诃子

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为使君子科植物诃子Terminalia chebula Retz. 或绒毛诃子Terminalia chebula Retz.var.tomentella Kurt. 的干燥成熟果实。秋、冬二季果实成熟时采收，除去杂质，晒干。
Chebula Fruit is the dried mature fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. or Terminalia chebula Retz.var.tomentella Kurt. (Fam. Combretaceae). The drug is collected in autumn and winter when the fruit is ripe, removed from impurities, and dried.

性状 Description

本品为长圆形或卵圆形，长2～4cm，直径2～2.5cm。表面黄棕色或暗棕色，略具光泽，有5～6条纵棱线和不规则的皱纹，基部有圆形果梗痕。质坚实。果肉厚0.2～0.4cm，黄棕色或黄褐色。果核长1.5～2.5cm，直径1～1.5cm，浅黄色，粗糙，坚硬。种子狭长纺锤形，长约1cm，直径0.2～0.4cm，种皮黄棕色，子叶2，白色，相互重叠卷旋。气微，味酸涩后甜。
Fruit long-ellipsoid or ovoid, 2-4 cm long, 2-2.5 cm in diameter; externally yellowish-brown or dark brown, slightly shiny, with 5-6 longitudinal ridges and irregular wrinkles, and a circular fruit stalk scar at the base; texture hard; flesh 0.2-0.4 cm thick, yellowish-brown or yellowish-brown; stone 1.5-2.5 cm long, 1-1.5 cm in diameter, light yellow, rough, and hard; seed narrowly fusiform, about 1 cm long, 0.2-0.4 cm in diameter, testa yellowish-brown, cotyledons 2, white, overlapping and spirally twisted. Odour, slight; taste, sour and astringent at first, sweet afterwards.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄白色或黄褐色。
(1) Powder yellowish-white or yellowish-brown.

诃子 纤维淡黄色，成束，纵横交错排列或与石细胞、木化厚壁细胞相连结。石细胞类方形、类多角形或呈纤维状，直径14-40μm, 长至130四m 壁厚，孔沟细密；胞腔内偶见草酸钙方晶和砂晶。木化厚壁细胞淡黄色或无色，呈长方形、多角形或不规则形，有的一端膨大成靴状；细胞壁上纹孔密集；有的含草酸钙簇晶或砂晶。草酸钙簇晶直径5-40 四m 单个散在或成行排列于细胞中。
Fibres pale yellow, in bundles, arranged in a reticulate pattern or connected with stone cells or lignified thick-walled cells. Stone cells square or polygonal, or fibrous, 14-40 μm in diameter, up to 130 μm long, thick-walled, with numerous pits and canals; calcium oxalate prisms and sand crystals occasionally seen in the cell cavity. Lignified thick-walled cells pale yellow or colourless, rectangular, polygonal or irregular in shape, some with one end swollen into a boot shape; pits densely distributed on the cell walls; some containing clusters of calcium oxalate or sand crystals. Calcium oxalate prisms 5-40 μm in diameter, occurring singly or arranged in rows in the cells.

绒毛诃子 非腺毛， 2-3 细胞，含黄棕色分泌物。
Non-glandular hairs, 2-3 cells, containing yellowish-brown secretion.

（2）取本品（去核）粉末0.5g，加无水乙醇30ml，加热回流30分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣用甲醇5ml溶解，通过中性氧化铝柱（100～200目，5g，内径为2cm），用稀乙醇50ml洗脱，收集洗脱液，蒸干，残渣用水5ml溶解后通过C18（300mg）固相萃取小柱，用30%甲醇10ml洗脱，弃去30%甲醇液，再用甲醇10ml洗脱，收集洗脱液，回收溶剂至干，残渣加甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取诃子对照药材0.5g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-冰醋酸-水（12:10:0.4）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
(2) To 0.5 g of the powder (without stone) add 30 ml of anhydrous ethanol, heat under reflux for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 5 ml of methanol, pass through a column of neutral alumina (100-200 mesh, 5 g, 2 cm in internal diameter), elute with diluted ethanol (50 ml), collect the eluate, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 5 ml of water, pass through a C18 (300 mg) solid-phase extraction cartridge, elute with 30% methanol (10 ml), discard the 30% methanol eluate, elute with methanol (10 ml), collect the eluate, recover the solvent to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of methanol as the test solution. Take 0.5 g of the reference drug Chebula Fruit, and prepare the reference drug solution by the same method. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of toluene-acetic acid-water (12:10:0.4) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 4 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，不得少于30.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble Extractives <2201,the cold maceration method>, not less than 30.0 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

诃子 Chebulae Fructus

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，干燥。用时打碎。
Eliminate Foreign matter,wash clean, and dry. Crush before use.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

诃子肉 Chebulae Fructus (flesh)

炮制 Processing

取净诃子，稍浸，闷润，去核，干燥。
Take clean Chebulae Fructus, soak briefly, keep moist, remove the core, and dry.

性状 Description

本品呈全裂或半裂开的扁长梭形、扁长圆形或扁卵圆形、横断裂开的锥形或不规则块状。外表面棕色、黄褐色或暗棕褐色。内表面暗棕色、暗黄褐色或暗棕褐色，粗糙凹凸不平。质坚脆、可碎断。气微，味微酸、涩后甜。
It is fully or partially split, flat and elongated, flat and round, or flat and oval, cone-shaped or irregular block-shaped when cross-sectioned. The outer surface is brown, yellow-brown, or dark brown. The inner surface is dark brown, dark yellow-brown, or dark brown, rough and uneven. The texture is hard and brittle, and it can be broken. It has a slight aroma, a slightly sour taste, and a sweet aftertaste.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

味 Flavor

苦、酸、涩。
Bitter, sour, astringent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、大肠经
It enters the lung and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

涩肠止泻，敛肺止咳，降火利咽。
To astringe the intestines and stop diarrhea, consolidate the lungs and stop coughing, and reduce fire and benefit the throat.

主治 Indications

用于久泻久痢，便血脱肛，肺虚喘咳，久嗽不止，咽痛音哑。
Used for chronic diarrhea, chronic dysentery, rectal prolapse with bleeding, lung deficiency with wheezing and coughing, persistent cough, and sore throat with loss of voice.

用量 Dosage

3～10 g。
3-10 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Store in a dry place.

诃子

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为使君子科植物诃子Terminalia chebula Retz.或绒毛诃子Terminalia chebula Retz， var. tomentella Kurt.的干燥成熟果实。秋、冬二季果实成熟时采收，除去杂质，晒干。
Medicine Terminalia Fruit is the dried ripe fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. or Terminalia chebula Retz. var. tomentella Kurt (Fam. Combretaceae). The drug is collected in autumn and winter when ripe, removed from foreign matter, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品为长圆形或卵圆形，长2～4cm，直径2～2.5cm。表面黄棕色或暗棕色，略具光泽，有5～6条纵棱线和不规则的皱纹，基部有圆形果梗痕。质坚实。果肉厚0.2～0.4cm，黄棕色或黄褐色。果核长1.5～2.5cm，直径1～1.5cm，浅黄色，粗糙，坚硬。种子狭长纺锤形，长约1cm，直径0.2～0.4cm，种皮黄棕色，子叶2，白色，相互重叠卷旋。 气微，味酸涩后甜。
Oblong or ovoid, 2-4 cm long, 2-2.5 cm in diameter. Externally dark-brown or dark brown, somewhat lustrous, marked with 5-6 longitudinal ribs and irregular wrinkles, base with a rounded fruit stalk scar. Texture compact. Sarcocarp 0.2-0.4 cm thick, yellowish-brown or dark brown； kernels 1.5-2.5 cm long, 1-1.5 cm in diameter, pale yellow, rough and hard. Seeds narrowly fusiform, about 1 cm long, 0.2-0.4 cm in diameter； testa yellowish-brown, cotyledons 2, white, overlapping and convolute. Odour, slight； taste, sour, astringent, then sweet.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄白色或黄褐色。
诃子

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过13.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 13.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过5.0% （通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，不得少于30.0%。
Carry out the method for the determination of water-soluble extractives <2201, the cold maceration method>, not less than 30.0 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

诃子 Chebulae Fructus

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，干燥。用时打碎。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, and dry. Break to pieces before use.

诃子肉 Sarcocarp of Chebulae Fructus

炮制 Processing

取净诃子，稍浸，闷润，去核，干燥。
Macerate clean Chebulae Fructus briefly, cover to soften, remove the kernels, and dry.

性 Property

苦、酸、涩，平。
Neutral； bitter, sour, and astringent.

味 Flavor

归肺、大肠经。
Lung and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

涩肠止泻，敛肺止咳，降火利咽。
To astringe the intestines, stop diarrhea, constrain the lung, suppress cough, downbear fire, and soothe the throat.

主治 Indications

用于久泻久痢，便血脱肛，肺虚喘咳，久嗽不止，咽痛音哑。
Chronic diarrhea and chronic dysentery, bloody stool, prolapse of the rectum, cough and wheezing caused by lung deficiency, chronic cough, sore throat, and hoarse voice.

用量 Dosage

3～10g。
3-10 g.

用法 Administration

后下。
Add when the decoction is nearly done.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Preserve in a dry place.