巴豆

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为大戟科植物巴豆Croton tiglium L.的干燥成熟果实。秋季果实成熟时采收，堆置2～3天，摊开，干燥。
Croton Fruit is the dried ripe fruit of Croton tiglium L. (Fam. Euphorbiaceae). The drug is collected in autumn when the fruit is ripe, piled up for 2-3 days, spread out, and dried.

性状 Description

本品呈卵圆形，一般具三棱，长1.8～2.2 cm，直径1.4～2 cm。表面灰黄色或稍深，粗糙，有纵线6条，顶端平截，基部有果梗痕。破开果壳，可见3室，每室含种子1粒。种子呈略扁的椭圆形，长1.2～1.5 cm，直径0.7～0.9 cm，表面棕色或灰棕色，一端有小点状的种脐和种阜的疤痕，另端有微凹的合点，其间有隆起的种脊；外种皮薄而脆，内种皮呈白色薄膜；种仁黄白色，油质。气微，味辛辣。
The fruit is ovate or elliptical, generally with three angles, measuring 1.8-2.2 cm long and 1.4-2 cm in diameter. The surface is grayish-yellow or slightly darker, rough, with 6 longitudinal ridges. The apex is truncate, and the base has a fruit stalk scar. When the fruit shell is broken, 3 locules can be seen, each containing 1 seed. The seed is slightly flattened and elliptical, measuring 1.2-1.5 cm long and 0.7-0.9 cm in diameter. The surface is brown or grayish-brown, with small dot-like hilum and hilum scar at one end, and a slightly concave chalaza at the other end, with raised raphe in between. The outer seed coat is thin and brittle, and the inner seed coat is a white film. The kernel is yellowish-white and oily. It has a slight odor and a pungent taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：外果皮为表皮细胞1列，外被多细胞星状毛。中果皮外侧为10余列薄壁细胞，散有石细胞、草酸钙方晶或簇晶；中部有约4列纤维状石细胞组成的环带；内侧为数列薄壁细胞。内果皮为3～5列纤维状厚壁细胞。种皮表皮细胞由1列径向延长的长方形细胞组成，其下为1列厚壁性栅状细胞，胞腔线性，外端略膨大。
(1) Transverse section of the fruit: The outer pericarp consists of a single layer of epidermal cells and is covered with multicellular stellate hairs. The outer part of the middle pericarp consists of more than 10 layers of thin-walled cells, scattered with stone cells, calcium oxalate prisms, or cluster crystals; the middle part consists of about 4 rows of fibrous stone cells forming a ring; the inner part consists of several rows of thin-walled cells. The inner pericarp consists of 3-5 rows of fibrous thick-walled cells. The epidermal cells of the seed coat consist of a single row of elongated rectangular cells, below which is a single row of thick-walled parenchymatous cells with linear cavities, slightly swollen at the outer end.

（2）取本品种仁，研碎，取0.1 g，加石油醚（30～60℃）10 ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，滤液作为供试品溶液。另取巴豆对照药材0.1 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液10 μl、对照药材溶液4 μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～90℃）-乙酸乙酯-甲酸（10:1:0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) Take 0.1 g of the seed kernel, grind it, add 10 ml of petroleum ether (30-60°C), and sonicate for 20 minutes. Filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Take 0.1 g of the reference drug Croton tiglium, and prepare the reference drug solution using the same method. Perform the thin-layer chromatography test<0502> by applying 10 μl of the test solution and 4 μl of the reference drug solution separately to the same silica gel G thin-layer plate. Use petroleum ether (60-90°C)-ethyl acetate-formic acid (10:1:0.5) as the mobile phase. Develop, remove, dry, and spray with a 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution. Heat at 105°C until the spots are clearly visible. The chromatogram of the test solution shows spots of the same color at corresponding positions as the chromatogram of the reference drug.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5.0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

脂肪油 Fat oil

取本品粗粉1 g，精密称定，置索氏提取器中，加乙醚适量，加热回流提取（8小时）至脂肪油提尽，收集提取液，置已干燥至恒重的蒸发皿中，在水浴上低温蒸干，在100℃干燥1小时，移置干燥器中，冷却30分钟，精密称定，计算，即得。
Take 1 g of the crude powder, accurately weigh, place it in a Soxhlet extractor, add an appropriate amount of ether, heat and reflux for extraction (8 hours) until the fat oil is exhausted, collect the extract, place it in a dried evaporating dish until constant weight, low-temperature evaporate in a water bath, dry at 100℃ for 1 hour, transfer to a drying oven, cool for 30 minutes, accurately weigh, and calculate to obtain.

本品按干燥品计算，含脂肪油不得少于22.0%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of fat oil shall not be less than 22.0 per cent.

巴豆苷 Crotonoside

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determined by high-performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-甲醇-水（1:4:95）为流动相；检测波长为292 nm。理论板数按巴豆苷峰计算应不低于5000。
Using octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; using acetonitrile-methanol-water (1:4:95) as the mobile phase; the detection wavelength is 292 nm. The theoretical number of plates calculated based on the peak of crotonoside should not be less than 5000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取巴豆苷对照品适量，精密称定，加水制成每1 ml含60 μg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of crotonoside reference substance, accurately weigh, add water to make a solution containing 60 μg per 1 ml, and obtain.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品种仁粉末（过三号筛）约0.3 g，精密称定，置索氏提取器中，加乙醚50 ml，加热回流3小时，弃去乙醚液，药渣挥干溶剂，连同滤纸筒移入具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入水50 ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率300W，频率24kHz）20分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用水补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，即得。
Take about 0.3 g of the powder of the test substance (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a Soxhlet extractor, add 50 ml of ether, heat and reflux for 3 hours, discard the ether solution, dry the residue, transfer it together with the filter paper cylinder to a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50 ml of water, weigh, ultrasonicate (power 300W, frequency 24kHz) for 20 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the lost weight with water, shake well, filter, and obtain.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately draw 10 μl of the reference solution and the test solution, respectively, inject into the liquid chromatograph, determine, and obtain.

本品按干燥品计算，含巴豆苷（C10H13N5O5）不得少于0.80%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of crotonoside (C10H13N5O5) shall not be less than 0.80 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

生巴豆 Raw Croton Seed

炮制 Processing

去皮取净仁。
Remove the skin and take out the kernel.

性状 Description

本品呈扁椭圆形，长9～14 mm，直径5～8 mm。表面黄白色或黄棕色，平滑有光泽，常附有白色薄膜；一端有微凹的合点，另一端有小点状的种脐。内胚乳肥厚，淡黄色，油质；子叶2，菲薄。气微，味辛辣。
This product is flat oval, 9-14 mm long, 5-8 mm in diameter. yellowish white or yellowish brown surface, smooth and glossy, often with a white film; one end has a slightly concave chalazal point, the other end has a small dotted umbilicus. Endosperm plump, yellowish, oily; cotyledons 2, thin. Air slight, pungent flavour.

性 Property

热；有大毒。
Hot; highly toxic.

味 Flavor

辛。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

归胃、大肠经。
Stomach and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

外用蚀疮。
Used externally for ulceration.

主治 Indications

用于恶疮疥癣，疣痣。
Used for malignant ulcers, scabies, tinea, and warts.

用量 Dosage

无。
None.

用法 Administration

外用适量，研末涂患处，或捣烂以纱布包擦患处。
Apply an appropriate amount externally, apply the powdered medicine to the affected area, or crush it and apply it to the affected area with gauze.

注意 Precautions

孕妇禁用；不宜与牵牛子同用。
Prohibited for pregnant women; should not be used together with Radix Clematidis.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处。
Store in a cool and dry place.

巴豆

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为大戟科植物巴豆Croton tiglium L.的干燥成熟果实。秋季果实成熟时采收，堆置2～3天，摊开，干燥。
Croton Fruit is the dried ripe fruit of Croton tiglium L. (Fam. Euphorbiaceae). The drug is collected in autumn when ripe, piled up for 2-3 days, spread out, and dried.

性状 Description

本品呈卵圆形，一般具三棱，长1.8～2.2cm，直径1.4～2cm。表面灰黄色或稍深，粗糙，有纵线6条，顶端平截，基部有果梗痕。破开果壳，可见3室，每室含种子1粒。种子呈略扁的椭圆形，长1.2～1.5cm，直径0.7～0.9cm，表面棕色或灰棕色，一端有小点状的种脐和种阜的疤痕，另一端有微凹的合点，其间有隆起的种脊；外种皮薄而脆，内种皮呈白色薄膜；种仁黄白色，油质。气微，味辛辣。
Ovoid, usually 3-ribbed, 1. 8-2. 2 cm long. 1. 4-2 cm in diameter. Exterally greyish-yellow or slightly deep, rough, with 6 longitudinal lines, apex truncate, base with a fruit stalk scar, on opening shell, 3 loculi in the shell each containing 1 seed. Seed slightly flattened-elliptical, 1. 2-1. 5 cm long, 0. 7-0. 9 cm in diameter; externally brown or greyish-brown, with a pointed hilum and a caruncle scar at one end, a slightly dented chalaze at other end, and a raised raphe between two ends; testa thin and brittle, tegmen white, membranous; kernels yellowish-white, oily. Odour, slight; taste, pungent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：外果皮为表皮细胞1列，外被多细胞星状毛。中果皮外侧为10余列薄壁细胞，散有石细胞、草酸钙方晶或簇晶；中部有约4列纤维状石细胞组成的环带；内侧为数列薄壁细胞。内果皮为3～5列纤维状厚壁细胞。种皮表皮细胞由1列径向延长的长方形细胞组成，其下为1列厚壁性栅状细胞，胞腔线性，外端略膨大。
（2）取本品种仁，研碎，取0.1g，加石油醚（30～60℃）10ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，滤液作为供试品溶液。另取巴豆对照药材0.1g，同法制成对照药材溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液10μl、对照药材溶液4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以石油醚（60～9℃）-乙酸乙酯-甲酸（10：1：0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过12.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 12.0 per cent <0832, method >.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过5.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 5. 0 per cent <2302>.

含量测定 Assay

脂肪油 Fatty oil

取本品粗粉1g，精密称定，置索氏提取器中，加乙醚适量，加热回流提取（8小时）至脂肪油提尽，收集提取液，置已干燥至恒重的蒸发皿中，在水浴上低温蒸干，在100℃干燥1小时，移置干燥器中，冷却30分钟，精密称定，计算，即得。
本品按干燥品计算，含脂肪油不得少于22.0%。

It contains not less than 22.0 per cent of fatty oil, calculated with reference to the dried drug.

巴豆苷 Crotonoside

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
色谱条件与系统适用性试验

饮片 Prepared slices

巴豆 Croton Fruit

炮制 Processing

去皮取净仁。
Remove the coats to take the kernels.

性 Property

辛，热；有大毒。
Hot; pungent; highly toxic.

味 Flavor

辛辣。
Pungent.

归经 Meridian tropism

胃、大肠经。
Stomach and large intestine meridians.

功能 Actions

外用蚀疮。
Topical application: to heal wounds.

主治 Indications

用于恶疮疥癣，疣痣。
Serious sore, scabies and tinea, verruca and nevus.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

外用适量，研末涂患处，或捣烂以纱布包擦患处。
Appropriate amount for topical application, ground into powder for applying to the pars affecta, or mashed and wraped in cloth for rubbing the pars affecta.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

孕妇禁用；不宜与牵牛子同用。
Contraindicated for pregnant woman. Incompatible with Pharbitidis Semen.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处。
Preserve in a cool and dry place.