槐花

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为豆科植物槐Sophora japonica L.的干燥花及花蕾。夏季花开放或花蕾形成时采收，及时干燥，除去枝、梗及杂质。前者习称“槐花”，后者习称“槐米”。
Sophora Flower is the dried flower and flower bud of Sophora japonica L. (Fam. Leguminosae). The drug is collected in summer when the flowers are in full bloom or the flower buds are formed, then promptly dried, and the stems, peduncles, and impurities are removed. The former is commonly known as "Huaihua" and the latter as "Huaimi".

性状 Description

槐花 Sophora Flower

皱缩而卷曲，花瓣多散落。完整者花萼钟状，黄绿色，先端5浅裂；花瓣5，黄色或黄白色,1片较大，近圆形，先端微凹，其余4片长圆形。雄蕊10，其中9个基部连合，花丝细长。雌蕊圆柱形，弯曲。体轻。气微，味微苦。
Huaihua is wrinkled and curled, with petals scattered. When intact, the calyx is campanulate, yellowish-green, with 5 shallow lobes at the apex; the petals are 5, yellow or yellowish-white, with one larger and nearly round, slightly concave at the apex, and the other 4 are oblong. The stamens are 10, with 9 of them connate at the base, and the filaments are slender. The pistil is cylindrical and curved. The body is light. It has a slight odor and a slightly bitter taste.

槐米 Huaimi

呈卵形或椭圆形，长2～6mm，直径约2mm。花萼下部有数条纵纹。萼的上方为黄白色未开放的花瓣。花梗细小。体轻，手捻即碎。气微，味微苦涩。
Huaimi is ovoid or elliptical, 2-6 mm long and approximately 2 mm in diameter. The lower part of the calyx has several longitudinal veins. Above the calyx are yellowish-white unopened petals. The flower stalk is slender. The body is light and easily crumbles when touched. It has a slight odor and a slightly bitter and astringent taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄绿色。花粉粒类球形或钝三角形，直径14～19μm。具3个萌发孔。萼片表皮表面观呈多角形；非腺毛1～3细胞，长86～660μm。气孔不定式，副卫细胞4～8个。草酸钙方晶较多。
(1) The powder of this product is yellowish-green. Pollen grains are spherical or bluntly triangular, with a diameter of 14-19μm. They have 3 germination pores. The epidermis of the sepals is polygonal in surface view; non-glandular hairs are 1-3 cells long, ranging from 86 to 660μm. The stomata are anomocytic, with 4-8 subsidiary cells. Calcium oxalate prisms are more common.

（2）取本品粉末0.2g，加甲醇5ml，密塞，振摇10分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取芦丁对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含4mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10ul，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-甲酸-水（8∶1∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以三氯化铝试液，待乙醇挥干后，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
(2) Take 0.2g of the powder, add 5ml of methanol, seal tightly, shake for 10 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Take rutin CRS, add methanol to make a solution containing 4mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate, formic acid, and water (8:1:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a solution of aluminum chloride in ethanol, and examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过11.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 11.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

槐花不得过14.0%；槐米不得过9.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 14.0 per cent for Sophora flower; not more than 9.0 per cent for Sophora seed <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

槐花不得过8.0%；槐米不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent for Sophora flower; not more than 3.0 per cent for Sophora seed <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用30%甲醇作溶剂，槐花不得少于37.0%；槐米不得少于43.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using 30% methanol as the solvent, not less than 37.0 per cent for Sophora flower; not less than 43.0 per cent for Sophora seed.

含量测定 Assay

总黄酮 | Total flavonoids

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取芦丁对照品50mg，精密称定，置25ml量瓶中，加甲醇适量，置水浴上微热使溶解，放冷，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀。精密量取10ml，置100ml量瓶中，加水至刻度，摇匀，即得（每1ml中含芦丁0.2mg）。
Weigh accurately 50 mg of rutin reference substance, place it in a 25 ml volumetric flask, add an appropriate amount of methanol, heat it slightly on a water bath to dissolve, cool, add methanol to the mark, and shake well. Accurately measure 10 ml, place it in a 100 ml volumetric flask, add water to the mark, and shake well to obtain (each 1 ml contains 0.2 mg of rutin).

标准曲线的制备 Preparation of standard curve

精密量取对照品溶液1ml、2ml、3ml、4ml、5ml与6ml，分别置25ml量瓶中，各加水至6.0ml，加5%亚硝酸钠溶液1ml，混匀，放置6分钟，加10%硝酸铝溶液1ml，摇匀，放置6分钟，加氢氧化钠试液10ml，再加水至刻度，摇匀，放置15分钟，以相应的试剂为空白，照紫外-可见分光光度法（通则0401），在500nm波长处测定吸光度，以吸光度为纵坐标，浓度为横坐标，绘制标准曲线。
Accurately measure 1 ml, 2 ml, 3 ml, 4 ml, 5 ml, and 6 ml of the reference solution, respectively, place them in 25 ml volumetric flasks, add water to 6.0 ml, add 1 ml of 5% sodium nitrite solution, mix well, let stand for 6 minutes, add 1 ml of 10% aluminum nitrate solution, shake well, let stand for 6 minutes, add 10 ml of sodium hydroxide test solution, then add water to the mark, shake well, let stand for 15 minutes, use the corresponding reagent as a blank, according to the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (General rule 0401), measure the absorbance at 500 nm wavelength, plot the standard curve with absorbance as the ordinate and concentration as the abscissa.

测定法 Method of assay

取本品粗粉约1g，精密称定，置索氏提取器中，加乙醚适量，加热回流至提取液无色，放冷，弃去乙醚液。再加甲醇90ml，加热回流至提取液无色，转移至100ml量瓶中，用甲醇少量洗涤容器，洗液并入同一量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀。精密量取10ml，置100ml量瓶中，加水至刻度，摇匀。精密量取3ml，置25ml量瓶中，照标准曲线制备项下的方法，自“加水至6.0ml”起，依法测定吸光度，从标准曲线上读出供试品溶液中含芦丁的重量（μg），计算，即得。
Weigh accurately about 1 g of the crude powder of the drug, place it in a Soxhlet extractor, add an appropriate amount of ether, heat it under reflux until the extract is colorless, cool, discard the ether solution. Then add 90 ml of methanol, heat it under reflux until the extract is colorless, transfer it to a 100 ml volumetric flask, wash the container with a small amount of methanol, and combine the washings into the same volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, and shake well. Accurately measure 10 ml, place it in a 100 ml volumetric flask, add water to the mark, and shake well. Accurately measure 3 ml, place it in a 25 ml volumetric flask, follow the method under the preparation of the standard curve, and determine the absorbance according to the law starting from "add water to 6.0 ml". Read the weight of rutin in the test solution (μg) from the standard curve, calculate, and obtain.

本品按干燥品计算，含总黄酮以芦丁（C27H30O16）计，槐花不得少于8.0%；槐米不得少于20.0%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of total flavonoids is calculated as rutin (C27H30O16), not less than 8.0 per cent for Sophora flower; not less than 20.0 per cent for Sophora seed.

芦丁 Rutin

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determined by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-１%冰醋酸溶液（32∶68）为流动相；检测波长为257nm。理论板数按芦丁峰计算应不低于2000。
Using octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; using methanol-1% glacial acetic acid solution (32:68) as the mobile phase; detection wavelength is 257 nm. The theoretical number of plates calculated based on the rutin peak should not be less than 2000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取芦丁对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.1mg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of rutin reference substance, weigh accurately, and prepare a solution containing 0.1 mg per 1 ml with methanol.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粗粉（槐花约0.2g、槐米约0.1g），精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇50ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率250W，频率25kHz）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过。精密量取续滤液2ml，置10ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of crude powder of the drug (about 0.2 g for Sophora flower, about 0.1 g for Sophora seed), weigh accurately, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50 ml of methanol, weigh it, ultrasonicate (power 250 W, frequency 25 kHz) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh it again, make up for the weight loss with methanol, shake well, and filter. Accurately measure 2 ml of the filtrate, place it in a 10 ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, and shake well to obtain.

测定法 Method of assay

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately draw 10 μl of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含芦丁（C27H30O16）槐花不得少于6.0%；槐米不得少于15.0%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of rutin (C27H30O16) is not less than 6.0 per cent for Sophora flower; not less than 15.0 per cent for Sophora seed.

饮片 Prepared slices

槐花 Sophora flower

炮制 Processing

除去杂质及灰屑。
Eliminate impurities and ash debris.

性状 Appearance

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

炒槐花 Stir-fried Sophora flower

炮制 Processing

取净槐花，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至表面深黄色。
Take clean Sophora flower, stir-fry it according to the method of stir-frying (General rule 0213) until the surface is deep yellow.

槐花炭 Charred Sophora flower

取净槐花，照炒炭法（通则0213）炒至表面焦褐色。
Take clean Sophora flower, char it according to the method of charring (General rule 0213) until the surface is dark brown.

性 Property

微寒。
Slightly cold.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、大肠经。
Liver and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

凉血止血，清肝泻火。
To cool blood and stop bleeding, clear liver and relieve fire.

主治 Indications

用于便血，痔血，血痢，崩漏，吐血，衄血，肝热目赤，头痛眩晕。
Used for hematochezia, hemorrhoids bleeding, bloody dysentery, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, hematemesis, epistaxis, red eyes due to liver heat, headache, and dizziness.

用量 Dosage

5～10g。
5-10 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，防潮，防蛀。
Store in a dry place, moisture-proof, and mothproof.

槐花

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为豆科植物槐Sophora japonica L.的干燥花及花蕾。夏季花开放或花蕾形成时采收，及时干燥，除去枝、梗及杂质。前者习称“槐花”，后者习称“槐米”。
Pagodatree Flower is the dried flower and flower bud of Sophora japonica L. (Fam. Legu-minosae). The drug is collected in summer at flowering or when flower buds are forming, dried in time and removed from branch, pedicel and foreign matter. The former is known as “Huaihua”, and the later “Huaimi”.

性状 Description

槐花
皱缩而卷曲，花瓣多散落。完整者花萼钟状，黄绿色，先端5浅裂；花瓣5，黄色或黄白色，1片较大，近圆形，先端微凹，其余4片长圆形。雄蕊10，其中9个基部连合，花丝细长。雌蕊圆柱形，弯曲。体轻。气微，味微苦。

槐米
呈卵形或椭圆形，长2～6mm，直径约2mm。花萼下部有数条纵纹。萼的上方为黄白色未开放的花瓣。花梗细小。体轻，手捻即碎。气微，味微苦涩。

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄绿色。花粉粒类球形或钝三角形，直径14～19μm。具3个萌发孔。萼片表皮表面观呈多角形；非腺毛1～3细胞，长86～660μm。气孔不定式，副卫细胞4～8个。草酸钙方晶较多。
(1) Powder: Yellowish-green. Pollen grains subspherical or obtusely triangular, 14-19 in diameter, with 3 pores. Non-glandular hairs consisting of 1-3 cells, 86-660 μm long. Stomata, anomocytic, with 4-8 subsidiary cells. Prisms of calcium oxalate frequently visible.

（2）取本品粉末0.2g，加甲醇5ml，密塞，振摇10分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取芦丁对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含4mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-甲酸-水（8：1：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以三氯化铝试液，待乙醇挥干后，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
(2) Shake 0.2 g of the powder with 5 ml of methanol for 10 minutes, and filter, use the filtrate as the test solution. Dissolve rutin CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 4 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatograhy <0502>, using silica G as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate, formic acid and water (8 : 1 : 1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10 μl of each of the two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air and spray with a 1% solution of aluminium chloride TS. Allow to evaporate ethanol and examine under ultra-violet light at 365 nm. A fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the fluorescent spot obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过11.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 11.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

槐花不得过14.0%；槐米不得过9.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 14.0 per cent for Huaihua, and not more than 9.0 per cent for Huaimi <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

槐花不得过8.0%；槐米不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent for Huaihua, and not more than 3.0 per cent for Huaimi <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用30%甲醇作溶剂，槐花不得少于37.0%；槐米不得少于43.0%。
Carry out the hot extraction method for the determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201>, using 30% methanol as the solvent, not less than 37.0 per cent for Huaihua, and not less than 43.0 per cent for Huaimi.

含量测定 Assay

总黄酮
对照品溶液的制备 取芦丁对照品50mg，精密称定，置25ml量瓶中，加甲醇适量，置水浴上微热使溶解，放冷，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀。精密量取10ml，置100ml量瓶中，加水至刻度，摇匀，即得（每1ml中含芦丁0.2mg）。

含量测定 Assay

芦丁 照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
色谱条件与系统适用性试验 以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-1%冰醋酸溶液（32：68）为流动相；检测波长为257nm。理论板数按芦丁峰计算应不低于2000。

饮片 Prepared slices

炮制 Processing

槐花 除去杂质及灰屑。
Sophorae Flos Eliminate foreign matter.

性状 Description

槐花、鉴别、检查、浸出物、含量测定同药材。
Description and Identification As required for the crude drug.

炒槐花 Sophorae Flos (stir-baked)

取净槐花，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至表面深黄色。
Sophorae Flos (stir-baked) Stir-bake the clean Sophorae Flos as described under the method for simple stir-baking <0213> until a dark yellow colour is produced externally.

槐花炭 Sophorae Flos (carbonized)

取净槐花，照炒炭法（通则0213）炒至表面焦褐色。
Sophorae Flos (carbonized) Stir-bake the clean Sophorae Flos as described under the method for carbonizing by stir-baking <0213> until a charred brown colour is produced externally.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

苦，微寒。归肝、大肠经。
Cold; mild bitter.

功能与主治 Actions

凉血止血，清肝泻火。用于便血，痔血，血痢，崩漏，吐血，衄血，肝热目赤，头痛眩晕。
To cool the blood, stop bleeding, clear the liver and purge fire.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

5～10g。
5-10 g.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，防潮，防蛀。
Preserve in a dry place, and protect from moisture and moth.