黄芪

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: *Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition) *

概述 Overview

本品为豆科植物蒙古黄芪Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.） Bge.var.mongholicus（Bge.）Hsiao或膜荚黄芪Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.的干燥根。春、秋二季采挖，除去须根和根头，晒干。
Astragalus Root is the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. (Fam. Leguminosae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from root hairs and root tips, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈圆柱形，有的有分枝，上端较粗，长30～90 cm，直径1～3.5 cm。表面淡棕黄色或淡棕褐色，有不整齐的纵皱纹或纵沟。质硬而韧，不易折断，断面纤维性强，并显粉性，皮部黄白色，木部淡黄色，有放射状纹理和裂隙，老根中心偶呈枯朽状，黑褐色或呈空洞。气微，味微甜，嚼之微有豆腥味。
Roots cylindrical, some branched, upper part thicker, 30-90 cm long, 1-3.5 cm in diameter; externally pale yellowish-brown or pale brownish-brown, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles or furrows; texture hard and tough, not easily broken, fracture fibrous and shows powderiness; bark yellowish-white, wood pale yellow, with radiate texture and cracks; central part of old roots occasionally decayed, blackish-brown or hollow. Odour, slight; taste, slightly sweet, chewing produces a slight bean-like taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：木栓细胞多列；栓内层为3～5列厚角细胞。韧皮部射线外侧常弯曲，有裂隙；纤维成束，壁厚，木化或微木化，与筛管群交互排列；近栓内层处有时可见石细胞。形成层成环。木质部导管单个散在或2～3个相聚；导管间有木纤维；射线中有时可见单个或2～4个成群的石细胞。薄壁细胞含淀粉粒。
（1）Transverse section: Cork cells arranged in multiple rows; cork cambium consists of 3-5 rows of thick-walled cork cells. Phloem rays often curved and cracked at the outer side; fibers in bundles, thick-walled, lignified or slightly lignified, arranged alternately with sieve tube groups; stone cells sometimes present near the inner side of the cork cambium. Cambium ring-shaped. Xylem vessels scattered or in groups of 2-3; fibers present between vessels; phloem rays sometimes contain single or clustered stone cells. Thin-walled cells contain starch grains.

（2）照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取〔含量测定〕项下的供试品溶液及对照品溶液[1]各5～10 μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇-水（13︰7︰2）的下层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105 °C加热至斑点显色清晰，分别置日光和紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，日光下显相同的棕褐色斑点；紫外光（365 nm）下显相同的橙黄色荧光斑点。
（2）Test according to thin layer chromatography <0502>, apply 5-10 μl of the test solution and reference solution [1] separately to the same silica gel G thin-layer plate. Develop with a lower layer solution of chloroform-methanol-water (13: 7: 2) as the mobile phase. Remove the plate, dry it, and spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol. Heat at 105 °C until the spots are clearly visible. Examine under daylight and ultraviolet light (365 nm). In the chromatogram of the test solution, brownish spots appear at the corresponding positions to those in the chromatogram of the reference solution under daylight, and orange-yellow fluorescent spots appear under ultraviolet light (365 nm).

（3）取本品粉末2 g，加乙醇30 ml，加热回流20分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加0.3%氢氧化钠溶液15 ml使溶解，滤过，滤液用稀盐酸调节pH值至5～6，用乙酸乙酯15 ml振摇提取，分取乙酸乙酯液，用铺有适量无水硫酸钠的滤纸滤过，滤液蒸干。残渣加乙酸乙酯1 ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取黄芪对照药材2 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10 μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇（10：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置氨蒸气中熏后，置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光主斑点。
（3）Take 2 g of the powder, add 30 ml of ethanol, heat under reflux for 20 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 15 ml of 0.3% sodium hydroxide solution, filter, adjust the pH value of the filtrate to 5-6 with dilute hydrochloric acid, extract with 15 ml of ethyl acetate, take the ethyl acetate solution, filter through filter paper with a suitable amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate, and evaporate the filtrate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 1 ml of ethyl acetate as the test solution. Take 2 g of the reference drug of Astragalus Root, and prepare the reference drug solution using the same method. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography <0502>, using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (10: 1) as the mobile phase. Develop, remove the plate, dry it, expose it to ammonia vapor, and examine under ultraviolet light (365 nm). In the chromatogram of the test solution, the main fluorescent spot appears at the corresponding position to that in the chromatogram of the reference drug under ultraviolet light (365 nm).

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过10.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

重金属及有害元素 Heavy metals and harmful elements

照铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法（通则2321原子吸收分光光度法或电感耦合等离子体质谱法）测定，铅不得过5 mg/kg；镉不得过1 mg/kg；砷不得过2 mg/kg；汞不得过0.2 mg/kg；铜不得过20 mg/kg。
Determined by the method of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and copper (atomic absorption spectrophotometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) <2321>. The limit of lead is not more than 5 mg/kg; the limit of cadmium is not more than 1 mg/kg; the limit of arsenic is not more than 2 mg/kg; the limit of mercury is not more than 0.2 mg/kg; the limit of copper is not more than 20 mg/kg.

其他有机氯类农药残留量 Residue of other organochlorine pesticides

照农药残留量测定法（通则2341有机氯类农药残留量测定法—第一法）测定。
Determined by the method for determination of pesticide residues <2341> (method 1) for organochlorine pesticides.

五氯硝基苯不得过0.1 mg/kg。
The limit of pentachloronitrobenzene is not more than 0.1 mg/kg.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，不得少于17.0%。
Determined by the method for determination of water-soluble extractives <2201> (cold maceration method), not less than 17.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

黄芪甲苷 Astragaloside IV

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determined by the method for determination of astragaloside IV by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-水（32：68）为流动相；蒸发光散射检测器检测。理论板数按黄芪甲苷峰计算应不低于4000。
Use octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the stationary phase; use acetonitrile-water (32: 68) as the mobile phase; detect with an evaporative light scattering detector. The theoretical plate number should not be less than 4000, calculated based on the peak of astragaloside IV.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取黄芪甲苷对照品适量，精密称定，加80%甲醇制成每1 ml含0.5 mg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of astragaloside IV reference standard, accurately weigh, and dissolve in 80% methanol to obtain a solution containing 0.5 mg per ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约1 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入含4%浓氨试液的80%甲醇溶液（取浓氨试液4 ml，加80%甲醇至100 ml，摇匀）50 ml，密塞，称定重量，加热回流1小时，放冷，再称定重量，用含4%浓氨试液的80%甲醇溶液补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，精密量取续滤液25 ml，蒸干，残渣用80%甲醇溶解，转移至5 ml量瓶中，加80%甲醇至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 1 g of the powder (passed through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50 ml of 80% methanol solution containing 4% ammonia solution (take 4 ml of concentrated ammonia solution, add 80% methanol to 100 ml, and shake well), seal the flask, weigh, heat under reflux for 1 hour, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with 80% methanol solution containing 4% ammonia solution, shake well, filter, accurately take 25 ml of the filtrate, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 80% methanol, transfer to a 5 ml volumetric flask, add 80% methanol to the mark, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液2 μl（或5 μl）、10 μl，供试品溶液10～20 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，以外标两点法对数方程计算，即得。
Accurately inject 2 μl (or 5 μl) of the reference solution and 10-20 μl of the test solution into a liquid chromatograph for determination. Calculate the content using the logarithmic equation of the external standard method.

本品按干燥品计算，含黄芪甲苷（C41H68O14）不得少于0.080%。
Calculated with reference to the dried drug, the content of astragaloside IV (C41H68O14) should not be less than 0.080%.

毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷 Calycosin-7-O-glucoside

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determined by the method for determination of calycosin-7-O-glucoside by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以0.2%甲酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；检测波长为260 nm。理论板数按毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷峰计算应不低于3000。
Use octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the stationary phase; use acetonitrile as mobile phase A and 0.2% formic acid solution as mobile phase B, and perform gradient elution according to the specified conditions in the table; detect at a wavelength of 260 nm. The theoretical plate number should not be less than 3000, calculated based on the peak of calycosin-7-O-glucoside.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1 ml含50 μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of calycosin-7-O-glucoside reference standard, accurately weigh, and dissolve in methanol to obtain a solution containing 50 μg per ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约1 g，精密称定，置圆底烧瓶中，精密加入甲醇50 ml，称定重量，加热回流4小时，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，精密量取续滤液25 ml，回收溶剂至干，残渣加甲醇溶解，转移至5 ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Take about 1 g of the powder (passed through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a round-bottomed flask, accurately add 50 ml of methanol, weigh, heat under reflux for 4 hours, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with methanol, shake well, filter, accurately take 25 ml of the filtrate, evaporate the solvent to dryness, dissolve the residue in methanol, transfer to a 5 ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, shake well, and filter.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately inject 10 μl of the reference solution and the test solution into a liquid chromatograph for determination.

含量 Content

本品按干燥品计算，含毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷（C22H22O10）不得少于0.020%。
Calculated with reference to the dried drug, the content of calycosin-7-O-glucoside (C22H22O10) should not be less than 0.020%.

饮片 Prepared slices

黄芪 Astragalus Root

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，大小分开，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter, separate large and small pieces, wash, soften until thoroughly moistened, cut into thick slices, and dry.

性状 ｜ Description

本品呈类圆形或椭圆形的厚片，外表皮黄白色至淡棕褐色，可见纵皱纹或纵沟。切面皮部黄白色，木部淡黄色，有放射状纹理及裂隙，有的中心偶有枯朽状，黑褐色或呈空洞。气微，味微甜，嚼之有豆腥味。
In subrounded or elliptical thick slices. Externally yellowish-white or pale brown, with longitudinal wrinkles or furrows. Cut surface yellowish-white in bark part and pale yellow in wood part, with radiated striations and fissures, sometimes rotten-wood-shaped in center which blackish-brown or hollowed. Odour, slight; taste, slightly sweet, bean-like on chewing.

鉴别 ｜ Identification

（除横切面外）同药材。
As required for the crude drug except for the transverse section.

检查 Examination

同药材。
As required for the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
As required for the crude drug.

含量测定 ｜ Assay

同药材。
As required for the crude drug.

性 Property

微温。
Slightly warm.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、脾经。
Lung and spleen meridians.

功能 Actions

补气升阳，固表止汗，利水消肿，生津养血，行滞通痹，托毒排脓，敛疮生肌。
To tonify qi and raise yang, consolidate the exterior and stop sweating, promote diuresis and reduce edema, generate body fluids and nourish blood, promote blood circulation and relieve pain, promote the discharge of pus and promote the healing of sores.

主治 Indications

用于气虚乏力，食少便溏，中气下陷，久泻脱肛，便血崩漏，表虚自汗，气虚水肿，内热消渴，血虚萎黄，半身不遂，痹痛麻木，痈疽难溃，久溃不敛。
Used for deficiency of qi and fatigue, poor appetite and loose stools, sinking of qi in the middle energizer, chronic diarrhea with prolapse of the anus, bleeding and leakage of blood, spontaneous sweating due to exterior deficiency, edema due to qi deficiency, internal heat with excessive thirst, blood deficiency with withered and yellow complexion, hemiplegia, pain and numbness, difficult-to-heal abscesses, and non-healing ulcers.

用量 Dosage

9～30 g。
9-30 g.

用法 ｜ Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防潮，防蛀。
Preserve in a well-ventilated, dry place, protected from moisture and insects.

黄芪

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为豆科植物蒙古黄芪Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.var.mongholicus（Bge.）Hsiao或膜荚黄芪Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.的干燥根。春、秋二季采挖，除去须根和根头，晒干。
Milkvetch Root is the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. (Fam. Leguminosae). The drug is collected in spring or autumn, removed from rootlet and root stock, dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈圆柱形，有的有分枝，上端较粗，长30～90cm，直径1～3.5cm。表面淡棕黄色或淡棕褐色，有不整齐的纵皱纹或纵沟。质硬而韧，不易折断，断面纤维性强，并显粉性，皮部黄白色，木部淡黄色，有放射状纹理和裂隙，老根中心偶呈枯朽状，黑褐色或呈空洞。气微，味微甜，嚼之微有豆腥味。
Cylindrical, some branched, upper part relatively thick, 30-90 cm long, 1-3.5 cm in diameter. Externally pale brownish-yellow or pale brown, with irregular, longitudinal wrinkles or furrows. Texture hard and tenacious, uneasily broken, fracture highly fibrous and starchy, bark yellowish-white, wood pale yellow, with radiate striations and fissures, the centre part of old root occasionally rotten-wood-shaped, blackish-brown or hollowed. Odour, weak； taste, slightly sweet and slightly bean-like on chewing.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：木栓细胞多列；栓内层为3～5列厚角细胞。韧皮部射线外侧常弯曲，有裂隙；纤维成束，壁厚，木化或微木化，与筛管群交互排列；近栓内层处有时可见石细胞。形成层成环。木质部导管单个散在或2～3个相聚；导管间有木纤维；射线中有时可见单个或2～4个成群的石细胞。薄壁细胞含淀粉粒。
粉末黄白色。纤维成束或散离，直径8～30μm，壁厚，表面有纵裂纹，初生壁常与次生壁分离，两端常断裂成须状，或较平截。具缘纹孔导管无色或橙黄色，具缘纹孔排列紧密。石细胞少见，圆形、长圆形或形状不规则，壁较厚。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过10.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

重金属及有害元素 Heavy metals and harmful elements

照铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法（通则2321原子吸收分光光度法或电感耦合等离子体质谱法）测定，铅不得过5mg/kg；镉不得过0.3mg/kg；砷不得过2mg/kg；汞不得过0.2mg/kg；铜不得过20mg/kg。
Carry out the methods for determinations of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and copper<2321, atomic absorption spectrophoto-metry, or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry>, not more than 5 mg/kg of lead, 0.3 mg/kg of cadmium, 2 mg/kg of arsenic, 0.2 mg/kg of mercury and 20 mg/kg of copper.

有机氯农药残留量 Pesticide residues

照农药残留量测定法（通则2341有机氯类农药残留量测定法一第一法）测定。
含总六六六（α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、δ-BHC之和）不得过0.2mg/kg；总滴滴涕（pp'-DDE、pp'-DDD、op'-DDT，pp-DDT之和）不得过0.2mg/kg；五氯硝基苯不得过0.1mg/kg。

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，不得少于17.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble extractives <2201, the cold maceration method>, not less than 17.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

黄芪甲苷
照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。