甘草

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为豆科植物甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.、胀果甘草Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.或光果甘草Glycyrrhiza glabra L.的干燥根和根茎。春、秋二季采挖，除去须根，晒干。
Licorice Root and Rhizome is the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat., or Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fam. Leguminosae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from rootlets, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

甘草 Licorice Root

根呈圆柱形，长25～100 cm，直径0.6～3.5 cm。外皮松紧不一。表面红棕色或灰棕色，具显著的纵皱纹、沟纹、皮孔及稀疏的细根痕。质坚实，断面略显纤维性，黄白色，粉性，形成层环明显，射线放射状，有的有裂隙。根茎呈圆柱形，表面有芽痕，断面中部有髓。气微，味甜而特殊。
Roots cylindrical, 25-100 cm long, 0.6-3.5 cm in diameter. Outer surface reddish-brown or grayish-brown, with distinct longitudinal wrinkles, furrows, lenticels, and sparse fine root scars. Texture hard, fracture slightly fibrous, yellowish-white, powdery, cambium ring distinct, rays radiate, some with cracks. Rhizomes cylindrical, with bud scars on the surface, pith in the middle of the section. Odour, slight; taste, sweet and special.

胀果甘草 Glycyrrhiza Inflata

根和根茎木质粗壮，有的分枝，外皮粗糙，多灰棕色或灰褐色。质坚硬，木质纤维多，粉性小。根茎不定芽多而粗大。
Roots and rhizomes woody, stout, some branched, outer surface rough, mostly grayish-brown or grayish-brown. Texture hard, with abundant woody fibers, less powdery. Rhizomes with numerous and large adventitious buds.

光果甘草 Glycyrrhiza Glabra

根和根茎质地较坚实，有的分枝，外皮不粗糙，多灰棕色，皮孔细而不明显。
Roots and rhizomes relatively solid in texture, some branched, outer surface not rough, mostly grayish-brown, lenticels fine and inconspicuous.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：木栓层为数列棕色细胞。栓内层较窄。韧皮部射线宽广，多弯曲，常现裂隙；纤维多成束，非木化或微木化，周围薄壁细胞常含草酸钙方晶；筛管群常因压缩而变形。束内形成层明显。木质部射线宽3～5列细胞；导管较多，直径约至160 μm；木纤维成束，周围薄壁细胞亦含草酸钙方晶。根中心无髓；根茎中心有髓。
(1) Cross-section of the product: the cork layer is several rows of brown cells. The inner layer of the cork is narrower. The rays of the phloem are broad, curved and often fissured; the fibres are bundled, non-woody or slightly woody, and the surrounding thin-walled cells often contain calcium oxalate square crystals; the sieve tube cluster is often deformed by compression. Formation of layers in bundles is obvious. Xylem rays 3-5 cell rows wide; ducts more numerous, ca. to 160 μm in diameter; wood fibres in bundles, surrounding thin-walled cells also containing calcium oxalate square crystals. Root centre without pith; rhizome centre with pith.

粉末淡棕黄色。纤维成束，直径8～14μm，壁厚，微木化，周围薄壁细胞含草酸钙方晶，形成晶纤维。草酸钙方晶多见。具缘纹孔导管较大，稀有网纹导管。木栓细胞红棕色，多角形，微木化。
Light yellowish-brown. Fibers in bundles, 8-14 μm in diameter, thick-walled, slightly lignified, peripheral thin-walled cells containing calcium oxalate prisms, forming crystal fibers. Calcium oxalate prisms are commonly seen. Vessels with bordered pits are relatively large, and reticulate vessels are rare. Cork cells are reddish-brown and polygonal, slightly lignified.

（2）取本品粉末1 g，加乙醚40 ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，弃去醚液，药渣加甲醇30ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加水40 ml使溶解，用正丁醇提取3次，每次20 ml，合并正丁醇液，用水洗涤3次，弃去水液，正丁醇液蒸干，残渣加甲醇5 ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取甘草对照药材1 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取甘草酸单铵盐对照品，加甲醇制成每1 ml含2 mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各1～2 μl，分别点于同一用1%氢氧化钠溶液制备的硅胶G薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-甲酸-冰醋酸-水（15:1:1:2）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰，置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点；在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的橙黄色荧光斑点。
(2) To 1 g of the powder add 40 ml of ether, heat under reflux for 1 hour, filter, discard the ether, add 30 ml of methanol to the residue, heat under reflux for 1 hour, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 40 ml of water, extract with three 20 ml portions of n-butanol, combine the n-butanol extracts, wash with water three times, discard the water layer, evaporate the n-butanol to dryness, dissolve the residue in 5 ml of methanol as the test solution. Take 1 g of the reference drug of Licorice, prepare the reference drug solution in the same manner. Take Glycyrrhizic Acid Ammonium Salt CRS, dissolve it in methanol to produce a solution containing 2 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate, formic acid, glacial acetic acid, and water (15:1:1:2) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 1-2 μl of each of the above three solutions. After develop ing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug; the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过7.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 7.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

重金属及有害元素 Heavy metals and harmful elements

照铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法（通则2321原子吸收分光光度法或电感耦合等离子体质谱法）测定，铅不得过5 mg/kg；镉不得过1 mg/kg；砷不得过2 mg/kg；汞不得过0.2 mg/kg；铜不得过20 mg/kg。
Determine according to the method for determination of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and copper <2321, atomic absorption spectrophotometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry>. The lead content should not exceed 5 mg/kg; the cadmium content should not exceed 1 mg/kg; the arsenic content should not exceed 2 mg/kg; the mercury content should not exceed 0.2 mg/kg; the copper content should not exceed 20 mg/kg.

其他有机氯类农药残留量 Residue of other organochlorine pesticides

照农药残留量测定法（通则2341有机氯类农药残留量测定－第一法）测定。
Determine according to the method for determination of pesticide residues <2341, determination of organochlorine pesticide residues - method 1>.

含五氯硝基苯不得过0.1 mg/kg。
The content of pentachloronitrobenzene should not exceed 0.1mg/kg.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine according to the method of high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以0.05%磷酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；检测波长为237 nm。理论板数按甘草苷峰计算应不低于5000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile as mobile phase A and 0.05% phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase B. Perform gradient elution according to the specified conditions in the table; detect at a wavelength of 237 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of glycyrrhizin should not be less than 5000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取甘草苷对照品、甘草酸铵对照品适量，精密称定，加70%乙醇分别制成每1 ml含甘草苷20 μg、甘草酸铵0.2 mg的溶液，即得（甘草酸重量=甘草酸铵重量/1.0207）。
Take an appropriate amount of glycyrrhizin reference substance and ammonium glycyrrhizate reference substance, accurately weigh, and add 70% ethanol to prepare a solution containing 20 μg of glycyrrhizin and 0.2 mg of ammonium glycyrrhizate per 1 ml (the weight of glycyrrhizic acid = weight of ammonium glycyrrhizate / 1.0207).

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约0.2 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入70%乙醇100 ml，密塞，称定重量，超声处理（功率250 W，频率40 kHz）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用70%乙醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.2 g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 100 ml of 70% ethanol, seal the flask, weigh, subject to ultrasonic treatment (power 250 W, frequency 40 kHz) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with 70% ethanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate to obtain the test solution.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 10 μl of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine to obtain the results.

本品按干燥品计算，含甘草苷（C21H22O9）不得少于0.50%，甘草酸（C42H62O16）不得少于2.0%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of glycyrrhizin (C21H22O9) should not be less than 0.50%, and the content of glycyrrhizic acid (C42H62O16) should not be less than 2.0%.

饮片 Prepared slices

甘草片 Licorice slices

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Remove impurities from licorice, wash it, soak it until it is thoroughly wet, cut it into thick slices, and dry it.

性状 Appearance

本品呈类圆形或椭圆形的厚片。外表皮红棕色或灰棕色，具纵皱纹。切面略显纤维性，中心黄白色，有明显放射状纹理及形成层环。质坚实，具粉性。气微，味甜而特殊。
This product is in the form of circular or elliptical thick slices. The outer surface is reddish-brown or grayish-brown with longitudinal wrinkles. The cut surface is slightly fibrous, with a yellowish-white center and obvious radial texture and formation layer. The texture is solid and powdery. The odor is slight and the taste is sweet and distinctive.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材。
Same as the medicinal material.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材，不得过5.0%。
Not more than 5.0 per cent.

重金属及有害元素 Heavy metals and harmful elements

同药材。
Same as the medicinal material.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材，含甘草苷（C21H22O9）不得少于0.45%，甘草酸（C42H62O16）不得少于1.8%
Same as the medicinal material, the content of glycyrrhizin (C21H22O9) should not be less than 0.45%, and the content of glycyrrhizic acid (C42H62O16) should not be less than 1.8%.

鉴别 Identification

（除横切面外）同药材。
(Except for the cross section) Same as the medicinal material.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归心、肺、脾、胃经。
Attributed to the heart, lung, spleen and stomach meridians.

功能 Actions

补脾益气，清热解毒，祛痰止咳，缓急止痛，调和诸药。
Tonify the spleen and invigorate qi, clear heat and detoxify, resolve phlegm and relieve cough, alleviate urgency and pain, and harmonize various medicines.

主治 Indications

用于脾胃虚弱，倦怠乏力，心悸气短，咳嗽痰多，脘腹、四肢挛急疼痛，痈肿疮毒，缓解药物毒性、烈性。
Used for weak spleen and stomach, fatigue and weakness, palpitations and shortness of breath, cough with abundant phlegm, pain in the epigastrium and limbs, carbuncle and swelling, relieve drug toxicity and strong toxicity.

用量 Dosage

2～10 g.
2-10 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

注意 Precautions

不宜与海藻、京大戟、红大戟、甘遂、芫花同用。
It should not be used together with seaweed, Euphorbia kansui, Euphorbia fischeriana, Euphorbia pekinensis, and Flos Genkwa.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and protect against moth.

甘草

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为豆科植物甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.、胀果甘草Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.或光果甘草Glycyrrhiza glabra L.的干燥根和根茎。春、秋二季采挖，除去须根，晒干。
Liquorice Root is the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. or Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fam. Leguminosae). The drug is collected in spring or autumn, removed from rootlet, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

甘草 根呈圆柱形，长25～100cm，直径0.6～3.5cm。外皮松紧不一。表面红棕色或灰棕色，具显著的纵皱纹、沟纹、皮孔及稀疏的细根痕。质坚实，断面略显纤维性，黄白色，粉性，形成层环明显，射线放射状，有的有裂隙。根茎呈圆柱形，表面有芽痕，断面中部有髓。气微，味甜而特殊。
Root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Roots cylindrical, 25-100 cm long, 0.6-3.5 cm in diameter. The outer bark loose or tight. Externally reddish-brown or greyish-brown, obviously longitudinally wrinkled, furrowed, lenticel-like protruded, and with sparse rootlet scars. Texture compact, fracture slightly fibrous, yellowish-white, starchy, cambium ring distinct, rays radiate, some with clefts. Rhizomes cylindrical, externally with bud scars, pith present in the centre of fracture. Odour, slight; taste, sweet and characteristic.

胀果甘草
根和根茎木质粗壮，有的分枝，外皮粗糙，多灰棕色或灰褐色。质坚硬，木质纤维多，粉性小。根茎不定芽多而粗大。

光果甘草
根和根茎质地较坚实，有的分枝，外皮不粗糙，多灰棕色，皮孔细而不明显。

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：木栓层为数列棕色细胞。栓内层较窄。韧皮部射线宽广，多弯曲，常现裂隙；纤维多成束，非木化或微木化，周围薄壁细胞常含草酸钙方晶；筛管群常因压缩而变形。束内形成层明显。木质部射线宽3～5列细胞；导管较多，直径约至160μm；木纤维成束，周围薄壁细胞亦含草酸钙方晶。根中心无髓；根茎中心有髓。
Powder: Pale brownish-yellow.Fibres in bundles, 8-14 μm in diameter, thick-walled, slightly lignified, surrounded by parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate, forming crystal fibres.Prisms of calcium oxalate frequent.Bordered pitted vessels large, reticulated vessels rare.Cork cells reddish-brown, polygonal, slightly lignified.

（2）取本品粉末1g，加乙醚40ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，弃去醚液，药渣加甲醇30ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加水40ml使溶解，用正丁醇提取3次，每次20ml，合并正丁醇液，用水洗涤3次，弃去水液，正丁醇液蒸干，残渣加甲醇5ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取甘草对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取甘草酸单铵盐对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含2mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各1～2μl，分别点于同一用1%氢氧化钠溶液制备的硅胶G薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-甲酸-冰醋酸-水（15：1：1：2）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点；在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的橙黄色荧光斑点。
To 1 g of the powder, add 40 ml of ether, heat under reflux for 1 hour, filter and discard the ether solution.Heat the residue under reflux in 30 ml of methanol on a water bath for 1 hour and filter.Evaporate the filtrate to dryness and dissolve the residue in 40 ml of water.Extract the aqueous solution with three 20-ml quantities of n-butanol.Combine the n-butanol solutions, wash with water for 3 times, discard the washings, evaporate the n-butanol solution on a water bath to dryness, dissolve the residue in 5 ml of methanol as the test solution.Prepare a solution of 1 g of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma reference drug in the same manner as the reference drug solution.Dissolve ammonium glycyrrhizinate CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 2 mg per ml as the reference solution.Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G mixed with 1% solution of sodium hydroxide as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate, formic acid, glacial acetic acid and water (15:1:1:2) as the mobile phase.Apply separately to the plate 1-2 μl of each of the above three solutions.After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air.Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol.Heat at 105℃ to visualize clearly, and examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm.The fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots obtained with the reference drug solution; an orange fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过7.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 7.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

重金属及有害元素 Heavy metals and harmful elements

照铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法（通则2321原子吸收分光光度法或电感耦合等离子体质谱法）测定，铅不得过5mg/kg；镉不得过0.3mg/kg；砷不得过2mg/kg；汞不得过0.2mg/kg；铜不得过20mg/kg。
Carry out the methods for determination of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and copper <2321, atomic absorption spectro-photometry, or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry>. Not more than 5 mg/kg of lead, 0.3 mg/kg of cadmium, 2 mg/kg of arsenic, 0.2 mg/ kg of mercury and 20 mg/kg of copper.

有机氯农药残留量 Residual organochlorine pesticides

照农药残留量测定法（通则2341有机氯类农药残留量测定——第一法）测定。
含总六六六（α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、δ-BHC之和）不得过0.2mg/kg；总滴滴涕（pp'-DDE、pp'-DDD、op'-DDT、pp'-DDT之和）不得过0.2mg/kg；五氯硝基苯不得过0.1mg/kg。

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
色谱条件与系统适用性试验
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以0.05%磷酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；检测波长为237nm。理论板数按甘草苷峰计算应不低于5000。

时间(分钟) 流动相A(%) 流动相B(%)

0～8
19
81
8～35
19→50
81→50
35～36
50→100
50→0
36～40
100→19
0→81

对照品溶液的制备
取甘草苷对照品、甘草酸铵对照品适量，精密称定，加70%乙醇分别制成每1ml含甘草苷20μg、甘草酸铵0.2mg的溶液，即得（甘草酸重量=甘草酸铵重量/1.0207）。

甘草片 Gancao Pian

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dry.

检查 Examination

总灰分 | Total ash

同药材，不得过5.0%。
Not more than 5.0% following the method for the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，含甘草苷（C21H22O9）不得少于0.45%，甘草酸（C42H62O16）不得少于1.8%。
It contains not less than 0.45% of liquiritin (C21H22O9) and 1.8% of glycyrrhizic acid (C42H62O16) following the method for the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

（除横切面外）【检查】（水分、重金属及有害元素）同药材。
As required for the crude drug except for the transverse section. Water, heavy metals, and harmful elements as required for the crude drug.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

甘，平。归心、肺、脾、胃经。
Neutral; sweet. Meridian tropism: Heart, lung, spleen, and stomach meridians.

功能与主治 Actions

补脾益气，清热解毒，祛痰止咳，缓急止痛，调和诸药。
To tonify spleen, tonify qi, clear heat, remove toxin, dispel phlegm, suppress cough, relax spasm, relieve pain, and moderate drug actions.

主治 Indications

用于脾胃虚弱，倦怠乏力，心悸气短，咳嗽痰多，脘腹、四肢挛急疼痛，痈肿疮毒，缓解药物毒性、烈性。
Spleen-stomach weakness, fatigue, lack of strength, palpitations, shortness of breath, cough and profuse sputum, painful spasm in the stomach duct, abdomen and limbs, swelling abscess, sore, skin infections, and reducing the other drugs' toxin and drastic action.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

2～10g。
2-10 g.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

不宜与海藻、京大戟、红大戟、甘遂、芫花同用。
Incompatible with Sargassum, Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix, Knoxiae Radix, Kansui Radix (Genkwa Flos).

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place, and protect from moth.