柴胡

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: *Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition) *

概述 Overview

本品为伞形科植物柴胡Bupleurum chinense DC.或狭叶柴胡Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd.的干燥根。按性状不同，分别习称“北柴胡”和“南柴胡”。春、秋二季采挖，除去茎叶和泥沙，干燥。
Bupleurum Root is the dried root of Bupleurum chinense DC. or Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. (Fam. Umbelliferae). According to their different characteristics, they are respectively known as "Beichaihu" and "Nanchaihu". They are collected in spring and autumn, removed from stems, leaves, and impurities, and dried.

性状 Description

北柴胡 Beichaihu

呈圆柱形或长圆锥形，长6～15 cm，直径0.3～0.8 cm。根头膨大，顶端残留3～15个茎基或短纤维状叶基，下部分枝。表面黑褐色或浅棕色，具纵皱纹、支根痕及皮孔。质硬而韧，不易折断，断面显纤维性，皮部浅棕色，木部黄白色。气微香，味微苦。
Cylindrical or long-conical, 6-15 cm long, 0.3-0.8 cm in diameter. The root head is swollen, with 3-15 stem bases or short fibrous leaf bases remaining at the top, and branches at the lower part. The surface is dark brown or light brown, with longitudinal wrinkles, root marks, and lenticels. The texture is hard and tough, not easily broken, and the fracture surface shows fibrousness. The bark is light brown and the wood is yellowish-white. It has a slight fragrance and a slightly bitter taste.

南柴胡 Nanchaihu

根较细，圆锥形，顶端有多数细毛状枯叶纤维，下部多不分枝或稍分枝。表面红棕色或黑棕色，靠近根头处多具细密环纹。质稍软，易折断，断面略平坦，不显纤维性。具败油气。
The roots are relatively thin, conical, with numerous fine hair-like dead leaf fibers at the top, and mostly unbranched or slightly branched at the lower part. The surface is reddish-brown or blackish-brown, with fine and dense annular wrinkles near the root head. The texture is slightly soft, easy to break, the fracture surface is slightly flat, and it does not show fibrousness. It has a rancid odor.

鉴别 Identification

北柴胡 Beichaihu

取本品粉末0.5 g，加甲醇20 ml，超声处理10分钟，滤过，滤液浓缩至5 ml，作为供试品溶液。另取北柴胡对照药材0.5 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取柴胡皂苷a对照品、柴胡皂苷d对照品，加甲醇制成每1 ml各含0.5 mg的混合溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各5 μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-乙醇-水（8：2：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以2%对二甲氨基苯甲醛的40%硫酸溶液，在60 ℃加热至斑点显色清晰，分别置日光和紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点或荧光斑点。
Take 0.5 g of the powder, add 20 ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 10 minutes, filter, concentrate the filtrate to 5 ml as the test solution. Take 0.5 g of the reference drug Beichaihu, and prepare the reference drug solution by the same method. Take the reference substance of saikosaponin a and the reference substance of saikosaponin d, add methanol to make a mixed solution containing 0.5 mg of each per ml as the reference solution. Perform thin-layer chromatography <0502> using silica gel G as the coating substance and ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (8: 2: 1) as the mobile phase. Apply 5 μl of each of the above three solutions separately to the same silica gel G thin-layer plate. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 40% sulfuric acid solution of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde at 2% concentration, heat at 60 °C until the spots are clearly visible, and examine under daylight and ultraviolet light (365 nm). In the chromatogram of the test solution, spots or fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions as those in the chromatograms of the reference drug and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过10.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过8.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法项下的热浸法（通则2201）测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于11.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201, the hot maceration method>, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 11.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

北柴胡 Beichaihu

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以水为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；检测波长为210 nm。理论板数按柴胡皂苷a峰计算应不低于10000。
Use octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile as mobile phase A and water as mobile phase B, and perform gradient elution according to the specified conditions in the table; the detection wavelength is 210 nm. The theoretical number of plates calculated based on the peak of saikosaponin a should not be less than 10000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取柴胡皂苷a对照品、柴胡皂苷d对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1 ml含柴胡皂苷a 0.4 mg、柴胡皂苷d 0.5 mg的溶液，摇匀，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of saikosaponin a reference substance and saikosaponin d reference substance, accurately weigh, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.4 mg of saikosaponin a and 0.5 mg of saikosaponin d per ml, shake well, and set aside.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.5 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，加入含5%浓氨试液的甲醇溶液25 ml，密塞，30 ℃水温超声处理（功率200 W，频率40 kHz）30分钟，滤过，用甲醇20 ml分2次洗涤容器及药渣，洗液与滤液合并，回收溶剂至干。残渣加甲醇溶解，转移至5 ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 0.5 g of the powder (passed through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, add 25 ml of methanol solution containing 5% concentrated ammonia test solution, seal tightly, treat with ultrasound at 30 °C (power 200 W, frequency 40 kHz) for 30 minutes, filter, wash the container and residue with 20 ml of methanol in 2 portions, combine the washings with the filtrate, and recover the solvent to dryness. Dissolve the residue in methanol, transfer to a 5 ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, shake well, filter, and take the subsequent filtrate.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液20 μl与供试品溶液10～20 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Precisely aspirate 20 μl of the reference solution and 10-20 μl of the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含柴胡皂苷a（C42H68O13）和柴胡皂苷d（C42H68O13）的总量不得少于0.30%。
Calculated on the dried product, the total content of saikosaponin a (C42H68O13) and saikosaponin d (C42H68O13) should not be less than 0.30%.

饮片 Prepared slices

北柴胡 Beichaihu

炮制 Processing

除去杂质和残茎，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter and residual stems, wash, soften, cut into thick slices, and dry.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则厚片。外表皮黑褐色或浅棕色，具纵皱纹和支根痕。切面淡黄白色，纤维性。质硬。气微香，味微苦。
The prepared slices are irregular and thick. The outer surface is dark brown or light brown, with longitudinal wrinkles and root marks. The cut surface is light yellowish-white and fibrous. The texture is hard. It has a slight fragrance and a slightly bitter taste.

鉴别 Identification

同北柴胡。
Same as Beichaihu for identification

检查 ｜ Examination

同北柴胡。
Same as Beichaihu for examination

浸出物 ｜ Extractives

同北柴胡。
Same as Beichaihu for extractives

含量测定 ｜ Assay

同北柴胡。
Same as Beichaihu for content determination

醋北柴胡 ｜ Vinegar-processed Beichaihu

炮制 ｜ Processing

取北柴胡片，照醋炙法 （通则0213）炒干。
Take Beichaihu slices, stir-fry with vinegar according to the method of vinegar processing <0213>, and dry.

性状 ｜ Description

本品形如北柴胡片，表面淡棕黄色， 微有醋香气， 味微苦。
The vinegar-processed Beichaihu is similar to Beichaihu slices, with a light brownish-yellow surface, a slight vinegar aroma, and a slightly bitter taste.

浸出物 ｜ Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201)项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于12.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201>, the hot maceration method, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 12.0 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

同北柴胡。
Same as Beichaihu for examination

检查 ｜ Examination

同北柴胡。
Same as Beichaihu for examination

含量测定 ｜ Assay

同北柴胡。
Same as Beichaihu for content determination

南柴胡 ｜ Nanchaihu

炮制 ｜ Processing

除去杂质，洗净， 润透， 切厚片， 干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash, soften, cut into thick slices, and dry.

性状 ｜ Description

本品呈类圆形或不规则片。外表皮红棕色或黑褐色。有时可见根头处具细密环纹或有细毛状枯叶纤维。切面黄白色， 平坦。具败油气。
Nanchaihu: The slices are round or irregular. The outer surface is reddish-brown or blackish-brown. Sometimes there are fine and dense annular wrinkles or fine hair-like dead leaf fibers near the root head. The cut surface is yellowish-white and flat. It has a rancid odor.

醋南柴胡 ｜ Vinegar-processed Nanchaihu

炮制 ｜ Processing

取南柴胡片，照醋炙法（通则0213) 炒干。
Take Nanchaihu slices, stir-fry with vinegar according to the method of vinegar processing <0213>, and dry.

性状 ｜ Description

本品形如南柴胡片，微有醋香气。
The vinegar-processed Nanchaihu is similar to Nanchaihu slices, with a slight vinegar aroma.

性 ｜ Property

微寒。
Slightly cold.

味 ｜ Flavor

辛、苦。
Pungent, bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、胆、肺经。
Liver, gallbladder, and lung meridians.

功能 Actions

疏散退热，疏肝解郁，升举阳气。
To disperse heat and relieve fever, soothe the liver and relieve depression, and raise and lift yang qi.

主治 ｜ Indications

用于感冒发热，寒热往来，胸胁胀痛，月经不调，子宫脱垂，脱肛。
Used for fever due to common cold, alternating chills and fever, distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium, irregular menstruation, prolapse of the uterus, and prolapse of the rectum.

用量 Dosage

3～10 g。
3-10 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

注意 Precautions

大叶柴胡Bupleurum longiradiatum Turcz.的干燥根茎，表面密生环节，有毒，不可当柴胡用。
The dried root and rhizome of Bupleurum longiradiatum Turcz., which has dense nodes on the surface, is toxic and should not be used as Chaihu.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and protect against moth.

柴胡

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为伞形科植物柴胡Bupleurum chinense DC.或狭叶柴胡Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd.的干燥根。按性状不同，分别习称“北柴胡”和“南柴胡”。春、秋二季采挖，除去茎叶和泥沙，干燥。
Chinese Thorowax Root is the dried root of Bupleurum chinense DC. or Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. (Fam. Umbelliferae). According to the difference of the origin and description, the former is known as "Beichaihu" (Northern Chinese Thorowax Root), and the later is known as "Nanchaihu" (Southern Chinese Thorowax Root). The drug is collected in spring or autumn, removed from the aerial part and soil, and dried.

性状 Description

北柴胡 呈圆柱形或长圆锥形，长6～15cm，直径0.3～0.8cm。根头膨大，顶端残留3～15个茎基或短纤维状叶基，下部分枝。表面黑褐色或浅棕色，具纵皱纹、支根痕及皮孔。质硬而韧，不易折断，断面显纤维性，皮部浅棕色，木部黄白色。气微香，味微苦。
Beichaihu Cylindrical or elongated conical, 6- 15 cm long. 0. 3-0. 8 cm in diameter. Root stock expanded, apex remained with 3-15 stem-bases or short fibrous leaf-bases, branched at the lower part. Externally blackish- brown or light brown, with longitudinal wrinkles. rootlet scars and lenticel-like protrudings. Texture hard and tenacious, uneasily broken, fracture laminated-fibrous, bark light brown, wood yellowish-white. Odour, slightly aromatic; taste, slightly bitter.

南柴胡 根较细，圆锥形，顶端有多数细毛状枯叶纤维，下部多不分枝或稍分枝。表面红棕色或黑棕色，靠近根头处多具细密环纹。质稍软，易折断，断面略平坦，不显纤维性。具败油气。
Nanchaihu Relatively thin, conical. Apex with numerous hairy fibres from withered leaves, usually not branched or slightly branched at the lower part. Externally reddish-brown or blackish-brown, with dense and transverse annulations near the root stock. Texture slightly soft,easily broken, fracture slightly even,non-fibrous. Odour, rancid.

鉴别 Identification

北柴胡 取本品粉末0.5g，加甲醇20ml，超声处理10分钟，滤过，滤液浓缩至5ml，作为供试品溶液。另取北柴胡对照药材0.5g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取柴胡皂苷a对照品、柴胡皂苷d对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml各含0.5mg的混合溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-乙醇-水（8：2：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以2%对二甲氨基苯甲醛的40%硫酸溶液，在60℃加热至斑点显色清晰，分别置日光和紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点或荧光斑点。
To 0.5 g of the powder, add 20 ml of methanol, ultrasonicate for 10 minutes and filter. Concentrate the filtrate to about 5 ml as the test solution. Prepare a solution of 0.5g of Beichaihu reference drug in the same manner as the reference drug solution. Dissolve saikosaponin a CRS and saikosaponin d CRS in ethanol to produce a mixture containing 0.5 mg of each per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography <0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate, ethanol and water (8 : 21) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5 μl of each of the above three solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air, spray with a 2% solution of ρ-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in 40% solution of sulfuric acid, heat at 60℃ to the spots clear. Examine in daylight and under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The spots and the fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots and the fluorescent spots obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过10.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过8.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法项下的热浸法（通则2201）测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于11.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201, the hot extraction method) using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 11.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

北柴胡 照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Beichaihu Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

饮片 Prepared slices

炮制 Processing

北柴胡 除去杂质和残茎，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Beichaihu Remove from foreign matter and remains of stems, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dry.

本品呈不规则厚片。外表皮黑褐色或浅棕色，具纵皱纹和支根痕。切面淡黄白色，纤维性。质硬。气微香，味微苦。
In irregular thick slices. Externally blackish-brown or pale brown, with longitudinal wrinkles and rootlet scars. Cut surface pale yellowish white, fibrous. Texture hard. Odour, slightly aromatic; taste, slightly bitter.

鉴别 Identification

同北柴胡。
As required for Beichaihu.

检查 Examination

同北柴胡。
As required for Beichaihu.

浸出物 Extractives

同北柴胡。
As required for Beichaihu.

含量测定 Assay

同北柴胡。
As required for Beichaihu.

醋北柴胡 Beichaihu (processed with vinegar)

取北柴胡片，照醋炙法（通则0213）炒干。
Stir-bake the slices of Beichaihu as described under the method for stir-baking with vinegar <0213>to dryness.

本品形如北柴胡片，表面淡棕黄色，微有醋香气，味微苦。
The shape similar to slices of Beichaihu. Externally pale brownish-yellow. Slightly with vinegar aromatic odour; taste slightly bitter.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于12.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201, the hot extraction method) using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 12.0 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

同北柴胡。
As required for Beichaihu.

检查 Examination

同北柴胡。
As required for Beichaihu.

含量测定 Assay

同北柴胡。
As required for Beichaihu.

南柴胡

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Nanchaihu Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dry.

本品呈类圆形或不规则片。外表皮红棕色或黑褐色。有时可见根头处具细密环纹或有细毛状枯叶纤维。切面黄白色，平坦。具败油气。
In subrounded or irregular thick slices. Externally reddish-brown or blackish-brown, sometimes dense and fine annulations or hairy fibres of dried leaves visible on the root stock. Cut surface yellowish-white, even. Odour rancid.

醋南柴胡 Nanchaihu (processed with vinegar)

取南柴胡片，照醋炙法（通则0213）炒干。
Stir-bake the slices of Nanchaihu as described under the method for stir-baking with vinegar <0213> to dryness.

本品形如南柴胡片，微有醋香气。
The shape similar to the slices of Nanchaihu. Slightly with vinegar aromatic odour.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

辛、苦，微寒。归肝、胆、肺经。
Mild cold; pungent, bitter. Liver, gallbladder and lung meridians.

功能与主治 Actions and Indications

疏散退热，疏肝解郁，升举阳气。用于感冒发热，寒热往来，胸胁胀痛，月经不调，子宫脱垂，脱肛。
To disperse and reduce fever, soothe the liver resolve depression, and upraise yang qi. Common cold with fever, alternating chills and fever, distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium, menstrual irregularities, uterine prolapse, and prolapse of the rectum.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

3～10g。
3-10 g.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

大叶柴胡Bupleurum longiradiatum Turcz.的干燥根茎， 表面密生环节，有毒，不可当柴胡用。
The dried rhizome of Bupleurum longiradiatum Turez, covered with numerous annular nodes externally, is poisonous and can not be used as Bupleuri Radix.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a ventilated dry place, and protect from moth.