龙胆

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为龙胆科植物条叶龙胆Gentiana manshurica Kitag.、龙胆Gentiana scabra Bge.、三花龙胆Gentiana triflora Pall.或坚龙胆Gentiana rigescens Franch.的干燥根和根茎。前三种习称“龙胆”，后一种习称“坚龙胆”。春、秋二季采挖，洗净，干燥。
Gentian Root and Rhizome is the dried root and rhizome of Gentiana manshurica Kitag., Gentiana scabra Bge., Gentiana triflora Pall., or Gentiana rigescens Franch. (Fam. Gentianaceae). The former three are commonly known as "Longdan" and the latter one is commonly known as "Jiandandan". It is collected in spring and autumn, washed, and dried.

性状 Description

龙胆 Longdan

根茎呈不规则的块状，长1～3cm，直径0.3～1cm；表面暗灰棕色或深棕色，上端有茎痕或残留茎基，周围和下端着生多数细长的根。根圆柱形，略扭曲，长10～20cm，直径0.2～0.5cm；表面淡黄色或黄棕色，上部多有显著的横皱纹，下部较细，有纵皱纹及支根痕。质脆，易折断，断面略平坦，皮部黄白色或淡黄棕色，木部色较浅，呈点状环列。气微，味甚苦。
Rhizome irregularly shaped, 1-3 cm long, 0.3-1 cm in diameter; surface dark grayish-brown or dark brown, upper end with stem scars or residual stem base, surrounded by and lower end with numerous slender roots. Root cylindrical, slightly twisted, 10-20 cm long, 0.2-0.5 cm in diameter; surface pale yellow or yellowish-brown, upper part with distinct transverse wrinkles, lower part finer with longitudinal wrinkles and root scars. Texture brittle, easily broken, fracture slightly flat, bark yellowish-white or pale yellowish-brown, wood lighter in color, arranged in a dotted ring. Odor slight, taste extremely bitter.

坚龙胆 Jiandandan

表面无横皱纹，外皮膜质，易脱落，木部黄白色，易与皮部分离。
Surface without transverse wrinkles, epidermis membranous, easily peeled off, wood yellowish-white, easily separated from the bark.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：龙胆 表皮细胞有时残存，外壁较厚。皮层窄；外皮层细胞类方形，壁稍厚，木栓化；内皮层细胞切向延长，每一细胞由纵向壁分隔成数个类方形小细胞。韧皮部宽广，有裂隙。形成层不甚明显。木质部导管3～10个群束。髓部明显。薄壁细胞含细小草酸钙针晶。
(1) Jiandandan: The outer tissues are mostly detached. The xylem vessels are well-developed and evenly distributed. No pith.

粉末淡黄棕色。龙胆 外皮层细胞表面观类纺锤形，每一细胞由横壁分隔成数个扁方形的小细胞。内皮层细胞表面观类长方形，甚大，平周壁显纤细的横向纹理，每一细胞由纵隔壁分隔成数个栅状小细胞，纵隔壁大多连珠状增厚。薄壁细胞含细小草酸钙针晶。网纹导管及梯纹导管直径约至45μm。
Longdan: The outer epidermal cells are spindle-shaped, with each cell separated by transverse walls into several flattened square cells. The inner epidermal cells are elongated, large, with fine transverse ridges on the periclinal walls, and each cell is separated by longitudinal walls into several palisade-like cells, most of which have thickened walls in a chain-like manner. Thin-walled cells contain small calcium oxalate prisms. Diameter of reticulate and scalariform vessels is about 45μm.

坚龙胆 无外皮层细胞。内皮层细胞类方形或类长方形，平周壁的横向纹理较粗而密，有的粗达3μm，每一细胞分隔成多数栅状小细胞，隔壁稍增厚或呈连珠状。
Jiandandan: No outer epidermal cells. Inner epidermal cells are square or elongated, with coarse and dense transverse ridges on the periclinal walls, some of which are as thick as 3μm. Each cell is separated into several palisade-like cells, with slightly thickened walls or in a chain-like manner.

（2）取〔含量测定〕项下的备用滤液，作为供试品溶液。另取龙胆苦苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液5μl、对照品溶液1μl，分别点于同一硅胶GF254薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水（10:2:1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（254nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) To the reserved filtrate under the "Assay" section, add it as the test solution. Take gentiopicroside CRS, add methanol to make a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Perform the thin-layer chromatography test<0502> using silica gel GF254 as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol-water (10:2:1) as the mobile phase. Apply 5 μl of the test solution and 1 μl of the reference solution separately to the same plate. Develop, remove, dry, and examine under ultraviolet light at 254 nm. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and color to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过9.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过7.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 7.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，不得少于36.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble Extractives <2201,the hot maceration method>, not less than 36.0 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the determination by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-水（25:75）为流动相；检测波长为270nm。理论板数按龙胆苦苷峰计算应不低于3000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use methanol-water (25:75) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 270nm. The theoretical number of plates calculated based on the peak of gentiopicroside should not be less than 3000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取龙胆苦苷对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.2mg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of gentiopicroside reference standard, accurately weigh, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg per 1ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.5g，精密称定，精密加入甲醇20ml，称定重量，加热回流15分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，滤液备用，精密量取续滤液2ml，置10ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Take about 0.5g of the powder of this medicinal material (passed through a No. 4 sieve), accurately weigh, accurately add 20ml of methanol, weigh, heat under reflux for 15 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with methanol, shake well, filter, and reserve the filtrate. Accurately take 2ml of the filtrate, place it in a 10ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, shake well, and obtain the test solution.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 10μl of the reference solution and the test solution respectively, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，龙胆含龙胆苦苷（C16H20O9）不得少于3.0%；坚龙胆含龙胆苦苷（C16H20O9）不得少于1.5%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of gentiopicroside (C16H20O9) in gentian should not be less than 3.0%; the content of gentiopicroside (C16H20O9) in solid gentian should not be less than 1.5%.

饮片 Prepared slices

龙胆 Gentian

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切段，干燥。
Remove impurities, wash, soak until moist, cut into sections, and dry.

性状 Appearance

龙胆 Gentian

本品呈不规则形的段。根茎呈不规则块片，表面暗灰棕色或深棕色。根圆柱形，表面淡黄色至黄棕色，有的有横皱纹，具纵皱纹。切面皮部黄白色至棕黄色，木部色较浅。气微，味甚苦。
This product is irregular in shape. The rhizome is irregular in block shape, with a dark gray-brown or dark brown surface. The root is cylindrical, with a light yellow to yellow-brown surface, some with transverse wrinkles and longitudinal wrinkles. The cortex is yellow-white to brown-yellow, and the wood is lighter in color. It has a slight odor and a very bitter taste.

坚龙胆 Solid Gentian

本品呈不规则形的段。根表面无横皱纹，膜质外皮已脱落，表面黄棕色至深棕色。切面皮部黄棕色，木部色较浅。
This product is irregular in shape. The surface of the root is without transverse wrinkles, and the membranous outer skin has fallen off, with a yellow-brown to dark brown surface. The cortex is yellow-brown, and the wood is lighter in color.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材，龙胆含龙胆苦苷（C16H20O9）不得少于2.0%；坚龙胆含龙胆苦苷（C16H20O9）不得少于1.0%。
Same as the medicinal material, the content of gentiopicroside (C16H20O9) in gentian should not be less than 2.0%; the content of gentiopicroside (C16H20O9) in solid gentian should not be less than 1.0%.

鉴别 Identification

（除横切面外）同药材。
(Except for cross-section) Same as the medicinal material.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、胆经。
Liver and gallbladder meridians.

功能 Actions

清热燥湿，泻肝胆火。
To clear heat and dry dampness, and purge liver and gallbladder fire.

主治 Indications

用于湿热黄疸，阴肿阴痒，带下，湿疹瘙痒，肝火目赤，耳鸣耳聋，胁痛口苦，强中，惊风抽搐。
Used for damp-heat jaundice, yin swelling and itching, leukorrhea, eczema and itching, red eyes due to liver fire, tinnitus and deafness, hypochondriac pain and bitter taste in the mouth, tonifying the middle, and convulsions due to wind fright.

用量 Dosage

3～6g。
3-6g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处。
Store in a dry place.

龙胆

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为龙胆科植物条叶龙胆Gentiana manshuric Kitag.、龙胆Gentiana scabra Bge.、三花龙胆*Gentiana triflora Pall.或坚龙胆Gentiana rigesceras Franch.*的干燥根和根茎。前三种习称"龙胆"，后一种习称"坚龙胆"。春、秋二季采挖，洗净，干燥。
Chinese Gentian is the dried root and rhizome of Gentiana manshurica Kitag., Gentiana scabra Bge., Gentiana triflora Pall., or Gentiana rigesceras Franch. (Fam. Gentianaceae). The former three are known as "Longdan" and the latter is known as "Jianlongdan". The drug is collected in spring and autumn, washed clean, and dried.

性状 Description

龙胆 Longdan

根茎呈不规则的块状，长1～3cm，直径0.3～1cm；表面暗灰棕色或深棕色，上端有茎痕或残留茎基，周围和下端着生多数细长的根。根圆柱形，略扭曲，长10～20cm，直径0.2～0.5cm；表面淡黄色或黄棕色，上部多有显著的横皱纹，下部较细，有纵皱纹及支根痕。质脆，易折断，断面略平坦，皮部黄白色或淡黄棕色，木部色较浅，呈点状环列。气微，味甚苦。
Rhizomes irregularly lump-shaped, 1-3 cm long, 0.3-1 cm in diameter; externally dark greyish-brown or dark brown, the upper part with stem scars or remains of stem bases, surroundings and the lower part bearing numerous slender roots. Roots cylindrical, slightly twisted, 10-20 cm long, 2-5 mm in diameter; externally pale yellow or yellowish-brown, mostly the upper part exhibiting obvious transverse wrinkles, the lower part narrower and marked with longitudinal wrinkles and rootlet scars. Texture fragile, easily broken, fracture slightly even, bark yellowish-white or yellowish-brown, wood paler in colour and appearing dotted-ringed. Odour, slight; taste, rather bitter.

坚龙胆 Jianlongdan

表面无横皱纹，外皮膜质，易脱落，木部黄白色，易与皮部分离。
Externally without transverse wrinkles, the outer layer membranaceous, easily falling off, wood yellowish-white, easily separated from bark.

鉴别 Identification

龙胆 Longdan

横切面 Transverse section

表皮细胞有时残存，外壁较厚。皮层窄；外皮层细胞类方形，壁稍厚，木栓化；内皮层细胞切向延长，每一细胞由纵向壁分隔成数个类方形小细胞。韧皮部宽广，有裂隙。形成层不甚明显。木质部导管3～10个群束。髓部明显。薄壁细胞含细小草酸钙针晶。
Epidermal cells sometimes visible, the outer walls relatively thick. Cortex narrow; cells of exodermis subsquare, walls slightly thick, suberized; cells of endodermis elongated tangentially, each cell divided by longitudinal walls into several subsquare small cells. Phloem broad and cleft. Cambium indistinct. Vessels 3-10 grouped. Pith distinct. Parenchymatous cells containing minute needles of calcium oxalate.

粉末 Powder

淡黄棕色。龙胆外皮层细胞表面观类纺锤形，每一细胞由横壁分隔成数个扁方形的小细胞。内皮层细胞表面观类长方形，甚大，平周壁显纤细的横向纹理，每一细胞由纵隔壁分隔成数个栅状小细胞，纵隔壁大多连珠状增厚。薄壁细胞含细小草酸钙针晶。网纹导管及梯纹导管直径约至45μm。
Yellowish-brown. Cells of exodermis spindle-shaped in surface view, each cell divided by transverse walls into several small rectangular cells. Cells of endodermis subrectangular in surface view, fairly large, periclinal walls showing minute transverse striations, each cell divided by longitudinal septa walls into several small palisade-like cells, mostly longitudinal septa beaded. Parenchymatous cells containing minute needle crystals of calcium oxalate. Reticulated and scalariform vessels up to about 45 μm in diameter.

坚龙胆 Jianlongdan

横切面 Transverse section

内皮层以外组织多已脱落。木质部导管发达，均匀密布。无髓部。
The tissues outside the endodermis mostly falling off. Vessels in xylem well developed and evenly and densely distributed. Pith absent.

粉末 Powder

无外皮层细胞。内皮层细胞类方形或类长方形，平周壁的横向纹理较粗而密，有的粗达3μm，每一细胞分隔成多数栅状小细胞，隔壁稍增厚或呈连珠状。
No exodermis cells. Cells of endodermis subsquare or subrectangular, transverse striations of the periclinal walls relatively thick and dense, some up to 3 μm thick, each cell divided into several small palisade-like cells, septa slightly thickened or beaded.

鉴别试验 Identification Test

取[含量测定]项下的备用滤液，作为供试品溶液。另取龙胆苦苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液5μ1、对照品溶液1μl，分别点于同一硅胶GF254薄层板上，以乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水（10：2：1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾亍，置紫外光灯（254nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
Use the standby filtrate obtained under Assay as the test solution. Dissolve gentiopicrin CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel GF as the coating substance and a mixture of ethyl acetate, methanol, and water (10:2:1) as the mobile phase. Apply separately 5 μl of the test solution and 1 μl of the reference solution to the plate. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air, examine under ultraviolet light at 254 nm. A spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and color to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过9.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过7.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 7.0 per cent <2302>.

酸不溶性灰分 Acid-insoluble ash

不得过3.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 3.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，不得少于36.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble extractives <2201, the hot extraction method>, not less than 36.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

饮片 Prepared slices

龙胆 Longdan

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切段，干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into sections, and dry.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，龙胆含龙胆苦苷（C16H20O9）不得少于2.0%。
Same as the crude drug, the content of gentiopicrin (C16H20O9) in Longdan should not be less than 2.0%.

鉴别 Identification

（除横切面外）【检查】【浸出物】同药材。
(Except for the transverse section) Same as the crude drug for Water, Total ash, Acid-insoluble ash, and Extractives.

坚龙胆 Jianlongdan

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切段，干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into sections, and dry.

含量测定 Assay

同药材，坚龙胆含龙胆苦苷（C16H20O9）不得少于1.0%。
Same as the crude drug, the content of gentiopicrin (C16H20O9) in Jianlongdan should not be less than 1.0%.

鉴别 Identification

（除横切面外）【检查】【浸出物】同药材。
(Except for the transverse section) Same as the crude drug for Water, Total ash, Acid-insoluble ash, and Extractives.

性味与归经 Property and Flavor

苦，寒。归肝、胆经。
Cold; bitter. Meridian tropism: Liver and gallbladder meridians.

功能与主治 Actions and Indications

清热燥湿，泻肝胆火。用于湿热黄疸，阴肿阴痒，带下，湿疹瘙痒，肝火目赤，耳鸣耳聋，胁痛口苦，强中，惊风抽搐。
To clear heat, dry dampness, and purge liver-gallbladder fire. Used for dampness-heat jaundice, pudendal swelling and itching, vaginal discharge, itching caused by eczema, red eyes caused by liver fire, tinnitus, deafness, hypochondriac pain, bitter taste in the mouth, persistent erection, and convulsions.

用法与用量 Administration and Dosage

3～6g。
3-6 g.

贮藏 Storage

置于燥处。
Preserve in a dry place.