秦艽

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为龙胆科植物秦艽Gentiana macrophylla Pall.、麻花秦艽Gentiana straminea Maxim.、粗茎秦艽Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk.或小秦艽Gentiana dahurica Fisch.的干燥根。前三种按性状不同分别习称“秦艽”和“麻花艽”，后一种习称“小秦艽”。春、秋二季采挖，除去泥沙；秦艽和麻花艽晒软，堆置“发汗”至表面呈红黄色或灰黄色时，摊开晒干，或不经“发汗”直接晒干；小秦艽趁鲜时搓去黑皮，晒干。
Largeleaf Gentian Root is the dried root of Gentiana macrophylla Pall., Gentiana straminea Maxim., Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk., or Gentiana dahurica Fisch. (Fam. Gentianaceae). The former three are known as Qinjiao and Mahuajiao respectively, and the latter is known as Xiaoqinjiao. They are collected in spring and autumn, cleaned of dirt and sand. Qinjiao and Mahuajiao are softened by sun-drying, piled up until the surface turns reddish-yellow or grayish-yellow, then spread out and dried. Xiaoqinjiao is rubbed to remove the black skin while fresh, then dried.

性状 Description

秦艽 qinjiao

呈类圆柱形，上粗下细，扭曲不直，长10～30cm，直径1～3cm。表面黄棕色或灰黄色，有纵向或扭曲的纵皱纹，顶端有残存茎基及纤维状叶鞘。质硬而脆，易折断，断面略显油性，皮部黄色或棕黄色，木部黄色。气特异，味苦、微涩。
It is cylindrical, thick at the top and thin at the bottom, twisted and not straight, 10-30 cm long, 1-3 cm in diameter. The surface is yellow-brown or grayish-yellow, with longitudinal or twisted longitudinal wrinkles, and the top has residual stem base and fibrous leaf sheath. The texture is hard and brittle, easy to break, and the section is slightly oily. The bark is yellow or brownish-yellow, and the wood is yellow. The odor is distinctive, and the taste is bitter and slightly astringent.

麻花艽 Mahuajiao

呈类圆锥形，多由数个小根纠聚而膨大，直径可达7cm。表面棕褐色，粗糙，有裂隙呈网状孔纹。质松脆，易折断，断面多呈枯朽状。
It is conical, often swollen by several small roots, with a diameter of up to 7 cm. The surface is brownish-brown, rough, with cracks forming a reticular pore pattern. The texture is loose and brittle, and the section is often decayed.

小秦艽 Xiaoqinjiao

呈类圆锥形或类圆柱形，长8～15cm，直径0.2～1cm。表面棕黄色。主根通常1个，残存的茎基有纤维状叶鞘，下部多分枝。断面黄白色。
It is conical or cylindrical, 8-15 cm long, 0.2-1 cm in diameter. The surface is brownish-yellow. There is usually one main root, and the residual stem base has fibrous leaf sheaths, with many branches in the lower part. The section is yellowish-white.

鉴别 Identification

（1）取本品粉末0.5g，加甲醇10ml，超声处理15分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取龙胆苦苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液5μl、对照品溶液1μl，分别点于同一硅胶GF254薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水（10∶2∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（254nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(1) Take 0.5g of the powder, add 10ml of methanol, and treat with ultrasound for 15 minutes. Filter and take the filtrate as the test solution. Take the gentiopicroside reference substance, add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per ml, and use it as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel GF254 as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol-water (10:2:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5μl of the test solution and 1μl of the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet light at 254 nm. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

（2）取栎瘿酸对照品，加三氯甲烷制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取〔鉴别〕（1）项下的供试品溶液5μl和上述对照品溶液1μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇-甲酸（50∶1∶0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) Take the oleanolic acid reference substance, add chloroform to make a solution containing 0.5mg per ml, and use it as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of chloroform-methanol-formic acid (50:1:0.5) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 5μl of the test solution prepared in Identification (1) and 1μl of the above reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过9.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过8.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于24.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, using ethanol as the solvent,not less than 24.0 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.1%醋酸溶液（9∶91）为流动相；检测波长为254nm。理论板数按龙胆苦苷峰计算应不低于3000。
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test: Use octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the filling material; use acetonitrile-0.1% acetic acid solution (9:91) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 254 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of gentiopicroside should not be less than 3000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取龙胆苦苷对照品、马钱苷酸对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇分别制成每1ml含龙胆苦苷0.5mg、马钱苷酸0.3mg的溶液，即得。
Preparation of reference solution: Take an appropriate amount of gentiopicroside reference substance and swertiamarin reference substance, accurately weigh, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg of gentiopicroside and 0.3mg of swertiamarin per ml, and set aside.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约0.5g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇20ml，超声处理（功率500W，频率40kHz）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Preparation of test solution: Take about 0.5g of the powder (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 20ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound (power 500W, frequency 40kHz) for 30 minutes, let cool, weigh again, make up for the weight lost with methanol, shake well, filter, and take the subsequent filtrate as the test solution.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取两种对照品溶液与供试品溶液各5～10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Determination method: Accurately take 5-10μl of each of the two reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含龙胆苦苷（C16H20O9）和马钱苷酸（C16H24O10）的总量不得少于2.5%。
Calculated on the dried product, the total content of gentiopicroside (C16H20O9) and swertiamarin (C16H24O10) should not be less than 2.5%.

饮片 Prepared slices

秦艽 Largeleaf Gentian Root

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Eliminate Foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dry.

性状 Description

本品呈类圆形的厚片。外表皮黄棕色、灰黄色或棕褐色，粗糙，有扭曲纵纹或网状孔纹。切面皮部黄色或棕黄色，木部黄色，有的中心呈枯朽状。气特异，味苦、微涩。
This product is in thick slices of similar round shape. The epidermis is yellowish brown, greyish yellow or tan, rough, with twisted longitudinal or reticular pore lines. The cut surface is yellow or brownish-yellow in the skin part and yellow in the wood part, some of which are withered in the centre. The smell is peculiar, and the taste is bitter and slightly astringent.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材，不得少于20.0%。
Same as the crude drug,not less than 20.0 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

味 Flavor

辛、苦。
Pungent, bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归胃、肝、胆经。
Stomach, liver, and gallbladder meridians.

功能 Actions

祛风湿，清湿热，止痹痛，退虚热。
To dispel wind and dampness, clear damp-heat, relieve pain and numbness, and reduce deficiency heat.

主治 Indications

用于风湿痹痛，中风半身不遂，筋脉拘挛，骨节酸痛，湿热黄疸，骨蒸潮热，小儿疳积发热。
Used for rheumatic arthralgia, hemiplegia due to stroke, spasm of tendons and vessels, soreness of bones and joints, damp-heat jaundice, steaming bone and tidal fever, and fever due to malnutrition in children.

用量 Dosage

3～10g.
3-10 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处。
Preserve in a well-ventilated and dry place.

秦艽

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为龙胆科植物秦艽 Gentiana macrophylla Pall.、 麻花秦艽 Gentiana straminea Maxim.、粗茎秦艽 Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk.或小秦艽 Gentiana dahurica Fisch.的干燥根。前三种按性状不同分别习称“秦艽”和“麻花艽”，后一种习称“小秦艽”。春、秋二季采挖，除去泥沙；秦艽和麻花艽晒软，堆置“发汗”至表面呈红黄色或灰黄色时，摊开晒干，或不经“发汗”直接晒干；小秦艽趁鲜时搓去黑皮，晒干。
Largeleaf Gentian Root is the dried root of Gentiana macrophylla Pall., Gentiana straminea Maxim., Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk., or Gentiana dahurica Fisch. (Fam. Gentianaceae). According to the description, the former three species are known as “Qinjiao” and “Mahuajiao”, respectively. The latter is known as "Xiaoqinjiao". The drug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from soil; "Qinjiao" and "Mahuajiao" are softened in the sun, either piled up until the drug becomes reddish-yellow or greyish-yellow on the surface, spread out and dried in the sun; or dried in the sun directly after collecting; as for "Xiaoqinjiao", the black bark is rubbed off while fresh and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

秦艽 呈类圆柱形，上粗下细，扭曲不直，长10～30cm，直径1～3cm。表面黄棕色或灰黄色，有纵向或扭曲的纵皱纹，顶端有残存茎基及纤维状叶鞘。质硬而脆，易折断，断面略显油性，皮部黄色或棕黄色，木部黄色。气特异，味苦、微涩。
Qinjiao Subcylindrical, the upper part thick and the lower part thin, twisted, 10-30 cm long, 1-3 cm in diameter. Externally yellowish-brown or greyish-yellow, with longitudinal or twisted wrinkles. Remains of stem bases and fibrous pericladium occurring at the apex. Texture hard and fragile, easily broken. fracture slight oily. bark yellow or brownish-yellow, wood yellow. Odour, characteristic; taste, bitter and slightly astringent.

麻花艽 呈类圆锥形，多由数个小根纠聚而膨大，直径可达7cm。表面棕褐色，粗糙，有裂隙呈网状孔纹。质松脆，易折断，断面多呈枯朽状。
Mahuajiao Subconical, frequently expanded by some small roots gathered, up to 7 cm in diameter. Externally dark brown, rough, with fissures, showing reticulated pits. Texture lax and fragile, easily broken, fracture frequently rotten-wood-shaped.

小秦艽 呈类圆锥形或类圆柱形，长8～15cm，直径0.2～lcm。表面棕黄色。主根通常1个，残存的茎基有纤维状叶鞘，下部多分枝。断面黄白色。
Xiaoqinjiao Subconical or subcylindrical, 8-15 cm long, 0.2-1 cm in diameter. Externally brownish-yellow. Main root frequently 1, having fibrous pericladia on the remains of stem bases, often branched at the lower part. Fracture yellowish-white.

鉴别 Identification

（1）取本品粉末0.5g，加甲醇10ml，超声处理15分钟，滤过，取滤液作为供试品溶液。另取龙胆苦苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液5μl、对照品溶液1μl，分别点于同一硅胶GF254薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水（10：2：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（254nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
（2）取栎癭酸对照品，加三氯甲烷制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取〔鉴别〕（1）项下的供试品溶液5μl和上述对照品溶液1μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇-甲酸（50：1：0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过9.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过8.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于24.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201, the hot extraction method>, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 24.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place.

饮片 Prepared slices

秦艽 Largeleaf Gentian

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dry in the sun.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

辛、苦，平。归胃、肝、胆经。
Neutral; pungent and bitter. Meridian tropism: Stomach, liver, and gallbladder meridians.

功能与主治 Actions and Indications

祛风湿，清湿热，止痹痛，退虚热。用于风湿痹痛，中风半身不遂，筋脉拘挛，骨节酸痛，湿热黄疸，骨蒸潮热，小儿疳积发热。
To dispel wind-dampness, clear dampness-heat, relieve arthralgia pain, and relieve deficiency heat. Used for painful bi disorder caused by wind-dampness, hemiplegia caused by wind-stroke, hypertonicity of the sinews and vessels, sore pain in joint and bone, dampness-heat jaundice, bone-steaming and tidal fever, infantile malnutrition with retention and fever.

用法与用量 Administration and Dosage

3～10g。
3-10 g.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place.