine the washings to the same separating funnel, separate the chloroform solution and extract the acidic solution again by shaking with three 15-ml quantities of chloroform, combine the chloroform solutions and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in methanol and transfer to a 10 ml volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, mix well, filter and use the successive filtrate as the test solution B ( for determination of total anthraquinones (TAQ).

测定法 Procedure

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与上述两种供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately inject 10 μl of each of the reference solution and the above two test solutions, respectively, into the column, and calculate the content.

结合蔥醌含量=总蔥醌含量-游离蔥醌含量
本品按干燥品计算，含结合蔥醌以大黄素（C15H10O5）和大黄素甲醚（C16H12O5）的总量计，不得少于0.10%。

饮片 Prepared slices

何首乌 Fleeceflower Root

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，稍浸，润透，切厚片或块，干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash, macerate shortly, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices or sections, and dry.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

苦、甘、涩，微温。归肝、心、肾经。
Mild warm; bitter, sweet and astringent. Liver, heart and kidney meridians.

功能与主治 Actions and Indications

解毒，消痈，截疟，润肠通便。用于疮痈，瘰疬，风疹瘙痒，久疟体虚，肠燥便秘。
To remove toxin, disperse abscesses, interrupt malaria, and moisten the intestines and open the bowels. Sore and abscess, scrofula, itching caused by rubella, weak constitution caused by long-term malaria, and constipation caused by intestinal dryness.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

3～6g。
3-6 g.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a dry place, and protect from moth.