川乌

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为毛茛科植物乌头Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.的干燥母根。6月下旬至8月上旬采挖，除去子根、须根及泥沙，晒干。
Aconite Root is the dried root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. (Fam. Ranunculaceae). The drug is collected in late June to early August, removed from the fibrous roots, rootlets and soil, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的圆锥形，稍弯曲，顶端常有残茎，中部多向一侧膨大，长2～7.5 cm，直径1.2～2.5 cm。表面棕褐色或灰棕色，皱缩，有小瘤状侧根及子根脱离后的痕迹。质坚实，断面类白色或浅灰黄色，形成层环纹呈多角形。气微，味辛辣、麻舌。
Roots irregularly conical, slightly curved, with the remains of stem at the apex; often enlarged on one side in the middle, 2-7.5 cm long, 1.2-2.5 cm in diameter. Surface brownish-brown or greyish-brown, wrinkled, with small tuberous lateral roots and traces of detached rootlets. Texture hard and solid; fracture white or pale greyish-yellow, showing concentric rings. Odour, slight; taste, pungent and tingling on the tongue.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：后生皮层为棕色木栓化细胞；皮层薄壁组织偶见石细胞，单个散在或数个成群，类长方形、方形或长椭圆形，胞腔较大；内皮层不甚明显。韧皮部散有筛管群；内侧偶见纤维束。形成层类多角形。其内外侧偶有1至数个异型维管束。木质部导管多列，呈径向或略呈“V”形排列。髓部明显。薄壁细胞充满淀粉粒。
(1) Transverse section of this product: posterior cortex with brown corky cells; cortical thin-walled tissue with occasional stone cells, scattered singly or in groups of several, oblong, square or long ellipsoid, with large cell lumen; endodermis not very distinct. Phloem with scattered clusters of sieve tubes; fibre bundles occasionally seen medially. Formation layer polygonal. Its inner and outer sides occasionally have one to several heterogeneous vascular bundles. Xylem ducts multiseriate, arranged radially or slightly "V"-shaped. The pith is obvious. Thin-walled cells filled with starch grains.

粉末 灰黄色。淀粉粒单粒球形、长圆形或肾形，直径3～22 μm；复粒由2～15分粒组成。石细胞近无色或淡黄绿色，呈类长方形、类方形、多角形或一边斜尖，直径49～117 μm，长113～280 μm，壁厚4～13 μm，壁厚者层纹明显，纹孔较稀疏。后生皮层细胞棕色，有的壁呈瘤状增厚突入细胞腔。导管淡黄色，主为具缘纹孔，直径29～70 μm，末端平截或短尖，穿孔位于端壁或侧壁，有的导管分子粗短拐曲或纵横连接。
Powder Grey-yellow. Starch granules single spherical, oblong or reniform, 3-22 μm in diameter; compound granules composed of 2-15 fractions. The stone cells are nearly colourless or yellowish green, oblong-like, square-like, polygonal, or obliquely pointed on one side, with a diameter of 49-117 μm, a length of 113-280 μm, and a wall thickness of 4-13 μm; those with a thicker wall have obvious laminar lines, and the pores of the laminae are more sparse. Posterior cortical cells brown, some with verrucous thickened walls protruding into the cell lumen. The ducts are yellowish, mainly with ciliated pores, 29～70 μm in diameter, with truncated or mucronate ends, and perforations located in the end wall or side wall, some duct molecules are stubby and short inflected or longitudinally connected.

（2）取本品粉末5 g，加氨试液2 ml润湿，加乙醚30 ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液挥干，残渣加二氯甲烷1 ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取乌头双酯型生物碱对照提取物，加异丙醇-三氯甲烷（1∶1）混合溶液制成每1 ml各含3 mg的混合溶液，作为对照提取物溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10 μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正己烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇（6.4∶3.6∶1）为展开剂，置氨蒸气预饱和20分钟的展开缸内，展开，取出，晾干，喷以稀碘化铋钾试液，置日光下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照提取物色谱相应位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) Take 5 g of the powder, add 2 ml of ammonia test solution to wet, add 30 ml of ether, ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes, filtered, filtrate evaporated, residue add 1 ml of dichloromethane to dissolve, as a test solution. Another aconite alkaloid control extract, add isopropanol-trichloromethane (1:1) mixed solution to make each 1 ml contains 3 mg of mixed solution, as a control extract solution. According to the thin layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the above two solutions of 10 μl, respectively, point in the same silica gel G thin layer plate, hexane - ethyl acetate - methanol (6.4:3.6:1) as the unfolding agent, placed in the ammonia vapour pre-saturated for 20 minutes in the unfolding cylinder, unfolded, removed, dried, sprayed with dilute bismuth potassium iodide test solution, and placed in the sunlight to check. In the chromatogram of the test material, the spots of the same colour are shown on the corresponding position with the chromatogram of the control extract.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过9.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以0.2%冰醋酸溶液（三乙胺调节pH值至6.20）为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；检测波长为235 nm。理论板数按新乌头碱峰计算应不低于2000。
Use octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile as mobile phase A and 0.2% acetic acid solution (adjusted to pH 6.20 with triethylamine) as mobile phase B. Perform gradient elution according to the specified conditions in the table; detect at a wavelength of 235 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of aconitine should not be less than 2000.

对照提取物溶液的制备 Preparation of reference extract solution

取乌头双酯型生物碱对照提取物（已标示新乌头碱、次乌头碱和乌头碱的含量）20 mg，精密称定，置10 ml量瓶中，加0.01%盐酸甲醇溶液使溶解并稀释至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Take 20 mg of reference extract of aconitine diester alkaloids (with indicated content of aconitine, mesaconitine, and hypaconitine), accurately weigh, place in a 10 ml volumetric flask, dissolve with 0.01% hydrochloric acid methanol solution and dilute to the mark, shake well, and obtain the solution.

标准曲线的制备 Preparation of standard curve

精密量取上述对照提取物溶液各1 ml，分别置2 ml、5 ml、10 ml、25 ml量瓶中，加0.01%盐酸甲醇溶液稀释至刻度，摇匀。分别精密量取对照提取物溶液及上述系列浓度对照提取物溶液各10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，以对照提取物中相当于新乌头碱、次乌头碱和乌头碱的浓度为横坐标，相应色谱峰的峰面积值为纵坐标，绘制标准曲线。
Accurately take 1 ml of the above-mentioned reference extract solution, place them in separate 2 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, and 25 ml volumetric flasks, dilute with 0.01% hydrochloric acid methanol solution to the mark, shake well. Accurately take 10 μl of the reference extract solution and the series of concentration reference extract solutions, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine. Plot the standard curve with the concentration of aconitine, mesaconitine, and hypaconitine in the reference extract as the abscissa and the corresponding peak area as the ordinate.

测定法 Assay method

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约2 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，加氨试液3 ml，精密加入异丙醇-乙酸乙酯（1∶1）混合溶液50 ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率300 W，频率40 kHz；水温在25℃以下）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用异丙醇-乙酸乙酯（1∶1）混合溶液补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过。精密量取续滤液25 ml，40℃以下减压回收溶剂至干，残渣加0.01%盐酸甲醇溶液使溶解，转移至5 ml量瓶中，并稀释至刻度，摇匀，滤过，精密吸取10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，按标准曲线计算，即得。
Take about 2 g of the powder of the product (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place in a conical flask with a stopper, add 3 ml of ammonia test solution, accurately add 50 ml of a mixed solution of isopropanol and ethyl acetate (1:1), weigh, perform ultrasonic treatment (power 300 W, frequency 40 kHz; water temperature below 25°C) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the lost weight with the mixed solution of isopropanol and ethyl acetate (1:1), shake well, and filter. Accurately take 25 ml of the filtrate, reduce the pressure below 40°C to recover the solvent to dryness, dissolve the residue with 0.01% hydrochloric acid methanol solution, transfer to a 5 ml volumetric flask, dilute to the mark, shake well, filter, accurately take 10 μl, inject into the liquid chromatograph, determine, and calculate according to the standard curve.

本品按干燥品计算，含乌头碱（C34H47NO11）、次乌头碱（C33H45NO10）和新乌头碱（C33H45NO11）的总量应为0.050%～0.17%。
Calculated on the dried product, the total content of aconitine (C34H47NO11), mesaconitine (C33H45NO10), and hypaconitine (C33H45NO11) should be 0.050% to 0.17%.

饮片 Prepared slices

生川乌 Aconite Root

炮制 Processing

除去杂质。用时捣碎。
Remove impurities. Crush when used.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

热；有大毒。
Hot; highly toxic.

味 Flavor

辛、苦。
Pungent and bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归心、肝、肾、脾经。
Heart, liver, kidney, and spleen meridians.

功能 Actions

祛风除湿，温经止痛。
Expel wind and eliminate dampness, warm the meridians and relieve pain.

主治 Indications

用于风寒湿痹，关节疼痛，心腹冷痛，寒疝作痛及麻醉止痛。
Used for wind-cold-damp arthralgia, joint pain, cold pain in the heart and abdomen, cold hernia pain, and anesthesia analgesia.

用量 Dosage

无。
None.

用法 Administration

一般炮制后用。
Generally used after processing.

注意 Precautions

生品内服宜慎；孕妇禁用；不宜与半夏、瓜蒌、瓜蒌子、瓜篓皮、天花粉、川贝母、浙贝母、平贝母、伊贝母、湖北贝母、白蔹、白及同用。
Oral administration of raw products should be cautious; pregnant women should avoid using it; it should not be used together with pinellia, trichosanthes root, trichosanthes seed, trichosanthes peel, datura pollen, fritillaria cirrhosa, fritillaria thunbergii, fritillaria verticillata, fritillaria pallidiflora, fritillaria hupehensis, atractylodes, and atractylodes macrocephala.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and protect against moth.

川乌

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为毛茛科植物乌头Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.的干燥母根。6月下旬至8月上旬采挖，除去子根、须根及泥沙，晒干。
Common Monkshood Mother Root is the dried parent root tuber of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. (Fam. Ranunculaceae). The drug is collected from late June to early August, removed from daughter root, rootlet and soil, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的圆锥形，稍弯曲，顶端常有残茎，中部多向一侧膨大，长2～7.5cm，直径1.2～2.5cm。表面棕褐色或灰棕色，皱缩，有小瘤状侧根及子根脱离后的痕迹。质坚实，断面类白色或浅灰黄色，形成层环纹呈多角形。气微，味辛辣、麻舌。
Irregularly conical, slightly curved, apex often with remains of stem, mostly swollen to one side from the middle, 2-7.5 cm long, 1.2-2.5 cm in diameter. Externally brown or greyish-brown, shrunken, with tuberculate rootlets and scars of daughter roots. Texture compact, fracture whitish or greyish-yellow, cambium ring polygonal. Odour, slight； taste, pungent and numb.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：后生皮层为棕色木栓化细胞；皮层薄壁组织偶见石细胞，单个散在或数个成群，类长方形、方形或长椭圆形，胞腔较大；内皮层不甚明显。韧皮部散有筛管群；内侧偶见纤维束。形成层类多角形。其内外侧偶有1至数个异型维管束。木质部导管多列，呈径向或略呈“V”形排列。髓部明显。薄壁细胞充满淀粉粒。
Transverse section: Metaderm consisting of brown suberized cells; stone cells occasionally visible in cortical parenchyma, singly scattered or in groups, subrectangular, square or long-elliptical, each with a large lumen; endodermis indistinct. Sieve tube groups scattered in phloem; fibre bundles occasionally visible in the inner part of phloem. Cambium ring subpolygonal, one or more abnormal vascular bundles occasionally present inside or outside. Vessels in xylem consisting of several rows, arranged radially or in V-shape. Pith distinct. Parenchymatous cells filled with starch granules.

粉末灰黄色。淀粉粒单粒球形、长圆形或肾形，直径3～22μm；复粒由2～15分粒组成。石细胞近无色或淡黄绿色，呈类长方形、类方形、多角形或一边斜尖，直径49～117μm，长113～280μm，壁厚4～13μm，壁厚者层纹明显，纹孔较稀疏。后生皮层细胞棕色，有的壁呈瘤状增厚突入细胞腔。导管淡黄色，主为具缘纹孔，直径29～70μm，末端平截或短尖，穿孔位于端壁或侧壁，有的导管分子粗短拐曲或纵横连接。
Powder: Greyish-yellow. Simple starch granules spheroidal, elongated rounded or reniform, 3-22 μm in diameter; compound granules consisting of 2-15 components. Stone cells nearly colourless or pale yellowish-green, subrectangular, subsquare, polygonal or oblique at one side, 49-117 μm in diameter, 113-280 μm long, walls 4-13 μm thick, the thick-walled stone cells distinctly striated and thin pitted. Cells of metaderm brown, some walls unevenly thickened, some appearing tubercular and projecting into lumen. Bordered pitted vessels pale yellow, 29-70 μm in diameter, the ends truncate or acute, perforated at the end walls or side walls, some vessel elements thick and short, tortuous or connected vertically and horizontally.

（2）取本品粉末2g，加氨试液2ml润湿，加乙醚20ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液挥干，残渣加二氯甲烷1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取乌头碱对照品、次乌头碱对照品及新乌头碱对照品，加异丙醇-三氯甲烷（1：1）混合溶液制成每1ml各含1mg的混合溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正己烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇（6.4：3.6：1）为展开剂，置氨蒸气饱和20分钟的展开缸内，展开，取出，晾干，喷以稀碘化铋钾试液。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
Moisten 2 g of the powder with 2 ml of ammonia concentrated TS, add 20 ml of ether, ultrasonicate for 30 minutes and filter. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of dichloromethane as the test solution. Dissolve aconitine CRS, mesaconitine CRS and hypaconitine CRS in a mixture of isopropanol and chloroform (1:1) to produce a mixture containing 1 mg of each per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography <0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol (6.4:3.6:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately 5 μl of each of the above two solutions to the plate. After developing in a chamber pre-equilibrated with the vapour of ammonia for 20 minutes, removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with dilute potassium iodobismuthate TS. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过9.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-四氢呋喃（25：15）为流动相A，以0.1mol/L醋酸铵溶液（每1000ml加冰醋酸0.5ml）为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；检测波长为235nm。理论板数按新乌头碱峰计算应不低于2000。

时间（分钟） 流动相A（％） 流动相B（％）

0~48
15→26
85→74
48~49
26→35
74→65
49~58
35
65
58~65
35→15
65→85

对照品溶液的制备 取乌头碱对照品、次乌头碱对照品、新乌头碱对照品适量，精密称定，加异丙醇-三氯甲烷（1：1）混合溶液分别制成每1ml含乌头碱50μg、次乌头碱和新乌头碱各0.15mg的混合溶液，即得。
供试品溶液的制备 取本品粉末（过三号筛）约2g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，加氨试液3ml，精密加入异丙醇-乙酸乙酯（1：1）混合溶液50ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率300W，频率40kHZ；水温在25℃以下）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用异丙醇-乙酸乙酯（1：1）混合溶液补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过。精密量取续滤液25ml，40℃以下减压回收溶剂至干，残渣精密加入异丙醇-三氯甲烷（1：1）混合溶液3ml溶解，滤过，取续滤液，即得。

饮片 Prepared slices

川乌 Common Monkshood

炮制 Processing

生川乌 除去杂质。用时捣碎。
Aconiti Radix (unprepared) Eliminate foreign matter. Break to pieces before use.

性 Property

辛、苦，热；有大毒。
Hot； pungent, bitter； highly toxic.

味 Flavor

辛辣、麻舌。
Pungent and numb.

归经 Meridian tropism

心、肝、肾、脾经。
Heart, liver, kidney and spleen meridians.

功能 Actions

祛风除湿，温经止痛。
To dispel wind, remove dampness, warm the meridians and relieve pain.

主治 Indications

用于风寒湿痹，关节疼痛，心腹冷痛，寒疝作痛及麻醉止痛。
Wind-cold-dampness bi disorder, joint pain, cold pain in the heart and abdomen, pain in cold abdominal colic, and it can be applied for anesthesia to relieve pain.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

一般炮制后用。
Generally it is prepared before application.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

生品内服宜慎；孕妇禁用；不宜与半夏、瓜蒌、瓜蒌子、瓜蒌皮、天花粉、川贝母、浙贝母、平贝母、伊贝母、湖北贝母、白蔹、白及同用。
Unprocessed one should be used cautiously for oral administration. Contraindicated for pregnant woman. Incompatible with Pinelliae Rhizoma, Trichosanthis Fructus, Thchosanthis Semen, Trichosanthis Pericarpium, Thchosanthis Radix, Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus, Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus, Fritillariae Ussuriensis Bulbus, Fritillariae Pallidiflorae Bulbus, Fritillariae Hupehensis Bulbus, Ampelopsis Radix, and Bletillae Rhizoma.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place, and protect from moth.