龟甲

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为龟科动物乌龟Chinemys reevesii （Gray）的背甲及腹甲。全年均可捕捉，以秋、冬二季为多，捕捉后杀死，或用沸水烫死，剥取背甲和腹甲，除去残肉，晒干。
Turtle Shell is the dried carapace and plastron of Chinemys reevesii (Gray) (Fam. Testudinidae). It can be collected throughout the year, with the majority collected in autumn and winter. After capture, the turtles are killed and their carapace and plastron are removed, cleaned of residual flesh, and dried.

性状 Description

本品背甲及腹甲由甲桥相连，背甲稍长于腹甲，与腹甲常分离。背甲呈长椭圆形拱状，长7.5～22cm，宽6～18cm；外表面棕褐色或黑褐色，脊棱3条；颈盾1块，前窄后宽；椎盾5块，第1椎盾长大于宽或近相等，第2～4椎盾宽大于长；肋盾两侧对称，各4块；缘盾每侧11块；臀盾2块。腹甲呈板片状，近长方椭圆形，长6. 4～21cm，宽5. 5～17cm；外表面淡黄棕色至棕黑色，盾片12块，每块常具紫褐色放射状纹理，腹盾、胸盾和股盾中缝均长，喉盾、肛盾次之，肱盾中缝最短；内表面黄白色至灰白色，有的略带血迹或残肉，除净后可见骨板9块，呈锯齿状嵌接；前端钝圆或平截，后端具三角形缺刻，两侧残存呈翼状向斜上方弯曲的甲桥。质坚硬。气微腥，味微咸。
The carapace and plastron are connected by a bridge, with the carapace slightly longer than the plastron and often separated from it. The carapace is elongated and arched, measuring 7.5-22cm in length and 6-18cm in width. The outer surface is brownish-brown or blackish-brown, with three ridges; one nuchal shield, narrow in front and wide in the back; five vertebral shields, with the first shield longer than wide or nearly equal, and the second to fourth shields wider than long; four symmetrical rib shields on each side; 11 marginal shields on each side; and two anal shields. The plastron is plate-like, nearly rectangular-elliptical in shape, measuring 6.4-21cm in length and 5.5-17cm in width. The outer surface is pale yellow-brown to brown-black, with 12 shields, each often having a purple-brown radial pattern. The sutures of the plastron, pectoral shields, and femoral shields are long, followed by the throat shields and anal shields, with the sutures of the humeral shields being the shortest. The inner surface is yellowish-white to grayish-white, sometimes with traces of blood or residual flesh. After cleaning, nine bone plates can be seen, arranged in a serrated pattern. The front end is blunt or flat, and the rear end has a triangular notch, with the remaining sides forming a wing-shaped bridge that curves obliquely upward. The texture is hard. It has a slight fishy odor and a slightly salty taste.

鉴别 Identification

取本品粉末1g，加甲醇10ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取龟甲对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取胆固醇对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和对照药材溶液各10～20μ1、对照品溶液5～10μl，分别点于同一 硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸（15：2：1：0.6）为展开剂，展开16cm，取出，晾干，喷以硫酸无水乙醇溶液（1→10），在105°C加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
To 1g of the powder add 10 ml of methanol, treat with ultrasound for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of methanol as the test solution. Take 1g of the reference drug Turtle Shell and prepare a solution of the reference drug using the same method. Take cholesterol CRS as the reference substance and prepare a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of toluene-acetic acid ethyl ester-methanol-formic acid (15:2:1:0.6) as the mobile phase. Apply 10-20 μl of each of the test solution and the reference drug solution, and 5-10 μl of the reference solution to the same silica gel G plate. After developing to a distance of 16 cm, remove the plate and dry it. Spray with a solution of anhydrous ethanol-sulfuric acid (1→10), and heat at 105°C until the spots are clearly visible. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug and the reference solution.

浸出物 Extract

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，不得少于4.5%。
The determination of water-soluble extract is carried out by the hot extraction method under the item of determination of water-soluble extract<2201>, and it should not be less than 4.5%.

饮片 Prepared Slices

龟甲 Turtle Shell

炮制 Processing

置蒸锅内，沸水蒸45分钟，取出，放入热水中，立即用硬刷除净皮肉，洗净，晒干。
Place it in a steamer, steam with boiling water for 45 minutes, remove it, put it in hot water, immediately use a hard brush to remove the skin and flesh, wash it, and dry it.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same medicinal materials.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
The identification is the same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extract

同药材。
Same medicinal materials.

醋龟甲 Vinegar-Processed Turtle Shell

炮制 Processing

取净龟甲，照烫法（通则0213）用砂子炒至表面淡黄色，取出，醋淬，干燥。用时捣碎。
Take clean Turtle Shell, process it according to the method of vinegar-frying<0213>, fry it with sand until the surface is light yellow, remove it, quench it with vinegar, and dry it. Grind it before use.

每100kg龟甲，用醋20kg。
For every 100kg of Turtle Shell, use 20kg of vinegar.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的块状。背甲盾片略呈拱状隆起，腹甲盾片呈平板状，大小不一。表面黄色或棕褐色，有的可见深棕褐色斑点，有不规则纹理。内表面棕黄色或棕褐色， 边缘有的呈锯齿状。断面不平整，有的有蜂窝状小孔。质松脆。气微腥，味微咸,微有醋香气。
The processed Turtle Shell is irregular in shape. The shields of the carapace are slightly arched and raised, while the shields of the plastron are flat and vary in size. The surface is yellow or brownish-brown, with some dark brown spots and irregular patterns. The inner surface is brownish-yellow or brownish-brown, with some serrations on the edges. The section is uneven, with some honeycomb-like small holes. The texture is loose and brittle. It has a slight fishy odor, a slightly salty taste, and a slight vinegar aroma.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
The identification is the same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extract

同药材，不得少于8.0%。
The extract is the same as the crude drug, and it should not be less than 8.0%.

性 Property

微寒。
Slightly cold.

味 Flavor

咸、甘。
The taste is salty and sweet,

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、肾、心经。
It enters the Liver, Kidney, and Heart meridians.

功能 Functions

滋阴潜阳，益肾强骨，养血补心，固经止崩。
Nourishes Yin and subdues Yang, tonifies the Kidneys and strengthens the bones, nourishes the Blood and tonifies the Heart, and stabilizes the menstruation and stops bleeding.

主治 Indications

用于阴虚潮热，骨蒸盗汗，头晕目眩，虚风内动，筋骨痿软，心虚健忘，崩漏经多。
It is used for Yin deficiency with tidal fever, steaming bones and night sweats, dizziness and vertigo, internal wind due to deficiency, weakness and flaccidity of the tendons and bones, heart deficiency with forgetfulness, and excessive menstrual bleeding.

用量 Dosage

9~24g。
9～24g.

用法 Administration

先煎。
decoct first.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a dry place and protect from moth.

龟甲

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为龟科动物乌龟Chinemys reevesii (Gray)的背甲及腹甲。全年均可捕捉，以秋、冬二季为多，捕捉后杀死，或用沸水烫死，剥取背甲和腹甲，除去残肉，晒干。
Tortoise Carapace and Plastron is the carapace and plastron of Chinemys reevesii (Gray) (Fam. Emydidae). The animal is captured all the year round, but usually in autumn or winter, killed or scalded to death by boiling water. The drug is collected, removed from the remaining muscles, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品背甲及腹甲由甲桥相连，背甲稍长于腹甲，与腹甲常分离。背甲呈长椭圆形拱状，长7.5～22cm，宽6～18cm；外表面棕褐色或黑褐色，脊棱3条；颈盾1块，前窄后宽；椎盾5块，第1椎盾长大于宽或近相等，第2～4椎盾宽大于长；肋盾两侧对称，各4块；缘盾每侧11块；臀盾2块。腹甲呈板片状，近长方椭圆形，长6.4～21cm，宽5.5～17cm；外表面淡黄棕色至棕黑色，盾片12块，每块常具紫褐色放射状纹理，腹盾、胸盾和股盾中缝均长，喉盾、肛盾次之，肱盾中缝最短；内表面黄白色至灰白色，有的略带血迹或残肉，除净后可见骨板9块，呈锯齿状嵌接；前端钝圆或平截，后端具三角形缺刻，两侧残存呈翼状向斜上方弯曲的甲桥。质坚硬。气微腥，味微咸。
The carapace and plastron being connected by a bony bridge, the former slightly longer than and also separated from the latter. The carapace long elliptic, arciform, 7.5-22 cm long, 6-18 cm wide, the outer surface brown or blackish-brown, 3 vertebral ridges, 1 nuchal scute, anterior part narrow than posterior part; 5 vertebral scutes, for the 1st vertebral scute, the length greater than or nearly equal to the width; for the 2nd to 4th ones, the length smaller than the width; 4 symmetrical costal scutes at both sides, 11 marginal scutes at each side; 2 pygal scutes. The plastron plate-like, subrectangular elliptic, 6.4-21 cm long 5.5-17 cm wide, the outer surface pale yellowish-brown to brownish-black, with 12 horny scutes, each usually with purplish-brown radiated veins, the sutures between abdominal, pectoral and femoral scutes in the same long, those between gular and anal scutes shorter, that between humeral scutes shortest; the inner surface yellowish-white to greyish-white, some with slight bloodstain or remaining muscles, 9 pieces of bony plates visible after cleaning and the serrated edges inlaid each other. Anterior end obtuse or truncate, posterior end with a triangular notch; wing like bony bridge curved upward obliquely at both lateral sides. Texture hard. Odour, slightly stinking; taste, slightly salty.

鉴别 Identification

取本品粉末1g，加甲醇10ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取龟甲对照药材1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取胆固醇对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和对照药材溶液各10～20μl、对照品溶液5～10μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸（15：2：1：0.6）为展开剂，展开16cm，取出，晾干，喷以硫酸无水乙醇溶液（1→10），在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
To 1 g of the powder add 10 ml of methanol, ultrasonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of methanol as the test solution. Prepare a solution of 1 g of Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum reference drug in the same manner as the reference drug solution. Dissolve cholesterol CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of toluene, ethyl acetate, methanol and formic acid (15: 2: 1: 0.6) as the mobile phase. Apply separately 10-20 μl of each of the test solution and the reference drug solution and 5-10 μl of the reference solution to the plate. After developing about 16 cm and removal of the plate, dry in air, spray with a solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol (1→10) and heat at 105℃ to the spots clear. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，不得少于4.5%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble extractives<2201, the hot extraction method>, not less than 4.5 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

龟甲 Tortoise Carapace and Plastron

炮制 Processing

龟甲 置蒸锅内，沸水蒸45分钟，取出，放入热水中，立即用硬刷除净皮肉，洗净，晒干。
Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum Steam in a pan for 45 minutes, take out and put in hot water, remove skin and meat by a scrub-brush immediately, then wash clean and dry in the sun.

性 Property

咸、甘，微寒。
Mild cold; salty and sweet.

味 Flavor

微咸。
Slightly salty.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、肾、心经。
Liver, kidney and heart meridians.

功能 Actions

滋阴潜阳，益肾强骨，养血补心，固经止崩。
To nourish yin, subdue yang, tonify kidney, strengthen bone, nourish blood, replenish heart, secure the menses and stop menstrual flooding.

主治 Indications

用于阴虚潮热，骨蒸盗汗，头晕目眩，虚风内动，筋骨痿软，心虚健忘，崩漏经多。
Yin deficiency, tidal fever, steaming bone, night sweating, dizziness, vertigo, internal stirring of deficiency wind, limp wilting sinew and bone, forgetfulness caused by heart deficiency, menstrual flooding and spotting, and profuse menstruation.

用量 Dosage

9～24g。
9-24 g.

用法 Administration

先煎。
It should be decocted first.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a dry place, and protect from moth.