鹿茸

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为鹿科动物梅花鹿Cervus nippon Temminck 或马鹿Cervus elaphus Linnaeus 的雄鹿未骨化密生茸毛的幼角。前者习称“花鹿茸”，后者习称“马鹿茸”。夏、秋二季锯取鹿茸，经加工后，阴干或烘干。
Deer Antler is the young antler with dense hair of male deer of Cervus nippon Temminck or Cervus elaphus Linnaeus (Fam. Cervidae). The former is commonly known as "Hualurong" and the latter as "Malurong". The antler is sawn off in summer and autumn, processed, and dried in the shade or by baking.

性状 Description

花鹿茸 Stems cylindrical

呈圆柱状分枝，具一个分枝者习称“二杠”，主枝习称“大挺”，长17～20cm，锯口直径4～5cm，离锯口约1cm处分出侧枝，习称“门庄”，长9～15cm，直径较大挺略细。外皮红棕色或棕色，多光润，表面密生红黄色或棕黄色细茸毛，上端较密，下端较疏；分岔间具1条灰黑色筋脉，皮茸紧贴。锯口黄白色，外围无骨质，中部密布细孔。具二个分枝者，习称“三岔”，大挺长23～33cm，直径较二杠细，略呈弓形，微扁，枝端略尖，下部多有纵棱筋及突起疙瘩；皮红黄色，茸毛较稀而粗。体轻。气微腥，味微咸。
Branching in a cylindrical shape, with one branch commonly referred to as "Er Ba" and the main branch commonly referred to as "Da Ting", with a length of 17-20cm and a sawing mouth diameter of 4-5cm. Side branches are separated about 1cm away from the sawing mouth, commonly referred to as "Men Zhuang", with a length of 9-15cm and a relatively large and slightly slender diameter. The outer skin is reddish brown or brown, mostly smooth, and the surface is densely covered with reddish yellow or brownish yellow fine hairs. The upper end is dense, and the lower end is sparse; There is one gray black vein between the forks, with furry skin tightly attached. The saw blade is yellow white in color, with no bone around the periphery and dense fine pores in the middle. A person with two branches, commonly known as a "three branch", with a large stem length of 23-33cm, a diameter thinner than the two bars, slightly arched, slightly flattened, with slightly pointed branches and longitudinal ribs and protrusions at the lower part; The skin is red and yellow, with sparse and thick fur. Lightweight body. The air is slightly fishy and the taste is slightly salty.

二茬茸与头茬茸相似，但挺长而不圆或下粗上细，下部有纵棱筋。皮灰黄色，茸毛较粗糙，锯口外围多已骨化。体较重。无腥气。
The second-year antler is similar to the first-year antler, but it is longer and not round, or thicker at the bottom and thinner at the top, with longitudinal ridges at the bottom. The skin is greyish-yellow, and the hair is rougher. The periphery of the sawn surface is mostly ossified. Heavier in weight. Odourless.

马鹿茸 Deer Antler

较花鹿茸粗大，分枝较多，侧枝一个者习称“单门”，二个者习称“莲花”，三个者习称“三岔”，四个者习称“四岔”或更多。按产地分为“东马鹿茸”和“西马鹿茸”。
Larger than deer antler, with more branches. If there is one side branch, it is called "Danmen"; if there are two side branches, it is called "Lianhua"; if there are three side branches, it is called "Sancha"; if there are four or more side branches, it is called "Sicha" or more. It is divided into "Dong Malurong" and "Xi Malurong" according to the place of origin.

东马鹿茸 Dong Malurong

“单门”大挺长25～27cm，直径约3cm。外皮灰黑色，茸毛灰褐色或灰黄色，锯口面外皮较厚，灰黑色，中部密布细孔，质嫩；“莲花”大挺长可达33cm，下部有棱筋，锯口面蜂窝状小孔稍大；“三岔”皮色深，质较老；“四岔”茸毛粗而稀，大挺下部具棱筋及疙瘩，分枝顶端多无毛，习称“捻头”。
The "Danmen" is 25-27 cm long and has a diameter of about 3 cm. The skin is greyish-black, and the hair is grey-brown or grey-yellow. The outer skin of the sawn surface is thicker, grey-black, and densely covered with fine pores in the middle, with tender texture. The "Lianhua" can reach up to 33 cm in length, with ridges at the lower part and slightly larger honeycomb-like pores on the sawn surface. The "Sancha" has a darker skin and older texture. The "Sicha" has coarse and sparse hair, with ridges and nodules at the lower part of the main branch, and the top of the branches is mostly hairless, commonly known as "Niantou".

西马鹿茸 Xi Malurong

大挺多不圆，顶端圆扁不一，长30～100cm。表面有棱，多抽缩干瘪，分枝较长且弯曲，茸毛粗长，灰色或黑灰色。锯口色较深，常见骨质。气腥臭，味咸。
The main branches are mostly not round, and the top is uneven and flattened, 30-100 cm long. The surface has ridges, often shriveled, with longer and curved branches, coarse and long hair, grey or blackish-grey. The sawn surface is darker in color and bone is often visible. It has a fishy and pungent odour, and a salty taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末淡黄棕色或黄棕色。表皮角质层细胞淡黄色至黄棕色，表面颗粒状，凹凸不平。毛茸多碎断，表面由薄而透明的扁平细胞（鳞片）作覆瓦状排列的毛小皮所包围，呈短刺状突起，隐约可见细纵直纹；皮质有棕色或灰棕色色素；毛根常与毛囊相连，基部膨大作撕裂状。骨碎片呈不规则形，淡黄色或淡灰色，表面有细密的纵向纹理及点状孔隙；骨陷窝较多，类圆形或类梭形，边缘凹凸不平。未骨化骨组织近无色，边缘不整齐，具多数不规则的块状突起物，其间隐约可见条纹。角化梭形细胞多散在，呈类长圆形，略扁，侧面观梭形，无色或淡黄色，具折光性。
(1) The powder of this product is pale yellowish-brown or yellowish-brown. The epidermal keratinized cells are pale yellow to yellowish-brown, granular on the surface, and uneven. The hair is mostly broken, and the surface is surrounded by thin and transparent flat cells (scales) arranged in a tile-like manner, forming short prickly protrusions, with faint longitudinal lines visible; the cortex contains brown or grey-brown pigments; the hair roots are often connected to the hair follicles, and the base is swollen and torn. The bone fragments are irregular in shape, pale yellow or pale grey, with fine longitudinal textures and punctate pores on the surface; there are more bone lacunae, which are round or spindle-shaped, with uneven edges. The unossified bone tissue is nearly colorless, with irregular edges and numerous irregular blocky protrusions, with faint stripes visible in between. The keratinized spindle-shaped cells are scattered, resembling elongated oval shape, slightly flattened, and viewed from the side, they are spindle-shaped, colorless or pale yellow, and have birefringence.

（2）取本品粉末0.1g，加水4ml，加热15分钟，放冷，滤过，取滤液1ml，加茚三酮试液3滴，摇匀，加热煮沸数分钟，显蓝紫色；另取滤液1ml，加10%氢氧化钠溶液2滴，摇匀，滴加0.5%硫酸铜溶液，显蓝紫色。
(2) Take 0.1g of the powder, add 4ml of water, heat for 15 minutes, cool, filter, take 1ml of the filtrate, add 3 drops of ninhydrin test solution, shake well, boil for several minutes, and show blue-violet color; take another 1ml of the filtrate, add 2 drops of 10% sodium hydroxide solution, shake well, and add 0.5% copper sulfate solution dropwise, showing blue-violet color.

（3）取本品粉末0.4g，加70%乙醇5ml，超声处理15分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取鹿茸对照药材0.4g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取甘氨酸对照品，加70%乙醇制成每1ml含2mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和对照药材溶液各8μl、对照品溶液1μl,分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水（3︰1︰1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以2%茚三酮丙酮溶液，在105 ℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的主斑点；在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(3) Take 0.4g of the powder, add 5ml of 70% ethanol, treat with ultrasound for 15 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. Take 0.4g of the reference drug of deer antler, and prepare the reference drug solution by the same method. Take glycine as the reference substance, add 70% ethanol to prepare a solution containing 2mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of n-butanol-glacial acetic acid-water (3:1:1) as the mobile phase. Apply 8μl of the test solution and the reference drug solution, and 1μl of the reference solution to the same silica gel G thin layer plate. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 2% solution of ninhydrin in acetone, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. In the chromatogram obtained with the test solution, the main spots appear in the corresponding positions to those in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution; in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution, the spots appear in the corresponding positions to those in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

饮片 Prepared slices

鹿茸片 Deer Antler Slices

炮制 Processing

取鹿茸，燎去茸毛，刮净，以布带缠绕茸体，自锯口面小孔灌入热白酒，并不断添酒，至润透或灌酒稍蒸，横切薄片，压平，干燥。
Take the deer antler, burn off the hair, scrape off the impurities, wrap the antler body with a cloth strip, pour hot white wine into the small holes on the sawn surface, continuously add wine until it is soaked or slightly steamed, cut into thin slices, flatten, and dry.

鹿茸粉 Deer Antler Powder

炮制 Processing

取鹿茸，燎去茸毛，刮净，劈成碎块，研成细粉。
Take the deer antler, burn off the hair, scrape off the impurities, split it into small pieces, and grind it into fine powder.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

味 Flavor

甘、咸。
Sweet and salty.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肾、肝经。
Kidney and liver meridians.

功能 Actions

壮肾阳，益精血，强筋骨，调冲任，托疮毒。
To tonify the kidney yang, nourish the essence and blood, strengthen the tendons and bones, regulate the Chong and Ren meridians, and support the healing of sores and ulcers.

主治 Indications

用于肾阳不足，精血亏虚，阳痿滑精，宫冷不孕，羸瘦，神疲，畏寒，眩晕，耳鸣，耳聋，腰脊冷痛，筋骨痿软，崩漏带下，阴疽不敛。
Used for deficiency of kidney yang, deficiency of essence and blood, impotence and premature ejaculation, cold uterus and infertility, emaciation, fatigue, aversion to cold, dizziness, tinnitus, deafness, cold and pain in the waist and spine, weakness and flaccidity of the tendons and bones, excessive menstruation and leukorrhea, and non-healing of Yin ulcers.

用量 Dosage

1～2g。
1-2 g.

用法 Administration

研末冲服。
Ground into powder and taken orally

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，密闭，防蛀。
Store in a cool and dry place, in a sealed container, and protect from moth.

鹿茸

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为鹿科动物梅花鹿Cervus Nippon Temminck或马鹿Cervus elaphus Linnaeus的雄鹿未骨化密生茸毛的幼角。前者习称“花鹿茸”，后者习称“马鹿茸”。夏、秋二季锯取鹿茸，经加工后，阴干或烘干。
Pilose Antler is the young unossified hairy antler of male Cervus nippon Temminck or Cervus elaphus Linnaeus (Fam. Cervidae). The former is known as “Hualurong" (sika deer pilose antler), the later known as “Malurong" (red deer pilose antler). The drug is collected in summer or autumn, processed, and dried in the shade or bake-dried.

性状 Description

花鹿茸 Hualurong

呈圆柱状分枝，具一个分枝者习称“二杠”，主枝习称“大挺”，长17～20cm，锯口直径4～5cm，离锯口约1cm处分出侧枝，习称“门庄”，长9～15cm，直径较大挺略细。外皮红棕色或棕色，多光润，表面密生红黄色或棕黄色细茸毛，上端较密，下端较疏；分岔间具1条灰黑色筋脉，皮茸紧贴。锯口黄白色，外围无骨质，中部密布细孔。具二个分枝者，习称“三岔”，大挺长23～33cm，直径较二杠细，略呈弓形，微扁，枝端略尖，下部多有纵棱筋及突起疙瘩；皮红黄色，茸毛较稀而粗。体轻。气微腥，味微咸。
Branched, cylindrical. The antler with one side branch commonly known as “Ergang" (double branches) ； the main branch as “Dating" (big branch) , 17-20 cm long, cut surface 4-5 cm in diameter； the side branch arosing at about 1 cm from the cut surface known as “ Menzhuang ” ( side branch ) , 9-15 cm long, slightly smaller than “Dating” in diameter. The outer skin reddish-brown or brown, usually lustrous, densely covered with reddish-yellow or brownish-yellow soft hairs, relatively thick at the upper end, and sparse at the lower end, a greyish-black vein at the base between the main and side branches, the skin and hairs nestled closely each other. The cut surface yellowish-white, without bony element in the outer part, small pores densely distributed in the central portion. Texture light. Odour, slightly stinking； taste, slightly salty. The antler with two side branches commonly known as “Sancha” (triple branches) , “Dating” 23-33 cm long and smaller than that of “Ergang” in diameter, slightly bow-shaped and flattened, the tip slightly pointed, the lower part usually bearing longitudinal ridged veins and lumps. Skin reddish-yellow, the soft hairs relatively sparse and thick.

二茬茸 Autumn Pilose Antler

较花鹿茸粗大，分枝较多，侧枝一个者习称“单门”，二个者习称“莲花”，三个者习称“三岔”，四个者习称“四岔”或更多。按产地分为“东马鹿茸”和“西马鹿茸”。
Larger and thicker than Hualurong, more branched. The antler with one, two, three, four or more side branches commonly known as “Danmen” (single side branch), “Lianhua” (lotus), “Sancha" (triple side branches) and “Sicha” (quadruple side branches) respectively. Also divided into “Dongmalurong” (east red deer pilose antler) and “Ximalurong” (west red deer pilose antler) according to the producing area.

东马鹿茸 Dongmalurong

“单门”大挺长25～27cm，直径约3cm。外皮灰黑色，茸毛灰褐色或灰黄色，锯口面外皮较厚，灰黑色，中部密布细孔，质嫩；“莲花”大挺长可达33cm，下部有棱筋，锯口面蜂窝状小孔稍大；“三岔”皮色深，质较老；“四岔”茸毛粗而稀，大挺下部具棱筋及疙瘩，分枝顶端多无毛，习称“捻头”。
“Dating” of “Danmen” 25-27 cm long, about 3 cm in diameter. The outer skin greyish-black, soft hairs greyish-brown or greyish-yellow. The outer skin of the cut surface rather thick, greyish-black. The central portion of the cut surface densely with small pores. Texture of the “Danmen” tender. “Dating” of “Lianhua” up to 33 cm long, with ridged veins at the lower part, the cut surface with relatively larger honeycomb-like pores. The skin of “Sancha” dark, texture rather tough. “Sicha” with sparse and thick soft hairs ； the lower part of “Dating” with ridged veins and lumps, tip usually without soft hairs, commonly known as “Niantou” (hairless tip).

西马鹿茸 Ximalurong

大挺多不圆，顶端圆扁不一，长30～100cm。表面有棱，多抽缩干瘪，分枝较长且弯曲，茸毛粗长，灰色或黑灰色。锯口色较深，常见骨质。气腥臭，味咸。
“Dating” 30-100 cm long, usually not round, tip round or flattened. The surface with ridges but usually shrunken and shrivelled. The branches rather long and curved； the soft hairs thick and long, grey or greyish-black. The cut surface in a relative dark colour and usually bony. Odour, stinking； taste, salty.

鉴别 Identification

(1) 鹿茸素试验 Test for Pilose Antler Substance

取本品粉末0.1g，加水4ml，加热15分钟，放冷，滤过，取滤液1ml，加茚三酮试液3滴，摇匀，加热煮沸数分钟，显蓝紫色；另取滤液1ml，加10%氢氧化钠溶液2滴，摇匀，滴加0.5%硫酸铜溶液，显蓝紫色。
To about 0.1 g of the powder add 4 ml of water, heat for 15 minutes, cool and filter. To 1 ml of the filtrate add 3 drops of ninhydrin TS, mix well, boil for several minutes, a bluish-violet colour is produced. To another 1 ml of the filtrate add 2 drops of 10% sodium hydroxide, mix well, and add 0.5% cupric sulfate dropwise, a bluish-violet colour is produced.

(2) 薄层色谱法 Thin Layer Chromatography

取本品粉末0.4g，加70%乙醇5ml，超声处理15分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取鹿茸对照药材0.4g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取甘氨酸对照品，加70%乙醇制成每1ml含2mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和对照药材溶液各8μl、对照品溶液1μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水（3：1：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以2%茚三酮丙酮溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的主斑点；在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
To 0.4 g of the powder add 5 ml of 70% ethanol, ultra-sonicate for 15 minutes, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Prepare a solution of 0.4 g of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum reference drug in the same manner as the reference drug solution. Dissolve glycine CRS in 70% ethanol to produce a solution containing 2 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of n-butanol, glacial acetic acid and water (3:1:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 8 μl of the test solution and the reference drug solution respectively, and 1 μl of the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 2% solution of ninhydrin in acetone and heat at 105℃ to the spots clear. The main spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

饮片 Prepared slices

鹿茸片 Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum (sliced)

取鹿茸，燎去茸毛，刮净，以布带缠绕茸体，自锯口面小孔灌入热白酒，并不断添酒，至润透或灌酒稍蒸，横切薄片，压平，干燥。
Processing Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum (sliced) Burn away the soft hairs, scrape clean, wrap it with a clothing band, add hot white rice wine into the small holes on the cut surface until it is softened thoroughly or steam briefly after filled with wine, cut into thin slices, press, and dry.

鹿茸粉 Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum (powdered)

取鹿茸，燎去茸毛，刮净，劈成碎块，研成细粉。
Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum (powdered) Burn away the soft hairs, scrape clean, split into pieces and pulverize.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

甘、咸，温。归肾、肝经。
Warm； sweet, salty. Kidney and liver meridians.

功能与主治 Actions and Indications

壮肾阳，益精血，强筋骨，调冲任，托疮毒。用于肾阳不足，精血亏虚，阳痿滑精，宫冷不孕，羸瘦，神疲，畏寒，眩晕，耳鸣，耳聋，腰脊冷痛，筋骨痿软，崩漏带下，阴疽不敛。
To invigorate kidney yang, repenish essence and blood, strengthen sinew and bone, harmonize thoroughfare and conception vessels, expel sore and toxin. Deficiency of kidney yang, deficiency of essence and blood, impotence and spermatorrhea, infertility caused by uterine coldness, emaciation, lassitude, into-lerance to cold, dizziness, tinnitus, deafness, cold pain in the low back and spine, limp wilting sinew and bone, menstrual flooding and spotting, vaginal discharge, and unhealing yin flat-abscesses.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

1～2g，研末冲服。
1-2 g, ground into powder for oral administration with water.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，密闭，防蛀。
Preserve in well closed containers, store in a cool and dry place, and protect from moth.