黄芩

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: *Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition) *

概述 Overview

本品为唇形科植物黄芩Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi的干燥根。春、秋二季采挖，除去须根和泥沙，晒后撞去粗皮，晒干。
Scutellaria Root is the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Fam. Labiatae). The drug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from root hairs and dirt, sun-dried, and then pounded to remove the rough bark and dried.

性状 Description

本品呈圆锥形，扭曲，长8～25 cm，直径1～3 cm。表面棕黄色或深黄色，有稀疏的疣状细根痕，上部较粗糙，有扭曲的纵皱纹或不规则的网纹，下部有顺纹和细皱纹。质硬而脆，易折断，断面黄色，中心红棕色；老根中心呈枯朽状或中空，暗棕色或棕黑色。气微，味苦。
Roots conical, twisted, 8-25 cm long, 1-3 cm in diameter; externally brownish-yellow or dark yellow, with sparse wart-like root scars, upper part rough, with twisted longitudinal wrinkles or irregular reticulate wrinkles, lower part with longitudinal wrinkles and fine wrinkles. Texture hard and brittle, easily broken; fracture yellow, center reddish-brown; central part of old roots decayed or hollow, dark brown or brownish-black. Odour, slight; taste, bitter.

栽培品较细长，多有分枝。表面浅黄棕色，外皮紧贴，纵皱纹较细腻。断面黄色或浅黄色，略呈角质样。味微苦。
Cultivated product is relatively slender, often branched. Surface light yellowish-brown, outer bark closely adhering, longitudinal wrinkles relatively fine. Fracture yellow or pale yellow, slightly horny in appearance. Taste, slightly bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄色。韧皮纤维单个散在或数个成束，梭形，长60～250 μm，直径9～33 μm，壁厚，孔沟细。石细胞类圆形、类方形或长方形，壁较厚或甚厚。木栓细胞棕黄色，多角形。网纹导管多见，直径24～72 μm。木纤维多碎断，直径约12 μm，有稀疏斜纹孔。淀粉粒甚多，单粒类球形，直径2～10 μm，脐点明显，复粒由2～3分粒组成。
（1）The powder is yellow. The bast fibers are scattered individually or in bundles, fusiform, 60-250 μm long, 9-33 μm in diameter, thick-walled, with fine pits. Stone cells are circular, square or rectangular, with thick or very thick walls. Cork cells are brownish-yellow and mostly polygonal. Reticulate vessels are common, with a diameter of 24-72 μm. Wood fibers are mostly fragmented, with a diameter of about 12 μm, and have sparse oblique pits. Numerous starch grains are present, with individual grains being spherical and 2-10 μm in diameter, with a distinct hilum, and compound grains consisting of 2-3 sub-grains.

（2）取本品粉末1 g，加乙酸乙酯-甲醇（3︰1）的混合溶液30 ml，加热回流30分钟，放冷，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇5 ml使溶解，取上清液作为供试品溶液。另取黄芩对照药材1 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取黄芩苷对照品、黄芩素对照品、汉黄芩素对照品，加甲醇分别制成每1 ml含1 mg、0.5 mg、0.5 mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述供试品溶液、对照药材溶液各2 μl及上述三种对照品溶液各1 μl，分别点于同一聚酰胺薄膜上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸（10︰3︰1︰2）为展开剂，预饱和30分钟，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点；在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显三个相同的暗色斑点。
（2）Take 1 g of the powder, add a mixed solution of ethyl acetate-methanol (3: 1) 30 ml, heat under reflux for 30 minutes, cool, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 5 ml of methanol, and take the supernatant as the test solution. Take 1 g of the reference drug of Scutellaria Root, and prepare the reference drug solution by the same method. Take the reference substances of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, and prepare solutions containing 1 mg, 0.5 mg, and 0.5 mg per ml of methanol, respectively, as the reference solutions. Perform the thin-layer chromatography test <0502> by applying 2 μl of each of the above test solutions and reference drug solutions, and 1 μl of each of the above three reference solutions to the same polyamide film. Use toluene-acetic acid ethyl ester-methanol-formic acid (10: 3: 1: 2) as the mobile phase, pre-saturate for 30 minutes, develop, remove, dry, and examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. In the chromatogram of the test solution, spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions as those in the chromatogram of the reference drug; in the chromatogram of the reference solutions, three identical dark spots appear at the corresponding positions.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过6.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 6.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于40.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201, the hot maceration method>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent, not less than 40.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-水-磷酸（47：53：0.2）为流动相；检测波长为280 nm。理论板数按黄芩苷峰计算应不低于2500。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use methanol-water-phosphoric acid (47: 53: 0.2) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 280 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of baicalin should not be less than 2500.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取在60 °C减压干燥4小时的黄芩苷对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1 ml含60 μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of baicalin reference substance that has been dried under reduced pressure at 60 °C for 4 hours, accurately weigh, dissolve in methanol to produce a solution containing 60 μg per ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品中粉约0.3 g，精密称定，加70%乙醇40 ml，加热回流3小时，放冷，滤过，滤液置100 ml量瓶中，用少量70%乙醇分次洗涤容器和残渣，洗液滤入同一量瓶中，加70%乙醇至刻度，摇匀。精密量取1 ml，置10 ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Take about 0.3 g of the powder, accurately weigh, add 40 ml of 70% ethanol, heat under reflux for 3 hours, cool, filter, transfer the filtrate to a 100 ml volumetric flask, wash the container and residue with a small amount of 70% ethanol, filter the washings into the same volumetric flask, add 70% ethanol to the mark, and shake well. Accurately measure 1 ml, transfer to a 10 ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, and shake well.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately aspirate 10 μl of each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含黄芩苷（C21H18O11）不得少于9.0%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of baicalin (C21H18O11) should not be less than 9.0%.

饮片 Prepared slices

黄芩 Scutellaria Root

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，置沸水中煮10分钟，取出，闷透，切薄片，干燥；或蒸半小时，取出，切薄片，干燥（注意避免暴晒）。
Eliminate Foreign matter, boil in boiling water for 10 minutes, remove, steam until thoroughly cooked, cut into thin slices, and dry; or steam for half an hour, remove, cut into thin slices, and dry (avoid exposure to sunlight).

性状 ｜ Description

本品为类圆形或不规则形薄片。外表皮黄棕色或棕褐色。切面黄棕色或黄绿色，具放射状纹理。
Occurring in subrounded or irregular thin slices; externally yellowish-brown or brown; fracture yellowish-brown or yellowish-green, striated radially.

含量测定 ｜ Assay

同药材，含黄芩苷（C21H18O11）不得少于8.0%。
It contains not less than 8. 0 per cent of baicalin（C21H18O11），following the method for crude drug.

鉴别 ｜ Identification

同药材。
As required for the crude drug.

酒黄芩 ｜ Scutellariae Radix ( processed with wine)

炮制 Processing

取黄芩片，照酒炙法（通则0213) 炒干。
Stir-bake the slices of Scutellariae Radix as described under the method for stir-baking with wine <0213> to dryness.

性状 ｜ Description

本品形如黄芩片。略带焦斑，微有酒香气。
Same shapes as the processing slices of Scutellariae Radix Show less burnt patches. Odour little alcohol aromatic.

含量测定 ｜ Assay

同药材，含黄芩苷（C21H18O11）不得少于8.0%。
It contains not less than 8. 0 per cent of baicalin（C21H18O11），following the method for crude drug.

鉴别 ｜ Identification

同药材。
As required for the crude drug.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、胆、脾、大肠、小肠经。
Lung, gallbladder, spleen, large intestine, and small intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

清热燥湿，泻火解毒，止血，安胎。
To clear heat and dry dampness, purge fire and detoxify, stop bleeding, and calm the fetus.

主治 Indications

用于湿温、暑湿，胸闷呕恶，湿热痞满，泻痢，黄疸，肺热咳嗽，高热烦渴，血热吐衄，痈肿疮毒，胎动不安。
Used for damp-heat, summer dampness, chest stuffiness and nausea, damp-heat distention, dysentery, jaundice, lung heat cough, high fever and irritability, blood heat vomiting and nosebleed, carbuncle and swelling, sores and toxins, restless fetus.

用量 Dosage

3～10 g。
3-10 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防潮。
Preserve in a well-ventilated and dry place and protect from moisture.

黄芩

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为唇形科植物黄芩Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi的干燥根。春、秋二季采挖，除去须根和泥沙，晒后撞去粗皮，晒干。
Baical Skullcap Root is the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Fam. Labiatae). The drug is collected in spring or autumn, removed from rootlet and soil, dashed to peel the rugged outer bark after being sun-dried, and then dried thoroughly.

性状 Description

本品呈圆锥形，扭曲，长8～25cm，直径1～3cm。表面棕黄色或深黄色，有稀疏的疣状细根痕，上部较粗糙，有扭曲的纵皱纹或不规则的网纹，下部有顺纹和细皱纹。质硬而脆，易折断，断面黄色，中心红棕色；老根中心呈枯朽状或中空，暗棕色或棕黑色。气微，味苦。
Conical, twisted, 8-25 cm long, 1-3 cm in diameter. Externally brownish-yellow or dark yellow, bearing sparse warty traces of rootlets, the upper part rough, with twisted longitudinal wrinkles or irregular reticula, the lower part with longitudinal striations and fine wrinkles. Texture hard and fragile, easily broken, fracture yellow, reddish-brown in the centre; the central part of an old root dark brown or brownish-black, withered or hollowed. Odour, slight; taste, bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄色。韧皮纤维单个散在或数个成束，梭形，长60～250μm，直径9～33μm，壁厚，孔沟细。石细胞类圆形、类方形或长方形，壁较厚或甚厚。木栓细胞棕黄色，多角形。网纹导管多见，直径24～72μm。木纤维多碎断，直径约12μm，有稀疏斜纹孔。淀粉粒甚多，单粒类球形，直径2～10μm，脐点明显，复粒由2～3分粒组成。
（2）取本品粉末1g，加乙酸乙酯-甲醇（3：1）的混合溶液30ml，加热回流30分钟，放冷，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇5ml使溶解，取上清液作为供试品溶液。另取黄芩对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取黄芩苷对照品、黄芩素对照品、汉黄芩素对照品，加甲醇分别制成每1ml含1mg、0.5mg、0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述供试品溶液、对照药材溶液各2μl及上述三种对照品溶液各1μl，分别点于同一聚酰胺薄膜上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸（10：3：1：2）为展开剂，预饱和30分钟，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点；在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显三个相同的暗色斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过6.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 6.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于40.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot extraction method>, using dilute ethanol as the solvent, not less than 40.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-水-磷酸（47：53：0.2）为流动相；检测波长为280nm。理论板数按黄芩苷峰计算应不低于2500。

对照品溶液的制备
取在60℃减压干燥4小时的黄芩苷对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含60μg的溶液，即得。

供试品溶液的制备
取本品中粉约0.3g，精密称定，加70%乙醇40ml，加热回流3小时，放冷，滤过，滤液置100ml量瓶中，用少量70%乙醇分次洗涤容器和残渣，洗液滤入同一量瓶中，加70%乙醇至刻度，摇匀。精密量取1ml，置10ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。

测定法
分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。

本品按干燥品计算，含黄芩苷（C21H18O11）不得少于9.0%。
It contains not less than 9.0 per cent of baicalin (CHO), calculated with reference to the dried drug.

饮片 Prepared slices

黄芩 Scutellariae Radix

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，置沸水中煮10分钟，取出，闷透，切薄片，干燥；或蒸半小时，取出，切薄片，干燥（注意避免暴晒）。
Processing Eliminate foreign matter, boil for 10 minutes, take out, soften thoroughly, or steam for half an hour, take out, then cut into thin slices and dry, protecting from exposure to strong sunlight.

本品为类圆形或不规则形薄片。外表皮黄棕色或棕褐色。切面黄棕色或黄绿色，具放射状纹理。
Occurring in subrounded or irregular thin slices; externally yellowish-brown or brown; fracture yellowish-brown or yellowish-green, striated radially.

酒黄芩 Scutellariae Radix(processed with wine)

取黄芩片，照酒炙法（通则0213）炒干。
Scutellariae Radix(processed with wine) Stir-bake the slices of Scutellariae Radix as described under the method for stir-baking with wine〈0213〉to dryness.

本品形如黄芩片。略带焦斑，微有酒香气。
Same shapes as the processing slices of Scutellariae Radix Show less burnt patches.Odour little alcohol aromatic.

性 Property

苦，寒。
Bitter, cold.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、胆、脾、大肠、小肠经。
Lung, gallbladder, spleen, large intestine and small intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

清热燥湿，泻火解毒，止血，安胎。
To clear heat, dry dampness, purge fire, remove toxin, stop bleeding, and prevent miscarriage.

主治 Indications

用于湿温、暑湿，胸闷呕恶，湿热痞满，泻痢，黄疸，肺热咳嗽，高热烦渴，血热吐衄，痈肿疮毒，胎动不安。
Dampness-warmth, summerheat-dampness, oppression in the chest, vomiting, nausea, dampness-heat stuffiness and fullness, diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, cough caused by lung-heat, high fever with vexation and thirst, blood heat with hematemesis, swelling abscess, sore and toxin, and threatened abortion.

用量 Dosage

3～10g。
3-10 g.

用法 Administration

无特殊要求。
No special requirements.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防潮。
Preserve in a ventilated dry place, and protect from moisture.