苦木

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为苦木科植物苦木Picrasma quassioides（D.Don）Benn.的干燥枝和叶。夏、秋二季采收，干燥。
Picrasma Stem and Leaf is the dried stem and leaf of Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. (Fam. Simaroubaceae). The drug is collected in summer and autumn, removed from impurities, and dried.

性状 Description

本品枝呈圆柱形，长短不一，直径0.5～2cm；表面灰绿色或棕绿色，有细密的纵纹和多数点状皮孔；质脆，易折断，断面不平整，淡黄色，嫩枝色较浅且髓部较大。叶为单数羽状复叶，易脱落；小叶卵状长椭圆形或卵状披针形，近无柄，长4～16cm，宽1.5～6cm；先端锐尖，基部偏斜或稍圆，边缘具钝齿；两面通常绿色，有的下表面淡紫红色，沿中脉有柔毛。气微，味极苦。
Stems cylindrical, varying in length, 0.5-2 cm in diameter; externally greyish-green or brownish-green, with fine longitudinal striations and numerous punctate lenticels; texture brittle, easily broken, fracture uneven, pale yellow, young stems lighter in colour and with larger pith. Leaves odd-pinnate, easily detached; leaflets ovate-elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, 4-16 cm long, 1.5-6 cm wide; apex acute, base oblique or slightly rounded, margin obtusely dentate; both surfaces usually green, some lower surfaces pale purplish-red, pubescent along midrib. Odour, slight; taste, extremely bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄绿色。叶上表皮细胞呈多边形；下表皮气孔甚多，气孔不定式。叶肉细胞中含众多草酸钙簇晶。纤维成束，细长，周围薄壁细胞含草酸钙簇晶，偶见方晶。网纹导管和具缘纹孔导管巨大，多破碎。木射线细胞高1～8列细胞，细胞壁稍厚，纹孔较明显。
(1) The powder is yellow-green. Leaf epidermal cells are polygonal ; there are many stomata in the lower epidermis, and the stomata are infinitive. The mesophyll cells contain many calcium oxalate clusters. The fibers are bundled, slender, and the surrounding parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate cluster crystals, occasionally square crystals. The reticulate ducts and marginal pit ducts are huge and mostly broken. Wood ray cells were 1-8 columns taller, the cell wall was slightly thicker, and the pits were more obvious.

（2）取本品粉末1g，加甲醇10ml，冷浸过夜，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取苦木对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇（17:3）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以改良碘化铋钾试液。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) Take this product powder 1g, add methanol 10ml, cold soak overnight, filter, filtrate evaporated, residue add methanol 1ml to dissolve, as the test solution. Another 1g of Kumu reference medicinal material was taken and made into a reference medicinal material solution by the same method. According to the thin layer chromatography ( general rule 0502 ) test, 10μl of the above two solutions were taken and spotted on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, respectively, with chloroform-methanol ( 17 : 3 ) as the developing agent, unfolded, taken out, dried, and sprayed with modified bismuth potassium iodide test solution. In the chromatogram of the test sample, the spots of the same color appeared at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.

饮片 Prepared Slices

苦木 Picrasma Stem and Leaf

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，枝洗净，润透，切片，干燥；叶喷淋清水，稍润，切丝，干燥。
Remove impurities, wash the stems, soak until moist, slice, and dry; spray the leaves with water, slightly moisten, shred, and dry.

性 Property

寒；有小毒。
Cold; slightly toxic.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、大肠经。
Enters the Lung and Large Intestine meridians.

功能 Functions

清热解毒，祛湿。
Clears heat and detoxifies, eliminates dampness.

主治 Indications

用于风热感冒，咽喉肿痛，湿热泻痢，湿疹，疮疖，蛇虫咬伤。
Used for wind-heat common cold, sore throat, damp-heat diarrhea, eczema, sores and boils, snake and insect bites.

用量 Dosage

枝3～4.5g；叶1~3g。
For stems, 3-4.5g; for leaves, 1-3g.

用法 Administration

外用适量。
For external use, appropriate amount.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Store in a dry place.

苦木

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为苦木科植物苦木Picrasma quassioides （D. Don） Benn.的干燥枝和叶。夏、秋二季采收，干燥。
Indian Quassiawood is the dried branch and leaf of Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn. (Fam. Simarubaceae). The drug is collected in summer and autumn, and dried.

性状 Description

本品枝呈圆柱形，长短不一，直径0.5～2cm；表面灰绿色或棕绿色，有细密的纵纹和多数点状皮孔；质脆，易折断，断面不平整，淡黄色，嫩枝色较浅且髓部较大。叶为单数羽状复叶，易脱落；小叶卵状长椭圆形或卵状披针形，近无柄，长4～16cm，宽1.5～6cm；先端锐尖，基部偏斜或稍圆，边缘具钝齿；两面通常绿色，有的下表面淡紫红色，沿中脉有柔毛。气微，味极苦。
Branches cylindrical, varying in length, 0.5-2 cm in diameter； externally greyish-green or brownish-green, with fine and dense longitudinal striations and numerous dotted lenticels； texture fragile, easily broken, fracture uneven, pale yellow, the young branches pale-coloured, with relatively large pith. Leaves compound, odd-pinnate, easily falling off； leaflets elongated ovate-elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, subsessile, 4-16 cm long, 1.5-6 cm wide, apex acute, base oblique or slightly rounded, margins crenate, both surfaces usually green, sometimes the lower surface pale purplish-red, pubescent along the midrib. Odour, slight； taste, extremely bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末黄绿色。叶上表皮细胞呈多边形；下表皮气孔甚多，气孔不定式。叶肉细胞中含众多草酸钙簇晶。纤维成束，细长，周围薄壁细胞含草酸铸簇晶，偶见方晶。网纹导管和具缘纹孔导管巨大，多破碎。木射线细胞高1～8列细胞，细胞壁稍厚，纹孔较明显。
（2）取本品粉末1g，加甲醇10ml，冷浸过夜，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取苦木对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502） 试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10μl ，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇（17：3）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以改良碘化铋钾试液。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过14.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 14.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过8.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，用无水乙醇作溶剂，不得少于1.9%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the cold maceration method>, using anhydrous ethanol as the solvent,not less than 1.9 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

苦木 Indian Quassiawood

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，枝洗净，润透，切片，干燥；叶喷淋清水，稍润，切丝，干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash the branches clean, soften thoroughly, cut into slices, and dry in the sun； spray the leaves with clean water, moisten briefly, cut into slivers, and dry in the sun.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、大肠经。
Lung and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

清热解毒，祛湿。
To clear heat, remove toxin, and dispel dampness.

主治 Indications

用于风热感冒，咽喉肿痛，湿热泻痢，湿疹，疮疖，蛇虫咬伤。
Common cold caused by wind-heat, manifested as swollen sore throat, dampness-heat diarrhea and dysentery, eczema, sore and deep-rooted boil, and bites of insect, worm or snake.

用量 Dosage

枝3～4.5g；叶1～3g。外用适量。
Branches: 3-4.5 g； Leaves: 1-3 g. Appropriate amount for topical application.

用法 Administration

后下。
Add when the decoction is nearly done.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Preserve in a dry place.