枸骨叶

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为冬青科植物枸骨Ilex cornuta Lindl.ex Paxt.的干燥叶。秋季采收，除去杂质，晒干。
Ilex Cornutae Leaf is the dried leaf of Ilex cornuta Lindl.ex Paxt. (Fam. Aquifoliaceae). The drug is collected in autumn, removed from impurities, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈类长方形或矩圆状长方形，偶有长卵圆形，长3～8cm，宽1.5～4cm。先端具3枚较大的硬刺齿，顶端1枚常反曲，基部平截或宽楔形，两侧有时各具刺齿1～3枚，边缘稍反卷；长卵圆形叶常无刺齿。上表面黄绿色或绿褐色，有光泽，下表面灰黄色或灰绿色。叶脉羽状，叶柄较短。革质，硬而厚。气微，味微苦。
Leaves oblong or oblong-elliptical, occasionally long-ovate, 3-8 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide. Apex with 3 larger rigid teeth, the upper one often recurved; base truncate or broadly cuneate, sometimes with 1-3 teeth on each side; margin slightly revolute; long-ovate leaves usually without teeth. Upper surface yellowish-green or greenish-brown, glossy; lower surface grayish-yellow or grayish-green. Venation pinnate; petiole relatively short. Texture leathery, hard and thick. Odour, slight; taste, slightly bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品叶片近基部横切面：上表皮细胞类方形，壁厚，外被厚的角质层，主脉处有单细胞非腺毛；下表皮细胞略小，可见气孔。栅栏组织为2～4列细胞，海绵组织疏松；主脉处上、下表皮内为1至数列厚角细胞。主脉维管束外韧型，其上、下方均具木化纤维群。叶缘表皮内常依次为厚角细胞和石细胞半环带，再内为木化纤维群；叶缘近叶柄处仅有数列厚角细胞，近基部以上渐无厚角组织。叶缘表皮内和主脉处下表皮内厚角组织中偶有石细胞，韧皮部下方的纤维群外亦偶见。薄壁组织和下表皮细胞常含草酸钙簇晶。
(1) Transverse section at the base of leaf: Upper epidermal cells subsquare, thick-walled, covered with a thick cuticle, bearing unicellular non-glandular hairs near midrib. Lower epidermal cells relatively small, stomata visible. Palisade tissue of 2-4 layers of cells; spongy tissue loose. 1 to several layers of collenchymatous cells occurring inside the upper and lower epidermis at midrib. Vascular bundle of midrib collateral, with lignified fibre groups above and below the vascular bundle. Collenchymatous cells, stone cells in semi-ring and lignified fibre groups sequently occurring inside the epidermis of margin; several layers of collenchymatous cells at the margin near the petiole; absent above the base. Stone cells occasionally occurring in the collenchyma inside the epidermis of margin and the lower epidermis of midrib; and outside the fibre groups below the phloem. Parenchyma and lower epidermal cells frequently containing clusters of calcium oxalate.

（2）取本品粉末2g，加70%乙醇40ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加水40ml使溶解，加三氯甲烷40ml振摇提取，弃去三氯甲烷液，水层加浓氨试液2ml，摇匀，再加水饱和的正丁醇40ml振摇提取，分取正丁醇液，浓缩至干，残渣加甲醇2ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取枸骨叶对照药材2g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各1μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水（1∶3∶1∶0.3）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105°C加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) To 2g of the powder add 40 ml of 70% ethanol, treat with ultrasound for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 40 ml of water, extract with 40 ml of chloroform by shaking, discard the chloroform layer, add 2 ml of concentrated ammonia TS to the aqueous layer, shake well, then extract with 40 ml of saturated n-butanol by shaking, separate the n-butanol layer, concentrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 2 ml of methanol as the test solution. Prepare a solution of the reference drug Ilex Cornutae Leaf in the same manner as the test solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water (1:3:1:0.3) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 1 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过8.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过6.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 6.0 per cent <2302>.

性 Property

凉。
Cold.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、肾经。
Liver and kidney.

功能 Actions

清热养阴，益肾，平肝。
To clear heat and nourish yin, tonify the kidney, and soothe the liver.

主治 Indications

用于肺痛咯血，骨蒸潮热，头晕目眩。
Used for lung pain with hemoptysis, steaming bone and tidal fever, dizziness and vertigo.

用量 Dosage

9～15g.
9-15g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Preserve in a dry place.

枸骨叶

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为冬青科植物枸骨 Ilex cornuta Lindl. ex Paxt. 的干燥叶。秋季采收，除去杂质，晒干。
Chinese Holly Leaf is the dried leaf of Ilex cornuta Lindl. ex Paxt. (Fam. Aquifoliaceae). The drug is collected in autumn, removed from foreign matter, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈类长方形或矩圆状长方形，偶有长卵圆形，长3～8cm，宽1.5～4cm。先端具3枚较大的硬刺齿，顶端1枚常反曲，基部平截或宽楔形，两侧有时各具刺齿1～3枚，边缘稍反卷；长卵圆形叶常无刺齿。上表面黄绿色或绿褐色，有光泽，下表面灰黄色或灰绿色。叶脉羽状，叶柄较短。革质，硬而厚。气微，味微苦。
Subrectangular, oblong rectangular, occasionally long-ovate, 3-8 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide. Apex with 3 relatively big hard spines, the apical one usually recurved; base truncate or broadly cuneate, sometimes each of both sides with 1-3 spines, edges somewhat recurved; long ovate leaves usually free from spines. Upper surface yellowish-green or greenish-brown, lustrous; lower surface greyish-yellow or greyish-green. Veins pinnate; short-petioled. Texture leathery, hard and thick. Odour, slight; taste, slightly bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品叶片近基部横切面：上表皮细胞类方形，壁厚，外被厚的角质层，主脉处有单细胞非腺毛；下表皮细胞略小，可见气孔。栅栏组织为2～4列细胞，海绵组织疏松；主脉处上、下表皮内为1至数列厚角细胞。主脉维管束外韧型，其上、下方均具木化纤维群。叶缘表皮内常依次为厚角细胞和石细胞半环带，再内为木化纤维群；叶缘近叶柄处仅有数列厚角细胞，近基部以上渐无厚角组织。叶缘表皮内和主脉处下表皮内厚角组织中偶有石细胞，韧皮部下方的纤维群外亦偶见。薄壁组织和下表皮细胞常含草酸钙簇晶。
（2）取本品粉末2g，加70%乙醇40ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加水40ml使溶解，加三氯甲烷40ml振摇提取，弃去三氯甲烷液，水层加浓氨试液2ml，摇匀，再加水饱和的正丁醇40ml振摇提取，分取正丁醇液，浓缩至干，残渣加甲醇2ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取枸骨叶对照药材2g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各1μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水（1：3：1：0.3）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过8.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过6.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 6.0 per cent <2302>.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

苦，凉。归肝、肾经。
Cool; bitter. Liver and kidney meridians.

功能与主治 Actions and Indications

清热养阴，益肾，平肝。用于肺痨咯血，骨蒸潮热，头晕目眩。
To clear heat, nourish yin, tonify kidney, and pacify the liver. Used for lung consumption with hemoptysis, bone-steaming, tidal fever, diziness, and vertigo.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

9～15g.
9-15 g.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Preserve in a dry place.