白果

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为银杏科植物银杏Ginkgo biloba L.的干燥成熟种子。秋季种子成熟时采收，除去肉质外种皮，洗净，稍蒸或略煮后，烘干。
Ginkgo Seed is the dried mature seed of Ginkgo biloba L. (Fam. Ginkgoaceae). The drug is collected in autumn when the seed is mature, removed from the fleshy seed coat, washed, slightly steamed or boiled, and dried.

性状 Description

本品略呈椭圆形，一端稍尖，另端钝，长1.5～2.5 cm，宽1～2 cm，厚约1 cm。表面黄白色或淡棕黄色，平滑，具2～3条棱线。中种皮(壳)骨质，坚硬。内种皮膜质，种仁宽卵球形或椭圆形，一端淡棕色，另一端金黄色，横断面外层黄色，胶质样，内层淡黄色或淡绿色，粉性，中间有空隙。气微，味甘、微苦。
Seeds slightly elliptical, one end slightly pointed, the other end blunt, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, about 1 cm thick. Surface yellowish-white or pale yellowish-brown, smooth, with 2-3 ridges. Endocarp (shell) bony, hard. Endosperm membranous, seed kernel broadly ovoid or elliptical, one end pale brown, the other end golden yellow, cross-section outer layer yellow, gelatinous, inner layer pale yellow or pale green, powdery, with a cavity in the middle. Odour, slight; taste, sweet and slightly bitter.

鉴别 Identification

(1)本品粉末浅黄棕色。石细胞单个散在或数个成群，类圆形、长圆形、类长方形或不规则形，有的具突起，长60～322 μm，直径27～125 μm，壁厚，孔沟较细密。内种皮薄壁细胞浅黄棕色至红棕色，类方形、长方形或类多角形。胚乳薄壁细胞多类长方形，内充满糊化淀粉粒。具缘纹孔管胞多破碎，直径33～72 μm。
(1) The powder is light yellowish-brown. Stone cells are single and scattered or in groups of several, round, elongated, oblong or irregular in shape, some with projections, 60-322 μm long, 27-125 μm in diameter, thick walls, and fine pits. Thin-walled cells of the inner seed coat are light yellowish-brown to reddish-brown, square, elongated or polygonal. Thin-walled cells of the endosperm are mostly elongated, filled with gelatinized starch granules. The cells of the margin-pitted vessels are mostly broken, with a diameter of 33-72 μm.

(2)取本品粉末10 g，加甲醇40 ml，加热回流1小时，放冷，滤过，滤液回收溶剂至干，残渣加水15 ml使溶解，通过少量棉花滤过，滤液通过聚酰胺柱(80～100目，3 g，内径为10～15 mm)，用水70 ml洗脱，收集洗脱液，用乙酸乙酯振摇提取2次，每次40 ml，合并乙酸乙酯液，回收溶剂至干，残渣加甲醇1 ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取银杏内酯A对照品、银杏内酯C对照品，加甲醇制成每1 ml各含0.5 mg的混合溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法(通则0502)试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10 μl，分别点于同一以含4%醋酸钠的羧甲基纤维素钠溶液为黏合剂的硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-丙酮-甲醇(10:5:5:0.6)为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以醋酐，在140～160℃加热30分钟，置紫外光灯(365 nm)下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。
(2) Take 10 g of the powder, add 40 ml of methanol, heat under reflux for 1 hour, cool, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 15 ml of water, filter through a small amount of cotton, pass the filtrate through a polyamide column (80-100 mesh, 3 g, inner diameter 10-15 mm) with 70 ml of water, collect the eluate, extract with ethyl acetate twice, each time with 40 ml, combine the ethyl acetate solution, evaporate the solvent to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of methanol as the test solution. Take ginkgolide A CRS and ginkgolide C CRS, dissolve them in methanol to produce a mixed solution containing 0.5 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol (10:5:5:0.6) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10 μl of each of the above two solutions. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with ac etic anhydride, heat at 140-160°C for 30 minutes, and examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

照水分测定法(通则0832第二法)测定，不得过10.0%。
Determine according to the method for determination of water content <0832, method 2>, not more than 10.0 per cent.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法(通则2201)项下的热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于13.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201, the hot maceration method>, using diluted ethanol as the solvent, not less than 13.0 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

白果仁 White Poria

炮制 Processing

取白果，除去杂质及硬壳，用时捣碎。
Take white Poria, remove impurities and hard shell, and crush when used.

性状 Appearance

本品种仁宽卵球形或椭圆形，有残留膜质内种皮，一端淡棕色，另一端金黄色。质地较硬。横断面胶质样，外层黄色，内层淡黄色，粉性，中间有空隙。气微，味甘、微苦。
The kernel of this product is broadly ovoid or elliptical, with residual membranous seed coat, one end is light brown and the other end is golden yellow. The texture is relatively hard. The cross section is gelatinous, with yellow outer layer, light yellow inner layer, powdery, and with gaps in the middle. It has a slight aroma, and a sweet and slightly bitter taste.

鉴别 Identification

(2) 同药材。
(2) Same as the medicinal.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

炒白果仁 Stir-fried White Poria

炮制 Processing

取净白果仁，照清炒法(通则0213)炒至有香气。用时捣碎。
Take clean white Poria, stir-fry according to the method of stir-frying <0213> until fragrant, and crush when used.

性状 Appearance

本品形如白果仁，色泽加深，略有焦斑，横断面胶质样，外层黄色，内层淡黄色，粉性，中间有空隙。有香气，味甘、微苦。
This product is similar to white Poria in appearance, with deepened color and slight scorch marks. The cross section is gelatinous, with yellow outer layer, light yellow inner layer, powdery, and with gaps in the middle. It has a fragrance, and a sweet and slightly bitter taste.

鉴别 Identification

(2) 同药材。
(2) Same as the medicinal material.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

平；有毒。
Neutral; toxic.

味 Flavor

甘、苦、涩。
Sweet, bitter, astringent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肺、肾经。
Belongs to the lung and kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

敛肺定喘，止带缩尿。
To consolidate the lungs and relieve asthma, stop leukorrhea and shrink urine.

主治 Indications

用于痰多喘咳，带下白浊，遗尿尿频。
Used for phlegm-dominant cough, white turbid leukorrhea, frequent urination and enuresis.

用量 Dosage

5～10 g。
5-10 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

注意 Precautions

生食有毒。
Toxic when consumed raw.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place.

白果

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为银杏科植物银杏Ginkgo biloba L.的干燥成熟种子。秋季种子成熟时采收，除去肉质外种皮，洗净，稍蒸或略煮后，烘干。
Ginkgo Seed is the dried ripe seed of Ginkgo biloba L. (Fam. Ginkgoaceae). The drug is collected in autumn when the seed is ripe, removed from the fleshy testa, washed clean, steamed or boiled briefly, and dried by baking gently.

性状 Description

本品略呈椭圆形，一端稍尖，另端钝，长1.5～2.5cm，宽1～2cm，厚约lcm。表面黄白色或淡棕黄色，平滑，具2～3条棱线。中种皮（壳）骨质，坚硬。内种皮膜质，种仁宽卵球形或椭圆形，一端淡棕色，另一端金黄色，横断面外层黄色，胶质样，内层淡黄色或淡绿色，粉性，中间有空隙。气微，味甘、微苦。
Somewhat ellipsoidal, one end relatively acute and the other end obtuse, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, about 1 cm thick.Externally yellowish-white or pale brownish-yellow, smooth, with 2-3 ribs.Mesotesta(shell) bony and hard.Endotesta membranous.Kernel broadly ovoid or ellipsoidal, one end pale brown and the other end golden-yellow; transverse section yellow, gela-tinized in the outer part, and pale yellow or pale green in the inner part, starchy, with a fissure in the centre. Odour, slight; taste, sweet, slightly bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末浅黄棕色。石细胞单个散在或数个成群，类圆形、长圆形、类长方形或不规则形，有的具突起，长60～322µm，直径27～125µm，壁厚，孔沟较细密。内种皮薄壁细胞浅黄棕色至红棕色，类方形、长方形或类多角形。胚乳薄壁细胞多类长方形，内充满糊化淀粉粒。具缘纹孔管胞多破碎，直径33～72µm。
（2）取本品粉末10g，加甲醇40ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加水15ml使溶解，通过少量棉花滤过，滤液通过聚酰胺柱（80～100目，3g，内径为10～15mm），用水70ml洗脱，收集洗脱液，用乙酸乙酯振摇提取2次，每次40ml，合并乙酸乙酯液，蒸干，残渣加甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取银杏内酯A对照品、银杏内酯C对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml各含0.5mg的混合溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各10µl，分别点于同一以含4%醋酸钠的羧甲基纤维素钠溶液为黏合剂制备的硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯--丙酮-甲醇（10：5：5：0.6）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以醋酐，在140～160℃加热30分钟，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过14.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 14.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过8.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 8.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的冷浸法测定，用无水乙醇作溶剂，不得少于1.9%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201,the cold maceration method>, using anhydrous ethanol as the solvent,not less than 1.9 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

白果仁 Ginkgo Nuz

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，喷淋清水，稍润，切段，干燥。
Remove foreign matter and hard testa from Ginkgo Semen. Break into pieces before use.

炒白果仁 Ginkgo Nux (stir-baked)

炮制 Processing

取净白果仁，照清炒法（通则0213）炒至有香气。用时捣碎。
Stir-bake the clean Ginkgo Nux as described under the method for simple stir-baking 〈0213〉 to scented. Break into pieces before use.

性 Property

甘、苦、涩，平；有毒。
Neutral; sweet, bitter and astringent; toxic.

味 Flavor

归经 | Meridian tropism

归肺、肾经。
Lung and kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

敛肺定喘，止带缩尿。
To astringe the lung, stop wheezing, stop vaginal discharge, and reduced urination.

主治 Indications

用于痰多喘咳，带下白浊，遗尿尿频。
Profuse sputum, wheezing and cough, vaginal discharge white turbidity, enuresis and frequent urination.

用量 Dosage

5～10g。
5-10 g.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

生食有毒。
Unprocessed one is poisonous.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place.