钩藤

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: *Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition) *

概述 Overview

本品为茜草科植物钩藤Uncaria rhynchophylla（Miq.）Miq. ex Havil.、大叶钩藤Uncaria macrophylla Wall.、毛钩藤Uncaria hirsuta Havil.、华钩藤Uncaria sinensis（Oliv.）Havil.或无柄果钩藤Uncaria sessilifrudus Roxb.的干燥带钩茎枝。秋、冬二季采收，去叶，切段，晒干。
Gambir Stem with Hooks is the dried stem with hooks of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil., Uncaria macrophylla Wall., Uncaria hirsuta Havil., Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil., or Uncaria sessilifrudus Roxb. (Fam. Rubiaceae). The drug is collected in autumn and winter, removed from leaves, cut into sections, and dried.

性状 Description

本品茎枝呈圆柱形或类方柱形，长2～3 cm，直径0.2～0.5 cm。表面红棕色至紫红色者具细纵纹，光滑无毛；黄绿色至灰褐色者有的可见白色点状皮孔，被黄褐色柔毛。多数枝节上对生两个向下弯曲的钩（不育花序梗），或仅一侧有钩，另一侧为突起的疤痕；钩略扁或稍圆，先端细尖，基部较阔；钩基部的枝上可见叶柄脱落后的窝点状痕迹和环状的托叶痕。质坚韧，断面黄棕色，皮部纤维性，髓部黄白色或中空。气微，味淡。
Stems cylindrical or somewhat quadrangular, 2-3 cm long, 0.2-0.5 cm in diameter; surface reddish-brown to purplish-red, with fine longitudinal wrinkles, smooth and glabrous; yellowish-green to grayish-brown, some with white punctate lenticels, covered with yellowish-brown pubescence. Most nodes bear two downward curved hooks (sterile peduncles), or hooks on one side only and a protuberant scar on the other side; hooks slightly flattened or somewhat rounded, apex slender and acute, base broader; hooks on the branches at the base show the pitted traces of fallen petioles and annular stipule scars. Texture tough; fracture yellowish-brown; bark fibrous; pith yellowish-white or hollow. Odour, slight; taste, insipid.

鉴别 Identification

（1）钩藤粉末淡黄棕色至红棕色。韧皮薄壁细胞成片，细胞延长，界限不明显，次生壁常与初生壁脱离，呈螺旋状或不规则扭曲状。纤维成束或单个散在，多断裂，直径10～26 μm，壁厚3～11 μm。具缘纹孔导管多破碎，直径可达56 μm，纹孔排列较密。表皮细胞棕黄色，表面观呈多角形或稍延长，直径11～34 μm。草酸钙砂晶存在于长圆形的薄壁细胞中，密集，有的含砂晶细胞连接成行。
（1）Powder: Pale yellowish-brown to reddish-brown. Parenchymatous cells of cortex in tangential rows, elongated, boundaries indistinct, secondary walls often separated from primary walls, spirally twisted or irregularly contorted. Fibres in bundles or scattered singly, mostly broken, 10-26 μm in diameter, 3-11 μm in wall thickness. Vessels with bordered pits mostly broken, up to 56 μm in diameter, arranged more closely. Epidermal cells brownish-yellow, viewed from the surface polygonal or slightly elongated, 11-34 μm in diameter. Calcium oxalate sand crystals present in elongated parenchymatous cells, dense, some sand crystal cells connected in rows.

华钩藤 Uncaria sinensis

与钩藤相似。
Similar to Gambir Stem with Hooks.

大叶钩藤 Uncaria macrophylla

单细胞非腺毛多见，多细胞非腺毛2～15细胞。
Single-celled non-glandular hairs are common, and multi-celled non-glandular hairs are 2-15 cells.

毛钩藤 Uncaria hirsuta

非腺毛1～5细胞。
Non-glandular hairs are 1-5 cells.

无柄果钩藤 Uncaria sessilifrudus

少见非腺毛，1～7细胞。可见厚壁细胞，类长方形，长41~121 μm，直径17～32 μm。
Few non-glandular hairs, 1-7 cells. Thick-walled cells are visible, oblong, 41-121 μm long, 17-32 μm in diameter.

（2）取本品粉末2 g，加入浓氨试液2 ml，浸泡30分钟，加入三氯甲烷50 ml，加热回流2小时，放冷，滤过，取滤液10 ml，挥干，残渣加甲醇1 ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取异钩藤碱对照品，加甲醇制成每1 ml含0.5 mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液10～20 μl、对照品溶液5 μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90°C）-丙酮（6∶4）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以改良碘化铋钾试液。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
（2）To 2 g of the powder add 2 ml of concentrated ammonia TS, soak for 30 minutes, add 50 ml of chloroform, heat under reflux for 2 hours, cool, filter, take 10 ml of the filtrate, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of methanol as the test solution. Take rhynchophylline CRS, dissolve in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.5 mg per ml as the Reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography <0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether (60-90 °C) and acetone (6: 4) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10-20 μl of the test solution and 5 μl of the Reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a modified iodine-bismuth potassium iodide TS. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过10.0%（通则0832第二法）测定。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于6.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201, the hot maceration method>, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 6.0 per cent.

性 Property

凉。
Cold.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、心包经。
Liver and pericardium meridians.

功能 Actions

息风定惊，清热平肝。用于肝风内动，惊痫抽搐，高热惊厥，感冒夹惊，小儿惊啼，妊娠子痫，头痛眩晕。
To suppress wind and relieve convulsions, clear heat and pacify the liver. Used for liver wind stirring internally, epilepsy with convulsions, high fever with convulsions, common cold with convulsions, infantile convulsions, eclampsia during pregnancy, headache and dizziness.

主治 Indications

用于温邪伤阴，夜热早凉，阴虚发热，骨蒸劳热，暑邪发热，疟疾寒热，湿热黄疸。
Warm pathogen damaging yin, fever at night and cool in the morning, yin deficiency fever, bone-steaming and consumptive fever, fever induced by summer pathogen, malaria, and dampness-heat jaundice.

用量 Dosage

3～12 g。
3-12 g.

用法 Administration

后下。
Add when the decoction is nearly done.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Preserve in a dry place.

钩藤

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为茜草科植物钩藤 Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks.、大叶钩藤 Uncaria macrophylla Wall.、毛钩藤 Uncaria hirsuta Havil.、华钩藤 Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil. 或无柄果钩藤 Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb. 的干燥带钩茎枝。秋、冬二季采收，去叶，切段，晒干。
Gambir Plant is the dried hook-bearing branch of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks., Uncaria macrophylla Wall., Uncaria hirsuta Havil., Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil. or Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb. (Fam. Rubiaceae). The drug is collected in autumn and winter, removed from leaf, cut into section, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品茎枝呈圆柱形或类方柱形，长2～3cm，直径0.2～0.5cm。表面红棕色至紫红色者具细纵纹，光滑无毛；黄绿色至灰褐色者有的可见白色点状皮孔，被黄褐色柔毛。多数枝节上对生两个向下弯曲的钩（不育花序梗），或仅一侧有钩，另一侧为突起的疤痕；钩略扁或稍圆，先端细尖，基部较阔；钩基部的枝上可见叶柄脱落后的窝点状痕迹和环状的托叶痕。质坚韧，断面黄棕色，皮部纤维性，髓部黄白色或中空。气微，味淡。
Cylindrical or subsquare, 2-3 cm long, 2-5 mm in diameter. Externally reddish-brown to purplish-red, with fine longitudinal striations and glabrous； or yellowish-green to greyish-brown, sometimes with white dotted lenticels, covered with yellowish-brown pubescences. Most nodes bearing with two opposite downward curved hooks (sterile peduncles), someones with a hook at one side and a raised scar at another side； hooks slightly flattened or rounded, apex acute, base relatively broad； dotted scars of falling petiole and ring-shaped scars of stipule visible on the branch connected with the hook base. Texture hard and tenacious, fracture yellowish-brown, bark fibrous, pith yellowish-white or hollowed. Odour, slight； taste, weak.

鉴别 Identification

（1）钩藤 粉末淡黄棕色至红棕色。韧皮薄壁细胞成片，细胞延长，界限不明显，次生壁常与初生壁脱离，呈螺旋状或不规则扭曲状。纤维成束或单个散在，多断裂，直径10～26μm，壁厚3～11μm。具缘纹孔导管多破碎，直径可达56μm，纹孔排列较密。表皮细胞棕黄色，表面观呈多角形或稍延长，直径11～34μm。草酸钙砂晶存在于长圆形的薄壁细胞中，密集，有的含砂晶细胞连接成行。
华钩藤 与钩藤相似。

（2）取本品粉末2g，加入浓氨试液2ml，浸泡30分钟，加入三氯甲烷50ml，加热回流2小时，放冷，滤过，取滤液10ml，挥干，残渣加甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取异钩藤碱对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液10～20μl对照品溶液5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-丙酮（6：4）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以改良碘化铋钾试液。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) Soak 2 g of the powder in 2 ml of concentrated ammonia TS for 30 minutes, add 50 ml of chloroform, heat under reflux for 2 hours, cool and filter. Evaporate 10 ml of the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of methanol as the test solution, Dissolve isorhyncophylline CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 0.5 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography <0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of petroleum ether (60-90℃) and acetone (6 : 4) as the mobile phase. Apply separately 10-20 μl of the test solution and 5 μl of the reference solution to the plate. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air and spray with modified potassium iodobismuthate TS. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过10.0%（通则0832第二法）测定。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用乙醇作溶剂，不得少于6.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201, the hot extraction method>, using ethanol as the solvent, not less than 6.0 per cent.

性 Property

凉。
Cool.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、心包经。
Liver and pericardium meridians.

功能 Actions

息风定惊，清热平肝。
To extinguish wind, settle convulsion, clear heat and pacify the liver.

主治 Indications

用于肝风内动，惊痫抽搐，高热惊厥，感冒夹惊，小儿惊啼，妊娠子痫，头痛眩晕。
Internal stirring of liver wind, fright epilepsy, convulsions, high fever with seizure, common cold with fright, infantile terrified crying, pregnant epilepsy, headache and dizziness.

用量 Dosage

3～12g。
3-12 g.

用法 Administration

后下。
Add when the decoction is nearly done.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Preserve in a dry place.