生姜

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为姜科植物姜Zingiber officinale Rosc.的新鲜根茎。秋、冬二季采挖，除去须根和泥沙。
Fresh Ginger Rhizome is the fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Fam. Zingiberaceae). The drug is collected in autumn and winter, removed from rootlets and soil.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则块状，略扁，具指状分枝，长4～18cm，厚1～3cm。表面黄褐色或灰棕色，有环节，分枝顶端有茎痕或芽。质脆，易折断，断面浅黄色，内皮层环纹明显，维管束散在。气香特异，味辛辣。
Rhizomes irregularly shaped, slightly flattened, with finger-like branches, 4-18 cm long, 1-3 cm thick. Surface yellowish-brown or grayish-brown, with nodes, branches with stem scars or buds at the apex. Texture brittle, easily broken, fracture light yellow, inner bark with distinct annular markings, vascular bundles scattered. Odour, characteristically aromatic; taste, pungent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：木栓层为多列木栓细胞。皮层中散有外韧型叶迹维管束；内皮层明显，可见凯氏带。中柱占根茎大部分，有多数外韧型维管束散列，近中柱鞘部位维管束形小，排列紧密，木质部内侧或周围有非木化的纤维束。薄壁组织中散有多数油细胞；并含淀粉粒。
(1) Transverse section: cork layer consists of several rows of cork cells. Cortex contains scattered collateral leaf trace vascular bundles; endodermis distinct, with Casparian strips. Stele occupies the major part of the rhizome, with numerous collateral vascular bundles scattered, the vascular bundles near the sheath of the stele are smaller and arranged closely, non-lignified fibre bundles are present on the inner side or periphery of the xylem. Parenchymatous cells contain numerous oil cells and starch grains.

（2）取本品1g，切成1～2mm的小块，加乙酸乙酯20ml，超声处理10分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加乙酸乙酯1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取6-姜辣素对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液6μl、对照品溶液4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯（2:1:1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以香草醛硫酸试液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) Take 1g of the drug, cut into small pieces of 1-2 mm, add 20 ml of ethyl acetate, treat with ultrasound for 10 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of ethyl acetate as the test solution. Take 6-gingerol CRS, dissolve in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.5 mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether(60-90°C), chloroform and ethyl acetate(2:1:1)as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 6 μl of the test solution and 4 μl of the Reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a solution of vanillin sulfuric acid, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

检查 Examination

总灰分 Total ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

挥发油 Volatile oil

取本品适量，切成1～2mm的小块，加水300ml，照挥发油测定法（通则2204甲法）测定。
Take an appropriate amount of the sample, cut it into small pieces of 1-2mm, add 300ml of water, and determine according to the method for determination of volatile oil <2204, method A>.

本品含挥发油不得少于0.12%（ml/g）。
The content of volatile oil in the sample shall not be less than 0.12% (ml/g).

6-姜辣素，8-姜酚，10-姜酚 6-Gingerol, 8-Gingerol, 10-Gingerol

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine according to the method of high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；流速为每分钟0.5ml，检测波长为282nm。理论板数按6-姜辣素峰计算应不低于5000。
The chromatographic conditions and system suitability test were as follows: bonded silica gel column with octadecylsilane as the filling material; acetonitrile as mobile phase A, 0.1% formic acid solution as mobile phase B, gradient elution according to the specified conditions in the table; flow rate of 0.5ml per minute, detection wavelength of 282nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of 6-gingerol should not be less than 5000.

对照品溶液的制备 取6-姜辣素对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.05mg的溶液，即得。
Prepare a solution of the reference substance by accurately weighing an appropriate amount of 6-gingerol reference substance, adding methanol to make a solution containing 0.05mg per 1ml.

供试品溶液的制备 取本品切成1～2mm的小块，取约1g，精密称定，置100ml圆底烧瓶中，精密加入甲醇50ml，密塞，称定重量，加热回流30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Prepare a solution of the test sample by accurately weighing about 1g of the sample cut into 1-2mm pieces, placing it in a 100ml round-bottom flask, accurately adding 50ml of methanol, sealing it, weighing it, refluxing for 30 minutes, cooling, weighing it again, making up for the lost weight with methanol, shaking well, filtering, and collecting the filtrate.

测定法 分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各15μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，计算6-姜辣素的含量；以6-姜辣素为对照，利用校正因子分别计算8-姜酚和10-姜酚的含量。
Determine the content of 6-gingerol by accurately aspirating 15μl of the reference solution and the test solution, injecting them into the liquid chromatograph, and calculating the content of 6-gingerol. Use 6-gingerol as the reference to calculate the content of 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol using the correction factor.

供试品色谱中，8-姜酚和10-姜酚色谱峰与6-姜辣素对照品相应色谱峰的相对保留时间应在规定值的±5%范围之内。相对保留时间及校正因子见下表：
In the chromatogram of the test sample, the relative retention times of the peaks of 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol should be within the range of ±5% of the corresponding peaks of the reference substance of 6-gingerol. The relative retention times and correction factors are shown in the table below.

本品含6-姜辣素（C17H26O4）不得少于0.050%，8-姜酚（C19H30O4）与10-姜酚（C21H34O4）总量不得少于0.040%。
The content of 6-gingerol (C17H26O4) in the sample shall not be less than 0.050%, and the total content of 8-gingerol (C19H30O4) and 10-gingerol (C21H34O4) shall not be less than 0.040%.

饮片 Prepared slices

生姜 Ginger

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净。用时切厚片。
Remove impurities, wash clean. Cut into thick slices when using.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的厚片，可见指状分枝。切面浅黄色，内皮层环纹明显，维管束散在。气香特异，味辛辣。
The product is in irregular thick slices with finger-like branches visible. The cut surface is light yellow, the endothelial ring is obvious, and the vascular bundles are scattered. It has a peculiar aroma and a pungent flavour.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine according to the method of high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-甲醇-水（40:5:55）为流动相；检测波长为280nm。理论板数按6-姜辣素峰计算应不低于5000。
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test Octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel was used as filler; acetonitrile-methanol-water (40:5:55) was used as mobile phase; and the detection wavelength was 280 nm. the theoretical plate number should be not less than 5000 according to the calculation of the peak of 6-gingeranin.

对照品溶液的制备 取6-姜辣素对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.1mg的溶液，即得。
Preparation of control solution Take appropriate amount of 6-gingerol control, weigh it precisely, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml, that is to say.

供试品溶液的制备 取本品粉末约0.8g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇25ml，称定重量，加热回流30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Preparation of test solution Take about 0.8g of powder, weigh it precisely, put it in a stoppered conical flask, add 25ml of methanol, weigh it, reflux it for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate, that is to say, it is obtained.

测定法 分别精密吸取对照品溶液8μl与供试品溶液20μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Determination Absorb 8μl of control solution and 20μl of test solution separately, inject into liquid chromatograph, and then determine, it is obtained.

本品含6-姜辣素（C17H26O4）不得少于0.050%。
This product shall not contain less than 0.050% of 6-gingerol (C17H26O4).

鉴别 Identification

（除横切面外）同药材。
（except cross section）Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

姜皮 Ginger peel

炮制 Processing

取净生姜，削取外皮。
Take clean ginger and peel the outer skin.

性 Property

微温。
Slightly warm.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、脾、胃经。
Lung, spleen, and stomach meridians.

功能 Actions

解表散寒，温中止呕，化痰止咳，解鱼蟹毒。
To release the exterior and dispel cold, warm the middle and stop vomiting, transform phlegm and stop coughing, and relieve fish and crab poisoning.

主治 Indications

用于风寒感冒，胃寒呕吐，寒痰咳嗽，鱼蟹中毒。
Used for wind-cold common cold, cold vomiting, cold phlegm cough, and fish and crab poisoning.

用量 Dosage

3～10g.
3-10g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉潮湿处，或埋入湿砂内，防冻。
Store in a cool and humid place, or bury in wet sand to prevent freezing.

生姜

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为姜科植物姜Zingiber officinale Rosc.的新鲜根茎。秋、冬二季采挖，除去须根和泥沙。
Fresh Ginger is the fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Fam. Zingiberaceae). The drug is collected in autumn and winter, removed from fibrous root and soil.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则块状，略扁，具指状分枝，长4～18cm，厚1～3cm。表面黄褐色或灰棕色，有环节，分枝顶端有茎痕或芽。质脆，易折断，断面浅黄色，内皮层环纹明显，维管束散在。气香特异，味辛辣。
In irregular pieces, slightly compressed, with finger-like branches, 4-18 cm long, 1-3 cm thick. Externally yellowish-brown or greyish-brown, ringed, the top of each branch exhibiting a stem scar or buds. Texture fragile, easily broken, fracture pale yellow, with a well marked endodermis ring and scattered vascular bundles. Odour, aromatic and characteristic taste, pungent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：木栓层为多列木栓细胞。皮层中散有外韧型叶迹维管束；内皮层明显，可见凯氏带。中柱占根茎大部分，有多数外韧型维管束散列，近中柱鞘部位维管束形小，排列紧密，木质部内侧或周围有非木化的纤维束。薄壁组织中散有多数油细胞；并含淀粉粒。
（2）取本品1g，切成1～2mm的小块，加乙酸乙酯20ml， 超声处理10分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加乙酸乙酯1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取6-姜辣素对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯（2：1：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以香草醛硫酸试液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

检查 Examination

总灰分 Total ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

挥发油 Volatile oil

取本品适量，切成1～2mm的小块，加水300ml，照挥发油测定法（通则2204甲法）测定。
To a quantity of the drug, cut into small pieces of 1-2 mm, add 300 ml of water, carry out the method for determination of volatile oil <2204, method 1>.

6-姜辣素 6-Gingerol

8-姜酚 8-Gingerol

10-姜酚 10-Gingerol

照高效液相色谱法（通则 0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；流速为每分钟0.5ml，检测波长为282nm。理论板数按6-姜辣素峰计算应不低于5000。

As detector a spectrophotometer set at 282 nm, the flow rate is 0.5 ml per minute. The number of theoretical plates of the column is not less than 5000, calculated with reference to the peak of 6-gingerol.
Reference solution Dissolve a quantity of 6-gingerol CRS, accurately weighed, in methanol to prepare a solution containing 0.05 mg per ml.

References Relative Retention Time Correction Factors
6-gingerol

The relative retention times of the test peak should keep in 5% of the above values. With the peak area of 6-gingerol as the external standard, calculate the contents of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol with the corresponding correction factors.
It contains not less than 0.050 per cent of 6-gingerol (C17H26O4) and 0.040 per cent of the total amount of 8-gingerol (C19H30O4) and 10-gingerol (C21H34O4), calculate with reference to the dried drug.

饮片 Prepared slices

生姜 Fresh Ginger

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净。用时切厚片。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean and cut into thick slices before use.

本品呈不规则的厚片，可见指状分枝。切面浅黄色，内皮层环纹明显，维管束散在。气香特异，味辛辣。
In irregular thick slices, with finger-like branches. Cut surface pale yellow, endodermis ring obvious, vascular bundles scattered. Odour characteristic aromatic; taste pungent.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-甲醇-水（40：5：55）为流动相；检测波长为280nm。理论板数按6-姜辣素峰计算应不低于5000。

鉴别 Identification

（除横切面外）【检查】同药材。
(Except for transverse section)【Examination】Same as the crude drug.

姜皮 Ginger skin

取净生姜，削取外皮。
Peel the outer skin of the crude drug.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

辛，微温。归肺、脾、胃经。
Mild warm; pungent. Lung, spleen and stomach meridians.

功能与主治 Actions

解表散寒，温中止呕，化痰止咳，解鱼蟹毒。用于风寒感冒，胃寒呕吐，寒痰咳嗽，鱼蟹中毒。
To release the exterior, dissipate cold, warm the middle energizer, stop vomiting, resolve phlegm, suppress cough, and reduce toxin of sea food.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

3～10g。
3-10 g.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉潮湿处，或埋入湿砂内，防冻。
Preserve in a cool and moist place, or embed in wet sand, and protect from freezing.