五倍子

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为漆树科植物盐肤木Rhus chinensis Mill.、青麸杨Rhus potaninii Maxim.或红麸杨Rhus punjabensis Stew. var. sinica（Diels）Rehd. et Wils.叶上的虫瘿，主要由五倍子蚜Melaphis chinensis（Bell）Baker寄生而形成。秋季采摘，置沸水中略煮或蒸至表面呈灰色，杀死蚜虫，取出，干燥。按外形不同，分为“肚倍”和“角倍”。
Chinese Gall is the insect gall on the leaves of Rhus chinensis Mill., Rhus potaninii Maxim., or Rhus punjabensis Stew. var. sinica (Diels) Rehd. et Wils. It is mainly formed by the parasitism of Melaphis chinensis (Bell) Baker on the plants. It is harvested in autumn, briefly boiled or steamed in boiling water until the surface turns gray to kill the aphids, removed, and dried. It is classified into "Dubei" and "Jiaobei" according to different shapes.

性状 Description

肚倍 Dubei

呈长圆形或纺锤形囊状，长2.5～9 cm，直径1.5～4 cm。表面灰褐色或灰棕色，微有柔毛。质硬而脆，易破碎，断面角质样，有光泽，壁厚0.2～0.3 cm，内壁平滑，有黑褐色死蚜虫及灰色粉状排泄物。气特异，味涩。
It is elongated or spindle-shaped, measuring 2.5-9 cm in length and 1.5-4 cm in diameter. The surface is grayish-brown or grayish-brown with slight pubescence. It is hard and brittle, easily broken, with a horny texture and a glossy surface. The wall is 0.2-0.3 cm thick, the inner wall is smooth, and there are blackish-brown dead aphids and grayish powdery excreta. It has a distinctive odor and astringent taste.

角倍 Jiaobei

呈菱形，具不规则的钝角状分枝，柔毛较明显，壁较薄。
It is diamond-shaped with irregular blunt-angled branches and more obvious pubescence. The wall is thinner.

鉴别 Identification

取本品粉末0.5 g，加甲醇5 ml，超声处理15分钟，滤过，滤液作为供试品溶液。另取五倍子对照药材0.5 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取没食子酸对照品，加甲醇制成每1 ml含1 mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各2 μl，分别点于同一硅胶GF254薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲酸乙酯-甲酸（5∶5∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（254 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
To 0.5 g of the powder add 5 ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 15 minutes, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Take 0.5 g of the reference drug of Chinese Gall, and prepare a solution of the reference drug using the same method. Take gallic acid CRS, add methanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel GF254 as the coating substance and a mixture of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (5:5:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2 μl of each of the above three solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 254 nm. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过3.5%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.5 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

鞣质 Tannins

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.2 g，精密称定，照鞣质含量测定法（通则2202）测定，即得。
Take about 0.2 g of the powder (passed through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh, and determine according to the method for determination of tannins <2202>.

本品按干燥品计算，含鞣质不得少于50.0%。
Calculated on the dried basis, the content of tannins shall not be less than 50.0 per cent.

没食子酸 Gallic acid

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（15∶85）为流动相；检测波长为273 nm。理论板数按没食子酸峰计算应不低于3000。
Using octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the filler; using methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (15:85) as the mobile phase; the detection wavelength is 273 nm. The theoretical number of plates calculated based on the peak of gallic acid should not be less than 3000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取没食子酸对照品适量，精密称定，加50%甲醇制成每1 ml含40 μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of gallic acid reference substance, accurately weigh, add 50% methanol to make a solution containing 40 μg per 1 ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.5 g，精密称定，精密加入4 mol/L盐酸溶液50 ml，水浴中加热水解3.5小时，放冷，滤过。精密量取续滤液1 ml，置100 ml量瓶中，加50%甲醇至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.5 g of the powder (passed through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh, add 50 ml of 4 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, heat in a water bath for 3.5 hours, cool, and filter. Accurately take 1 ml of the filtrate, place it in a 100 ml volumetric flask, add 50% methanol to the mark, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 10 μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含鞣质以没食子酸（C7H6O5）计，不得少于50.0%。
Calculated on the dried basis, the content of tannins shall not be less than 50.0 per cent, calculated as gallic acid (C7H6O5).

饮片 Prepared slices

五倍子 Gallnut

炮制 Processing

敲开，除去杂质。
Crack open, remove impurities.

性状 Appearance

本品呈不规则碎片状。表面灰褐色或灰棕色，微有柔毛，内壁光滑。质硬而脆，断面角质样，有光泽。气特异，味涩。
The product is irregular fragments. The surface is grayish-brown or grayish-brown with slight pubescence, and the inner wall is smooth. The texture is hard and brittle, and the fracture surface is horny with luster. It has a peculiar odor and astringent taste.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

毒性 Toxicity

无。
None.

味 Flavor

酸、涩。
Sour, astringent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、大肠、肾经。
Meridian tropism: Lung, large intestine, and kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

敛肺降火，涩肠止泻，敛汗，止血，收湿敛疮。
Astringe the lung and reduce fire, astringe the intestines and stop diarrhea, astringe sweat, stop bleeding, and dry dampness to heal sores.

主治 Indications

用于肺虚久咳，肺热痰嗽，久泻久痢，自汗盗汗，消渴，便血痔血，外伤出血，痈肿疮毒，皮肤湿烂。
Used for chronic cough due to lung deficiency, lung heat with phlegm cough, chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, diabetes, hemorrhoids with bleeding, bleeding due to external injury, carbuncle and swelling, sores and toxins, and damp sores on the skin.

用量 Dosage

3～6 g。
3-6 g.

用法 Administration

外用适量。
For external use, an appropriate amount.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防压。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and protect from pressure.

五倍子

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为漆树科植物盐肤木Rhus chinensis Mill.、青麸杨Rhus potaninii Maxim.或红麸杨Rhus punjabensis Stew. var. sinica（Diels）Rehd. et Wils.叶上的虫瘿，主要由五倍子蚜Melaphis chinensis（Bell）Baker寄生而形成。秋季采摘，置沸水中略煮或蒸至表面呈灰色，杀死蚜虫，取出，干燥。按外形不同，分为“肚倍”和“角倍”。
Chinese Gall is the gall produced mainly by parasitic aphids of Melaphis chinensis (Bell Baker on the leaf of Rhus chinensis Mill., Rhus potaninii Maxim. or Rhus punjabensis Stew. var. sinica (Diels) Rehd. et Wils. (Fam. Anacardiaceae). The drug is collected in autumn, boiled in water for a moment or steamed until its outer surface shows grey so as to kill the aphids, and then taken out. According to its form the drug is divided into “Dubei'”and“Jiaobei”.

性状 Description

肚倍
呈长圆形或纺锤形囊状，长2.5～9cm，直径1.5～4cm。表面灰褐色或灰棕色，微有柔毛。质硬而脆，易破碎，断面角质样，有光泽，壁厚0.2～0.3cm，内壁平滑，有黑褐色死蚜虫及灰色粉状排泄物。气特异，味涩。

角倍
呈菱形，具不规则的钝角状分枝，柔毛较明显，壁较薄。

鉴别 Identification

取本品粉末0.5g，加甲醇5ml，超声处理15分钟，滤过，滤液作为供试品溶液。另取五倍子对照药材0.5g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取没食子酸对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各2μl，分别点于同一硅胶GF254薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲酸乙酯-甲酸（5：5：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（254nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
To 0.5 g of the powder add 5 ml methanol, ultrasonicate for 15 minutes, filter and the filtrate is used as the test solution. Prepare a solution of Galla Chinensis reference drug in the same manner as the reference drug solution. Dissolve gallic acid CRS in mathanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography <0502>, using silica gel GF254 as the coating substance and a mixture of chloroform, ethyl formate and formic acid (5 : 5 : 1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2 μl each of the solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air, and examine under ultraviolet light at 254 nm. The fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the fluorescent spots obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过3.5%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.5 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

鞣质
取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.2g，精密称定，照鞣质含量测定法（通则2202）测定，即得。

饮片 Prepared slices

五倍子 Chinese Gall

炮制 Processing

敲开，除去杂质。
Break and eliminate foreign matter.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

味 Flavor

酸、涩。
Sour and astringent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、大肠、肾经。
Lung, large intestine, and kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

敛肺降火，涩肠止泻，敛汗，止血，收湿敛疮。
To astrmge the lung, downbear fire, astringe the intestines and stop diarrhea, stop sweating, stanch bleeding, drain dampness and promote wound healing.

主治 Indications

用于肺虚久咳，肺热痰嗽，久泻久痢，自汗盗汗，消渴，便血痔血，外伤出血，痈肿疮毒，皮肤湿烂。
Chronic cough caused by lung deficiency, expectoration of phlegm, cough caused by lung-heat, chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery, spontaneous sweating, night sweating, diabetes, bloody stool caused by hemorrhoid bleeding, traumatic bleeding, swelling abscess, sore and toxin, and damp ulceration of skin.

用量 Dosage

3～6g。外用适量。
3-6 g. Appropriate amount for topical application.

用法 Administration

后下。
Add when the decoction is nearly done.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防压。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place, and protect from pressure.