枳实

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为芸香科植物酸橙Citrus aurantium L.及其栽培变种或甜橙Citrus sinensis Osbeck的干燥幼果。5～6月收集自落的果实，除去杂质，自中部横切为两半，晒干或低温干燥，较小者直接晒干或低温干燥。
Immature Bitter Orange Fruit is the dried immature fruit of Citrus aurantium L. (Fam. Rutaceae) or its cultivated variety, or of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). The fruit is collected in May to June when it falls naturally, freed from impurities, cut transversely into halves at the middle, and dried in the sun or at a low temperature. Smaller fruits are dried directly in the sun or at a low temperature.

性状 Description

本品呈半球形，少数为球形，直径0.5-2.5cm。外果皮黑绿色或棕褐色，具颗粒状突起和皱纹，有明显的花柱残迹或果梗痕。切面中果皮略隆起，厚0.3～1.2cm，黄白色或黄褐色，边缘有1～2列油室，瓤囊棕褐色。质坚硬。气清香，味苦、微酸。
Fruits are semi-spherical, occasionally spherical, with a diameter of 0.5-2.5cm. The outer pericarp is blackish-green or brownish-brown, with granular protuberances and wrinkles, and distinct styles or pedicel scars. The cut surface of the pericarp is slightly convex, 0.3-1.2cm thick, yellowish-white or yellowish-brown, with 1-2 rows of oil cavities at the edge, and the locular cavities are brownish-brown. The texture is hard. The odor is fragrant, and the taste is bitter and slightly sour.

鉴别 Identification

(1) 本品粉末淡黄色或棕黄色。中果皮细胞类圆形或形状不规则，壁大多呈不均匀增厚。果皮表皮细胞表面观多角形、类方形或长方形，气孔环式，直径18～26μm，副卫细胞5～9个；侧面观外被角质层。草酸钙方晶存在于果皮和汁囊细胞中，呈斜方形、多面体形或双锥形，直径2～24μm。橙皮苷结晶存在于薄壁细胞中，黄色或无色，呈圆形或无定形团块，有的显放射状纹理。油室碎片多见，分泌细胞狭长而弯曲。螺纹导管、网纹导管及管胞细小。
(1) The powder is pale yellow or brownish-yellow. The cells of the middle pericarp are mostly round or irregular in shape, and the walls are mostly unevenly thickened. The epidermal cells of the pericarp are mostly polygonal, square-like, or rectangular in surface view, with a ring-shaped stomatal apparatus, with a diameter of 18-26μm, and 5-9 subsidiary cells; in side view, they are covered with a cuticle layer. Calcium oxalate prisms are present in the pericarp and juice sac cells, appearing as oblique squares, polyhedrons, or bicones, with a diameter of 2-24μm. Hesperidin crystals are present in the thin-walled cells, yellow or colorless, appearing as round or amorphous masses, some with radial texture. Fragments of oil cavities are common, and secretory cells are slender and curved. Spiral vessels, reticulate vessels, and parenchyma cells are small.

(2) 取本品粉末0.5g，加甲醇10ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇0.5ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取辛弗林对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水（4∶1∶5）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以0.5%茚三酮乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) Take 0.5g of the powder, add 10ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 20 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 0.5ml of methanol as the test solution. Take hesperidin CRS, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and the upper layer solution of n-butanol-glacial acetic acid-water (4:1:5) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 0.5% solution of ninhydrin in ethanol, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第四法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832, method 4>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过7.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 7.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用70%乙醇作溶剂，不得少于12.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201>, the hot maceration method, using 70% ethanol as the solvent, not less than 12.0 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-磷酸二氢钾溶液（取磷酸二氢钾0.6g，十二烷基磺酸钠1.0g，冰醋酸1ml，加水溶解并稀释至1000ml）（50∶50）为流动相；检测波长为275nm。理论板数按辛弗林峰计算应不低于2000。
Use octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as the filler; use a methanol-potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (take 0.6g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.0g of dodecyl sodium sulfate, 1ml of glacial acetic acid, dissolve in water and dilute to 1000ml) (50:50) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 275 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated from the hesperidin peak should not be less than 2000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取辛弗林对照品适量，精密称定。加水制成每1ml含30μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of hesperidin CRS, accurately weigh. Add water to make a solution containing 30μg per ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品中粉约1g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇50ml，称定重量，加热回流1.5小时，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，精密量取续滤液10ml，蒸干，残渣加水10ml使溶解，通过聚酰胺柱（60～90目，2.5g，内径为1.5cm，干法装柱），用水25ml洗脱，收集洗脱液，转移至25ml量瓶中，加水至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Take about 1g of the powder, accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50ml of methanol, weigh, heat under reflux for 1.5 hours, cool, weigh again, make up the loss in weight with methanol, shake well, filter, accurately take 10ml of the filtrate, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 10 ml of water, pass through a polyamide column (60-90 mesh, 2.5g, inner diameter 1.5cm, dry-packed column), elute with 25ml of water, collect the eluate, transfer to a 25ml volumetric flask, add water to the mark, shake well, and obtain.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10～20μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 10-20μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into a liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含辛弗林（C9H13NO2）不得少于0.30%。
Calculated on the dried basis, the content of hesperidin (C9H13NO2) should not be less than 0.30%.

饮片 Prepared slices

枳实 Immature Bitter Orange Fruit

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切薄片，干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soak until moist, cut into thin slices, and dry.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则弧状条形或圆形薄片。切面外果皮黑绿色或棕褐色，中果皮部分黄白色至黄棕色，近外缘有1～2列点状油室，条片内侧或圆片中央具棕褐色瓤囊。气清香，味苦、微酸。
The prepared slices are irregularly arc-shaped strips or circular thin slices. The cut surface of the pericarp is blackish-green or brownish-brown, the middle part of the pericarp is yellowish-white to yellowish-brown, with 1-2 rows of dot-like oil cavities near the outer edge, and the inner side of the strip or the center of the circular slice has brownish-brown locular cavities. The odor is fragrant, and the taste is bitter and slightly sour.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

麸炒枳实 Charred Immature Bitter Orange Fruit

炮制 Processing

取枳实片，照麸炒法（通则0213）炒至色变深。
Take the slices of Immature Bitter Orange Fruit, follow the method for charred drugs<0213>, and fry until the color becomes darker.

性状 Description

本品形如枳实片，色较深，有的有焦斑。气焦香，味微苦，微酸。
The charred slices are similar to the slices of Immature Bitter Orange Fruit, but darker in color, some with scorch marks. The odor is smoky and fragrant, the taste is slightly bitter and slightly sour.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过10.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not more than 10.0 per cent.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

微寒。
Slightly cold.

味 Flavor

苦、辛、酸。
Bitter, pungent and sour.

归经 Meridian tropism

归脾、胃经。
Spleen and stomach meridians.

功能 Actions

破气消积，化痰散痞。
To resolve qi stagnation, dissipate accumulation, transform phlegm, and disperse stagnation.

主治 Indications

用于积滞内停，痞满胀痛，泻痢后重，大便不通，痰滞气阻，胸痹，结胸，脏器下垂。
Used for stagnation and retention of qi, distension and pain due to accumulation, post-diarrhea rebound, constipation, phlegm stagnation and qi obstruction, chest impediment, chest congestion, and prolapse of organs.

用量 Dosage

3～10g。
3-10g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

注意 Precautions

孕妇慎用。
Use with caution in pregnant women.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a cool and dry place, and protect from moth.

枳实

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为芸香科植物酸橙 Citrus aurantium L. 及其栽培变种或甜橙 Citrus sinensis Osbeck的干燥幼果。5～6月收集自落的果实，除去杂质，自中部横切为两半，晒干或低温干燥，较小者直接晒干或低温干燥。
Immature Orange Fruit is the dried young fruit of Citrus aurantium L. and its cultivars or Citrus sinensis Osbeck (Fam. Rutaceae). The fallen fruit is collected in May and June, removed from foreign matter, cut transversely in the middle into two parts, dried in the sun or at a low temperature; the small fruit dried similarly without cutting.

性状 Description

本品呈半球形，少数为球形，直径0.5～2.5cm。外果皮黑绿色或棕褐色，具颗粒状突起和皱纹，有明显的花柱残迹或果梗痕。切面中果皮略隆起，厚0.3～1.2cm，黄白色或黄褐色，边缘有1～2列油室，瓤囊棕褐色。质坚硬。气清香，味苦、微酸。
Semispheroidal, a few spheroidal, 0.5-2.5 cm in diameter. Exocarp dark green or dark brown, with granular protrudings and wrinkles, remains of style or fruit stalk scar distinct. Mesocarp in transverse section slightly expanded, yellowish-white or yellowish-brown, 0.3-1.2 cm thick, with 1-2 rows of oil cavities on the outer part, endocarp and juice vesicles brown. Texture hard. Odour, aromatic; taste, bitter and slightly sour.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末淡黄色或棕黄色。中果皮细胞类圆形或形状不规则，壁大多呈不均匀增厚。果皮表皮细胞表面观多角形、类方形或长方形，气孔环式，直径18～26μm，副卫细胞5～9个；侧面观外被角质层。草酸钙方晶存在于果皮和汁囊细胞中，呈斜方形、多面体形或双锥形，直径2～24μm。橙皮苷结晶存在于薄壁细胞中，黄色或无色，呈圆形或无定形团块，有的显放射状纹理。油室碎片多见，分泌细胞狭长而弯曲。螺纹导管、网纹导管及管胞细小。
（2）取本品粉末0.5g，加甲醇10ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇0.5ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取辛弗林对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水（4：1：5）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以0.5%茚三酮乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第四法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832, method 4>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过7.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 7.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用70%乙醇作溶剂，不得少于12.0%。
Carry out the hot extraction method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201>, using 70% ethanol as the solvent, not less than 12.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验
以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-磷酸二氢钾溶液（取磷酸二氢钾0.6g，十二烷基磺酸钠1.0g，冰醋酸1ml，加水溶解并稀释至1000ml）（50：50）为流动相；检测波长为275nm。理论板数按辛弗林峰计算应不低于2000。

性 Property

微寒。
Mild cold.

味 Flavor

苦、辛、酸，微寒。
Bitter, pungent, and sour; mild cold.

归经 Meridian tropism

归脾、胃经。
Spleen and stomach meridians.

功能 Actions

破气消积，化痰散痞。
To break qi, eliminate accumulation, resolve phlegm, and dissipate stuffiness.

主治 Indications

用于积滞内停，痞满胀痛，泻痢后重，大便不通，痰滞气阻，胸痹，结胸，脏器下垂。
Interior retention of accumulation and stagnation, stuffiness and fullness, distending pain, tenesmus in diarrhea and dysentery, constipation, phlegm stagnation and qi obstruction, chest bi disorder, chest bind, and splanchnoptosis.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

3～10g。
3-10 g.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

孕妇慎用。
Use with caution during pregnancy.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a cool and dry place, and protect from moth.

注：栽培变种同枳壳。
Note: The cultivated varieties are the same as described under Aurantii Fructus.