牡蛎

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为牡蛎科动物长牡蛎Ostrea gigas Thunberg、大连湾牡蛎 Ostrea talienwhanensis Crosse 或近江牡蛎 Ostrea rivularis Gould 的贝壳。全年均可捕捞，去肉，洗净，晒干。
Oyster Shell is the shell of Ostrea gigas Thunberg, Ostrea talienwhanensis Crosse, or Ostrea rivularis Gould (Fam. Ostreidae). The shells are collected throughout the year, the meat is removed, and the shells are washed and dried.

性状 Description

长牡蛎 Long Oyster Shell

呈长片状，背腹缘几平行，长10～50cm，高4～15cm。右壳较小，鳞片坚厚，层状或层纹状排列。壳外面平坦或具数个凹陷，淡紫色、灰白色或黄褐色；内面瓷白色，壳顶二侧无小齿。左壳凹陷深，鳞片较右壳粗大，壳顶附着面小。质硬，断面层状，洁白。气微，味微咸。
Long Oyster Shell is elongated, with parallel dorsal and ventral edges, 10-50 cm long and 4-15 cm high. The right shell is smaller, with thick, layered or striated scales. The outer surface of the shell is flat or has several depressions, pale purple, gray-white, or yellow-brown; the inner surface is porcelain white, with no small teeth on the sides of the shell. The left shell is deeply concave, with larger scales than the right shell and a small attachment surface on the top of the shell. The texture is hard, with a layered fracture surface, and is clean white. It has a slight odor and a slightly salty taste.

大连湾牡蛎 Dalian Bay Oyster Shell

呈类三角形，背腹缘呈八字形。右壳外面淡黄色，具疏松的同心鳞片，鳞片起伏成波浪状，内面白色。左壳同心鳞片坚厚，自壳顶部放射肋数个，明显，内面凹下呈盒状，铰合面小。
Dalian Bay Oyster Shell is triangular, with a figure-eight shape on the dorsal and ventral edges. The outer surface of the right shell is pale yellow, with loose concentric scales that undulate like waves, and the inner surface is white. The left shell has thick concentric scales, several obvious radiating ribs from the top of the shell, a concave inner surface, and a small hinge surface.

近江牡蛎 Jinjiang Oyster Shell

呈圆形、卵圆形或三角形等。右壳外面稍不平，有灰、紫、棕、黄等色，环生同心鳞片，幼体者鳞片薄而脆， 多年生长后鳞片层层相叠，内面白色，边缘有的淡紫色。
Jinjiang Oyster Shell is round, oval, or triangular. The outer surface of the right shell is slightly uneven, with colors such as gray, purple, brown, and yellow. It has concentric scales, and the scales of young individuals are thin and brittle. After many years of growth, the scales are layered, and the inner surface is white, with some pale purple edges.

鉴别 Identification

(1)本品粉末灰白色。珍珠层呈不规则碎块，较大碎块呈条状或片状，表面隐约可见细小条纹。棱柱层少见， 断面观呈棱柱状，断端平截，长29～130μm，宽10～36μm，有的一端渐尖，亦可见数个并列成排；表面观呈类多角形、方形或三角形。
(1) The powder of this product is grayish-white. The pearl layer is irregularly fragmented, with larger fragments appearing as strips or flakes, and faint fine stripes can be seen on the surface. The prismatic layer is rare. The cross-section is prismatic, with a flat cut end, 29-130 μm long and 10-36 μm wide. Some ends are gradually pointed, and several can be seen arranged in parallel. The surface appears polygonal, square, or triangular.

(2)取本品粉末2g，加稀盐酸15ml，即产生大量气泡，滤过，滤液用氢氧化钠试液调节pH值至10，静置，离心（转速为每分钟12000转）10分钟，取沉淀置15ml安瓿中，加6.0mol/L 盐酸10ml，150°C水解1小时。水解液蒸干，残渣加10%异丙醇-0.1mol/L盐酸溶液1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取牡蛎对照药材2g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法 (通则0502)试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水-丙酮-无水乙醇-0.5%茚三酮丙酮溶液（40：14：12：5：4：4）为展开剂，展开，取出， 晾干，在105°C加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) Take 2g of the powder, add 15ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, which will produce a large number of bubbles. Filter, adjust the pH of the filtrate to 10 with sodium hydroxide test solution, let it stand, centrifuge (at a speed of 12,000 rpm) for 10 minutes, take the precipitate and place it in a 15ml ampoule, add 10ml of 6.0mol/L hydrochloric acid, and hydrolyze at 150°C for 1 hour. Evaporate the hydrolysis solution to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1ml of 10% isopropanol-0.1mol/L hydrochloric acid solution as the test solution. Take 2g of the reference drug Oyster Shell and prepare a solution of the reference drug in the same way. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of n-butanol-glacial acetic acid-water-acetone-anhydrous ethanol-0.5% anthrone-acetone solution (40:14:12:5:4:4) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 2 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the Reference solution.

检查 Examination

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

取本品粉末2g，置炽灼至恒重的坩埚中，炽灼至完全灰化，加入稀盐酸约20ml，照灰分测定法(通则2302)测定，不得过2.0%。
Take 2g of the powder, place it in a crucible that has been ignited to constant weight, ignite it until completely ashed, add about 20ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, and determine the acid-insoluble ash content according to the method for determination of ash<2302>. It should not be more than 2.0%.

重金属及有害元素 Heavy metals and harmful elements

照铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法（通则 2321原子吸收分光光度法或电感耦合等离子体质谱法）测定， 铅不得过5mg/kg；镉不得过0.3mg/kg；砷不得过2mg/kg；汞不得过0. 2mg/kg；铜不得过20mg/kg。
Determine the content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and copper according to the method for determination of heavy metals and harmful elements<2321> (atomic absorption spectrophotometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). The lead content should not exceed 5mg/kg; the cadmium content should not exceed 0.3mg/kg; the arsenic content should not exceed 2mg/kg; the mercury content should not exceed 0.2mg/kg; the copper content should not exceed 20mg/kg.

含量测定 Content determination

取本品细粉约0.15g，精密称定，置锥形瓶中，加稀盐酸10ml，加热使溶解，加水20ml与甲基红指示液1滴，滴加10%氢氧化钾溶液至溶液显黄色，继续多加10ml，再加钙黄绿素指示剂少量，用乙二胺四醋酸二钠滴定液 （0.05mol/L）滴定至溶液黄绿色荧光消失而显橙色。每1ml 乙二胺四醋酸二钠滴定液（0.05mol/L）相当于5.004mg的碳酸钙(CaCO3)。
The fine powder of this product is accurately weighed to about 0.15g, placed in a conical flask, added with 10ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, heated to dissolve, added with 20ml of water and 1 drop of methyl red indicator, and titrated with 10% potassium hydroxide solution until the solution turns yellow. Continue to add 10ml, then add a small amount of calcium yellow-green indicator, and titrate with 0.05mol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium titration solution until the yellow-green fluorescence in the solution disappears and turns orange. Each 1ml of 0.05mol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium titration solution is equivalent to 5.004mg of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

本品含碳酸钙(CaCO3)不得少于94.0% 。
The content of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in this product should not be less than 94.0%.

饮片 Prepared slices

牡蛎 Oyster Shell

炮制 Processing

洗净，干燥，碾碎。
Wash, dry, and grind.

性状 Description

本品为不规则的碎块。白色。质硬，断面层状。气微，味微咸。
This product is an irregular fragment. White. Hard, section layered. The taste is slightly salty.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

煅牡蛎 Calcined oyster

炮制 Processing

取净牡蜗，照明缎法（通则0213) 缎至酥脆。
Take the net worm, lighting satin method ( general rule 0213 ) satin to crisp.

性状 Description

本品为不规则的碎块或粗粉。灰白色。质酥脆，断面层状。
This product is irregular pieces or coarse powder. Grayish white. Crisp, cross-section layered.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

微寒。
Slightly cold.

味 Flavor

咸。
Salty.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、胆、肾经。
Liver, gallbladder, and kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

重镇安神，潜阳补阴，软坚散结。
To calm the mind, nourish yin, soften hardness, and disperse masses.

主治 Indications

用于惊悸失眠，眩晕耳鸣，瘰疬痰核，癥瘕痞块。煅牡蛎收敛固涩，制酸止痛。用于自汗盗汗，遗精滑精，崩漏带下，胃痛吞酸。
Used for palpitations, insomnia, dizziness, tinnitus, scrofula, phlegm nodules, and abdominal masses. Calcined Oyster Shell has astringent and firming properties, and can be used to treat spontaneous sweating, night sweats, spermatorrhea, leukorrhea, and stomach pain with acid regurgitation.

用量 Dosage

9～30g。
9-30g.

用法 Administration

先煎。
Decoction: First decoct.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Store in a dry place.

牡蛎

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为牡蛎科动物长牡蛎Ostrea gigas Thunberg、大连湾牡蛎 Ostrea talienwhanensis Crosse 或近江牡蛎 Ostrea rivularis Gould的贝壳。全年均可捕捞，去肉，洗净，晒干。
Oyster Shell is the shell of Ostrea gigas Thunberg, Ostrea talienwhanensis Crosse or Ostrea rivularis Gould (Fam. Osteridae). The drug is collected all the year round, removed from soft part, washed clean, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

长牡蛎 呈长片状，背腹缘几平行，长10～50cm，高4～15cm。右壳较小，鳞片坚厚，层状或层纹状排列。壳外面平坦或具数个凹陷，淡紫色、灰白色或黄褐色；内面瓷白色，壳顶二侧无小齿。左壳凹陷深，鱗片较右壳粗大，壳顶附着面小。质硬，断面层状，洁白。气微，味微咸。
Shell of Ostrea gigas In elongated pieces, dorsal and ventral edges almost parallel, 10-50 cm long, 4-15 cm high. The right shell relatively small, scales strong and thick, arranged in layers or striated. The outer surface smooth or with several depressions, pale purple, greyish-white or yellowish-brown; the inner surface porcelain-white, without denticles at both sides of the umbo. The left shell deeply depressed, scales bigger and more rough than those of the right shell, attachment surface of the umbo small. Texture hard, fracture stratiform, white. Odour, slight; taste, slightly salty.

大连湾牡蛎 呈类三角形，背腹缘呈八字形。右壳外面淡黄色，具疏松的同心鱗片，鳞片起伏成波浪状，内面白色。 左壳同心鱗片坚厚，自壳顶部放射肋数个，明显，内面凹下呈盒状，铰合面小。
Shell of Ostrea talienwhanensis Subtriangular, dorsal and ventral edges V-shaped. The outer surface of the right shell pale yellow, concentric scales arranged loosely and undulated up and down; the inner surface white. The left shell bearing strong and thick concentric scales, several distinct ribs radiated from the umbo, the inner surface concaved in box-shaped; hinge surface small.

近江牡蛎 呈圆形、卵圆形或三角形等。右壳外面稍不平，有灰、紫、棕、黄等色，环生同心鳞片，幼体者鳞片薄而脆，多年生长后鳞片层层相叠，内面白色，边缘有的淡紫色。
Shell of Ostrea rivularis Rounded, oval or triangular. The outer surface of the right shell slightly uneven, grey, purple, brown, yellow, etc.; concentric scales in a ring, thin and fragile when immature and overlapped one another after several years growth. The inner surface white, sometimes the edge pale purple.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末灰白色。珍珠层呈不规则碎块，较大碎块呈条状或片状，表面隐约可见细小条纹。棱柱层少见，断面观呈棱柱状，断端平截，长29～130μm；宽10～36μm，有的一端渐尖，亦可见数个并列成排；表面观呈类多角形、方形 或三角形。
（2）取本品粉末2g，加稀盐酸15ml，即产生大量气泡，滤过，滤液用氢氧化钠试液调节pH值至10，静置，离心（转速为每分钟12000转）10分钟，取沉淀置15ml安瓿中，加 6.0mol/L盐酸10ml，150℃水解1小时。水解液蒸干，残渣加10%异丙醇-0.1mol/L盐酸溶液1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取牡蛎对照药材2g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2μl，分别点 于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以正丁醇-冰醋酸-水-丙酮-无水乙醇-0.5%茚三酮丙酮溶液（40：14：12：5：4：4）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

检查 Examination

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5 per cent <2302>.

重金属及有害元素 Heavy metals and harmful elements

照铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法（通则2321原子吸收分光光度法或电感耦合等离子体质谱法）测定，铅不得过5mg/kg；镉不得过0.3mg/kg；砷不得过2mg/kg；汞不得过0.2mg/kg；铜不得过20mg/kg。
Carry out the methods for determination of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and copper <2321, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry>. not more than 5 mg/kg of lead, 0.3 mg/kg of cadmium, 2 mg/kg of arsenic, 0.2 mg/kg of mercury and 20 mg/kg of copper.

含量测定 Assay

取本品细粉约0.15g，精密称定，置锥形瓶中，加稀盐酸10ml，加热使溶解，加水20ml与甲基红指示液1滴，滴加10%氢氧化钾溶液至溶液显黄色，继续多加10ml，再加钙黄绿素指示剂少量，用乙二胺四醋酸二钠滴定液 （0.05mol/L）滴定至溶液黄绿色荧光消失而显橙色。每1ml乙二胺四醋酸二钠滴定液（0.05mol/L）相当于5.004mg的碳酸钙（CaCO3）。
本品含碳酸钙（CaCO3）不得少于94.0%。

饮片
【炮制】

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

咸，微寒。归肝、胆、肾经。
Mild cold; salty. Liver, gallbladder and kidney meridians.

功能与主治 Actions and Indications

重镇安神，潜阳补阴，软坚散结。用于惊悸失眠，眩晕耳鸣，瘰疬痰核，癥瘕痞块。煅牡蛎收敛固涩，制酸止痛。用于自汗盗汗，遗精滑精，崩漏带下，胃痛吞酸。
To tranquilize the mind by heavy settling, subdue yang, replenish yin, soften hardness and dissipate bind. Used for fright palpitations, insomnia, dizziness, tinnitus, scrofula, phlegm nodule, masses, glomus. Processed Ostreae Concha astringe and secure, inhibit acidity to relieve pain, can could be used for spontaneous sweating and night sweating, seminal emission menstrual, flooding and spotting, vaginal discharge, and stomachache with acid reflux.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

9～30g，先煎。
9-30 g. It should be decocted first.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Preserve in a dry place.