升麻

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为毛茛科植物大三叶升麻Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom.、兴安升麻Cimicifuga dahurica（Turcz.）Maxim.或升麻Cimicifuga foetida L.的干燥根茎。秋季采挖，除去泥沙，晒至须根干时，燎去或除去须根，晒干。
Cimicifuga Rhizome is the dried rhizome and root of Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom., Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim., or Cimicifuga foetida L. (Fam. Ranunculaceae). The drug is collected in autumn, removed from soil, dried in the sun until the fibrous roots are dry, and then singed or removed.

性状 Description

本品为不规则的长形块状，多分枝，呈结节状，长10～20 cm，直径2～4 cm。表面黑褐色或棕褐色，粗糙不平，有坚硬的细须根残留，上面有数个圆形空洞的茎基痕，洞内壁显网状沟纹；下面凹凸不平，具须根痕。体轻，质坚硬，不易折断，断面不平坦，有裂隙，纤维性，黄绿色或淡黄白色。气微，味微苦而涩。
Rhizomes irregularly long-shaped, frequently branched, nodular, 10-20 cm long, 2-4 cm in diameter; surface blackish-brown or brownish-brown, rough and uneven, with hard, fine fibrous root remnants, several circular stem base scars on the upper surface, with reticulate furrows on the inner wall of the scars; lower surface uneven, with fibrous root scars. Light in weight, hard in texture, not easily broken, uneven in fracture, with cracks, fibrous, yellowish-green or pale yellowish-white. Odour, slight; taste, slightly bitter and astringent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄棕色。后生皮层细胞黄棕色，表面观呈类多角形，有的垂周壁及平周壁瘤状增厚，突入胞腔。木纤维多，散在，细长，纹孔口斜裂缝状或相交成人字形或十字形。韧皮纤维多散在或成束，呈长梭形，孔沟明显。
(1) The powder is yellowish-brown. The cells of the secondary cortex are yellowish-brown, and the surface appears to be polygonal, with some periclinal and anticlinal walls forming lumpy thickenings that protrude into the cell cavity. Many wood fibers are scattered, slender, with oblique cracks or intersecting into a herringbone or cross shape at the mouth of the pits. Many bast fibers are scattered or in bundles, elongated, with distinct pits and grooves.

（2）取本品粉末1 g，加乙醇50 ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加乙醇1 ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取升麻对照药材1 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取阿魏酸对照品、异阿魏酸对照品，加乙醇制成每1 ml各含1 mg的混合溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各5 μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以环己烷-乙酸乙酯-冰醋酸（7:2:1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
(2) Take 1 g of the powder, add 50 ml of ethanol, heat under reflux for 1 hour, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of ethanol as the test solution. Take 1 g of the reference drug of Cimicifuga Rhizome, prepare the reference drug solution in the same manner. Take the reference substances of ferulic acid and isoferulic acid, dissolve them in ethanol to produce a mixed solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, and glacial acetic acid (7:2:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5 μl of each of the above three solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug and the ref erence solution.

检查 Examination

杂质 Impurities

不得过5%（通则2301）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2301>.

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过8.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过4.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 4.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于17.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent,not less than 17.0 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for determination of content by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（13:87）为流动相；检测波长为316 nm。理论板数按异阿魏酸峰计算应不低于5000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (13:87) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 316 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of ferulic acid should not be less than 5000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取异阿魏酸对照品适量，精密称定，置棕色量瓶中，加10%乙醇制成每1 ml含异阿魏酸20 μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of ferulic acid reference substance, accurately weigh it, place it in a brown volumetric flask, and add 10% ethanol to make a solution containing 20 μg of ferulic acid per 1 ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过二号筛）约0.5 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入10%乙醇25 ml，密塞，称定重量，加热回流2.5小时，放冷，再称定重量，用10%乙醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.5 g of the powder of this medicinal material (passed through a No. 2 sieve), accurately weigh it, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 25 ml of 10% ethanol, seal the flask, weigh it, heat it under reflux for 2.5 hours, cool it, weigh it again, make up for the weight lost with 10% ethanol, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate to obtain the test solution.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately draw 10 μl of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine the content.

本品按干燥品计算，含异阿魏酸（C10H10O4）不得少于0.10%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of ferulic acid (C10H10O4) should not be less than 0.10%.

饮片 Prepared slices

升麻 Cimicifuga Rhizome

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，略泡，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Eliminate impurities, soak briefly, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dry in the sun.

性状 Description

本品为不规则的厚片，厚2～4 mm。外表面黑褐色或棕褐色，粗糙不平，有的可见须根痕或坚硬的细须根残留，切面黄绿色或淡黄白色，具有网状或放射状纹理。体轻，质硬，纤维性。气微，味微苦而涩。
This product is irregular thick slices, 2~4 mm thick. the outer surface is blackish brown or brownish brown, rough and uneven, some visible fibrous root scars or hard fine fibrous root residues, the cut surface is yellowish green or light yellowish white, with reticulate or radial texture. Light, hard, fibrous. Gas faint, taste slightly bitter and astringent.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过11.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not more than 11.0%.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材，不得过6.5%。
Same as the crude drug, not more than 6.5%.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

同药材，不得过1.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not more than 1.0%.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

微寒。
Slightly cold.

味 Flavor

辛、微甘。
Pungent, slightly sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、脾、胃、大肠经。
Lung, spleen, stomach, and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

发表透疹，清热解毒，升举阳气。
To promote eruption and transparency, clear heat and detoxify, and lift and raise yang qi.

主治 Indications

用于风热头痛，齿痛，口疮，咽喉肿痛，麻疹不透，阳毒发斑，脱肛，子宫脱垂。
Used for headache due to wind-heat, toothache, mouth ulcers, swollen and painful throat, measles not erupting, eruption of toxic heat, prolapse of anus, and prolapse of uterus.

用量 Dosage

3～10 g。
3-10 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place.

升麻

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为毛茛科植物大三叶升麻Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom.、兴安升麻Cimicifuga dahurica （Turcz.）Maxim.或升麻Cimicifuga foetida L.的干燥根茎。秋季采挖，除去泥沙，晒至须根干时，燎去或除去须根，晒干。
Largetrifoliolious Bugbane Rhizome is the dried rhizome of Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom., Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim, or Cimi-cifuga foetida L, ( Fam. Ranunculaceae). The drug is collected in autumn, removed from soil and fibrous root, and then dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品为不规则的长形块状，多分枝，呈结节状，长10～20cm，直径2～4cm。表面黑褐色或棕褐色，粗糙不平，有坚硬的细须根残留，上面有数个圆形空洞的茎基痕，洞内壁显网状沟纹；下面凹凸不平，具须根痕。体轻，质坚硬，不易折断，断面不平坦，有裂隙，纤维性，黄绿色或淡黄白色。气微，味微苦而涩。
Irregular long pieces, frequently branched, nodular, 10-20 cm long, 2-4 cm in diameter. Externally blackish-brown or brown, rough and uneven, with remains of many wiry fibrous roots, the upper part showing several round and hollow remains of stems, the inner walls of the hole with reticulate furrows, and the lower part lumpy, with fibrous root scars. Texture light and hard, uneasily broken, fracture uneven, cracked, fibrous, yellowish-green or yellowish-white. Odour, slight； taste, slightly bitter and astringent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄棕色。后生皮层细胞黄棕色，表面观呈类多角形，有的垂周壁及平周壁瘤状增厚，突入胞腔。木纤维多，散在，细长，纹孔口斜裂缝状或相交成人字形或十字形。韧皮纤维多散在或成束，呈长梭形，孔沟明显。
（2）取本品粉末1g，加乙醇50ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加乙醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取阿魏酸对照品、异阿魏酸对照品，加乙醇制成每1ml各含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各10μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以苯-三氯甲烷-冰醋酸（6：1：0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。

检查 Examination

杂质 Foreign matter

不得过5%（通则2301）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent<2301>.

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent<0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过8.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent<2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过4.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 4.0 per cent<2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于17.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201, the hot extraction method>, using dilute ethanol as the solvent, not less than 17.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic system and system suitability

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（13：87）为流动相；检测波长为316nm。理论板数按异阿魏酸峰计算应不低于5000。
Use octa-decylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase and a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% solution of phosphoric acid (13 : 87) as the mobile phase. As detector a spectro-photometer set at 316 nm. The number of theoretical plates of the column is not less than 5000, calculated with reference to the peak of isoferulic acid.

对照品溶液的制备 Reference solution

取异阿魏酸对照品适量，精密称定，置棕色量瓶中，加10%乙醇制成每1ml含异阿魏酸20μg的溶液，即得。
Dissolve a quantity of isoferulic acid CRS, accurately weighed, in a brown volumetric flask, with 10% ethanol to produce a solution containing 20 μg per ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Test solution

取本品粉末（过二号筛）约0.5g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入10%乙醇25ml，密塞，称定重量，加热回流2.5小时，放冷，再称定重量，用10%乙醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Weigh accurately 0.5 g of the powder (through No.2 sieve), in a stoppered conical flask, add accurately 25 ml of 10% ethanol, and weigh. Heat under reflux for 2.5 hours, cool and weigh again. Replenish the loss of the weight with 10% ethanol, mix well, filter and use the successive filtrate as the test solution.

测定法 Procedure

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Inject accurately 10 μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, into the column, and calculate the content.

本品按干燥品计算，含异阿魏酸（C10H10O4）不得少于0.10%。
It contains not less than 0.10 per cent of isoferulic acid (C10H10O4) , calculated with reference to the dried drug.

饮片 Prepared slices

升麻 Largetrifoliolious Bugbane

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，略泡，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Eliminate Foreign matter, soak briefly, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dry.

性 Property

微寒。
Mild cold.

味 Flavor

辛、微甘。
Pungent and mild sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、脾、胃、大肠经。
Lung, spleen, stomach and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

发表透疹，清热解毒，升举阳气。
To effuse the exterior, promote eruption, clear heat, remove toxin, and upraise yang qi.

主治 Indications

用于风热头痛，齿痛，口疮，咽喉肿痛，麻疹不透，阳毒发斑，脱肛，子宫脱垂。
Wind-heat headache, toothache, mouth sore, swelling and sore of throat, unerupted measles, macula and papule caused by yang toxin, prolapse of the rectum, and uterine prolapse.

用量 Dosage

3～10g。
3-10 g.

用法 Administration

无特殊要求。
No special requirements.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place.