天麻

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为兰科植物天麻Gastrodia elata Bl.的干燥块茎。立冬后至次年清明前采挖，立即洗净，蒸透，敞开低温干燥。
Gastrodia Rhizome is the dried rhizome of Gastrodia elata Bl. (Fam. Orchidaceae). It is collected in winter from the beginning of November to the end of April of the following year, washed clean, steamed thoroughly, and dried at low temperature with ventilation.

性状 Description

本品呈椭圆形或长条形，略扁，皱缩而稍弯曲，长3～15 cm，宽1.5～6 cm，厚0.5～2 cm。表面黄白色至黄棕色，有纵皱纹及由潜伏芽排列而成的横环纹多轮，有时可见棕褐色菌索。顶端有红棕色至深棕色鹦嘴状的芽或残留茎基；另端有圆脐形疤痕。质坚硬，不易折断，断面较平坦，黄白色至淡棕色，角质样。气微，味甘。
Rhizomes elliptical or elongated, slightly flattened, wrinkled, and slightly curved, 3-15 cm long, 1.5-6 cm wide, 0.5-2 cm thick. Surface yellowish-white to yellow-brown, with longitudinal wrinkles and multiple rounds of transverse rings formed by dormant buds, sometimes with brownish-brown mycelium. The top has a reddish-brown to dark brown beak-shaped bud or residual stem base; the other end has a round navel-shaped scar. Texture hard, not easily broken, the fracture surface is relatively flat, yellowish-white to light brown, horny. Odor slight, taste sweet.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：表皮有残留，下皮由2～3列切向延长的栓化细胞组成。皮层为10数列多角形细胞，有的含草酸钙针晶束。较老块茎皮层与下皮相接处有2～3列椭圆形厚壁细胞，木化，纹孔明显。中柱占绝大部分，有小型周韧维管束散在；薄壁细胞亦含草酸钙针晶束。
(1) Transverse section of the product: epidermis with remnants, hypodermis consisting of 2-3 rows of tangentially prolonged embolised cells. The cortex is 10 or so rows of polygonal cells, some containing calcium oxalate needle crystal bundles. Older tubers have 2-3 rows of ellipsoid thick-walled cells where the cortex meets the hypodermis, lignified, with obvious pores. Middle columns account for the majority of the tuber, with small circumvallate vascular bundles scattered; thin-walled cells also containing calcium oxalate needle crystal bundles.

粉末黄白色至黄棕色。厚壁细胞椭圆形或类多角形，直径70～180 μm，壁厚3～8 μm，木化，纹孔明显。草酸钙针晶成束或散在，长25～75（93）μm。用甘油醋酸试液装片观察含糊化多糖类物的薄壁细胞无色，有的细胞可见长卵形、长椭圆形或类圆形颗粒，遇碘液显棕色或淡棕紫色。螺纹导管、网纹导管及环纹导管直径8～30 μm。
Powder yellowish white to yellowish brown. Thick-walled cells ellipsoid or polygonal, 70-180 μm in diameter, wall thickness 3-8 μm, lignified, with obvious pores. Calcium oxalate needle crystals in bundles or scattered, 25-75 (93) μm long. thin-walled cells containing fuzzy polysaccharides were colourless when viewed on glycerol acetate mounts, and some cells could be seen as long ovate, long ellipsoid, or orbicular granules, which appeared brown or light brownish-purple when exposed to iodine solution. The diameter of threaded ducts, reticulated ducts and ringed ducts was 8-30 μm.

（2）取本品粉末1 g，加甲醇10 ml，超声处理30分钟，滤过，滤液浓缩至干，残渣加甲醇1 ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取天麻对照药材1 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取天麻素对照品，加甲醇制成每1 ml含1 mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和对照药材溶液各10μl，对照品溶液5 μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以二氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水（2∶4∶2.5∶1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以对羟基苯甲醛溶液（取对羟基苯甲醛0.2 g，溶于乙醇10 ml中，加50%硫酸溶液1 ml，混匀），在120℃加热至斑点显色清晰，置日光下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) Take 1 g of the powder, add 10 ml of methanol, ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes, filtration, filtrate concentrated to dryness, the residue add 1 ml of methanol to dissolve, as a test solution. Take another 1 g of Tianma control herb, the same method into the control herb solution. Then take Tianmu control, add methanol to make a solution containing 1 mg per 1 ml, as the control solution. According to thin-layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the test solution and the control herbal solution of 10 μl each, 5 μl of the control solution, were spotted on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, dichloromethane - ethyl acetate - methanol - water (2:4:2.5:1) as an unfolding agent, unfolding, take out, drying, spraying p-hydroxybenzaldehyde solution (take p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 0.2 g, dissolved in ethanol), add 50% sulfur. (Take p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 0.2 g, dissolve in ethanol, add 50% sulfuric acid solution 1 ml, mix well), heating at 120 ℃ until the spots show clear colour, placed in the sunlight inspection. In the chromatogram of the test article, the spots of the same colour are shown in the corresponding position with the chromatogram of the control herb and the chromatogram of the control article.

特征图谱 HPLC

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
The determination is performed by high-performance liquid chromatography<0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈为流动相A，以0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相B，按下表中的规定进行梯度洗脱；流速为每分钟0.8ml；柱温为30℃；检测波长为220 nm。理论板数按天麻素峰计算应不低于5000。
Bonded silica gel with octadecylsilane as the filling material; acetonitrile as mobile phase A, 0.1% phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase B, gradient elution according to the specifications in the table below; flow rate of 0.8 ml per minute; column temperature of 30°C; detection wavelength of 220 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of gastrodin should not be less than 5000.

参照物溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取天麻对照药材约0.5 g，置具塞锥形瓶中，加入50%甲醇25 ml，超声处理（功率500 W，频率40 kHz）30分钟，放冷，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，作为对照药材参照物溶液。另取〔含量测定〕项下的对照品溶液，作为对照品参照物溶液。
Take about 0.5 g of Gastrodia Rhizome reference material, place it in a stoppered conical flask, add 25 ml of 50% methanol, sonicate (power 500 W, frequency 40 kHz) for 30 minutes, cool, shake well, filter, and take the subsequent filtrate as the reference material solution. Take the reference material solution under the item of [content determination] as the reference material solution.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.5 g，照对照药材参照物溶液制备方法同法制成供试品溶液。
The preparation of the test solution: Take about 0.5 g of the powder (passed through a No. 4 sieve) of the drug, and prepare the test solution using the same method as the reference material solution.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取参照物溶液与供试品溶液各3 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，记录色谱图，即得。
The determination is performed by accurately aspirating 3 μl of each of the reference material solution and the test solution into the liquid chromatograph, measuring, recording the chromatogram, and obtaining the result.

供试品色谱中应呈现6个特征峰，并应与对照药材参照物色谱中的6个特征峰相对应，其中峰1、峰2应与天麻素对照品和对羟基苯甲醇对照品参照物峰保留时间相一致。
The test solution should show 6 characteristic peaks, which should correspond to the 6 characteristic peaks in the chromatogram of the reference material of Gastrodia Rhizome, and the retention times of peak 1 and peak 2 should be consistent with the reference material peaks of Gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过4.5%（通则2302）。
Not more than 4.5 per cent <2302>.

二氧化硫残留量 Sulfur dioxide residue

照二氧化硫残留量测定法（通则2331）测定，不得过400 mg/kg。
Determine according to the method for determination of sulfur dioxide residue <2331>, not more than 400 mg/kg.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于15.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201>, the hot maceration method, using diluted ethanol as the solvent, not less than 15.0 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine according to the method of high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液（3∶97）为流动相；检测波长为220 nm。理论板数按天麻素峰计算应不低于5000。
Use octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid solution (3:97) as the mobile phase; detect at a wavelength of 220 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of gastrodin should not be less than 5000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取天麻素对照品、对羟基苯甲醇对照品适量，精密称定，加乙腈-水（3∶97）混合溶液制成每1 ml含天麻素50 μg、对羟基苯甲醇25 μg的混合溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of gastrodin reference substance and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol reference substance, accurately weigh, add acetonitrile-water (3:97) mixed solution to prepare a mixed solution containing 50 μg of gastrodin and 25 μg of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol per 1 ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约2 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入稀乙醇50 ml，称定重量，超声处理（功率120 W，频率40 kHz）30分钟，放冷，再称定重量，用稀乙醇补足减失的重量，滤过，精密量取续滤液10 ml，浓缩至近干无醇味，残渣加乙腈-水（3∶97）混合溶液溶解，转移至25 ml量瓶中，用乙腈-水（3∶97）混合溶液稀释至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Take about 2 g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, accurately add 50 ml of diluted ethanol, weigh, subject to ultrasonic treatment (power 120 W, frequency 40 kHz) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up for the weight loss with diluted ethanol, filter, accurately take 10 ml of the filtrate, concentrate to nearly dryness without alcohol odor, dissolve the residue in acetonitrile-water (3:97) mixed solution, transfer to a 25 ml volumetric flask, dilute to the mark with acetonitrile-water (3:97) mixed solution, shake well, filter, and take the filtrate.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各5 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately take 5 μl of the reference solution and the test solution, inject into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含天麻素（C13H18O7）和对羟基苯甲醇（C7H8O2）的总量不得少于0.25%。
Calculated on the dried product, the total content of gastrodin (C13H18O7) and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (C7H8O2) should not be less than 0.25%.

饮片 Prepared slices

天麻 Gastrodia

炮制 Processing

洗净，润透或蒸软，切薄片，干燥。
Clean, soak until moist or steam until soft, cut into thin slices, and dry.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的薄片。外表皮淡黄色至黄棕色，有时可见点状排成的横环纹。切面黄白色至淡棕色。角质样，半透明。气微，味甘。
The product is in irregular thin slices. The outer epidermis is yellowish to yellowish-brown, sometimes with transverse annular lines in dotted rows. The cut surface is yellowish white to light brown. Keratin-like, translucent. Slight gas, sweet taste.

鉴别 Identification

（除横切面外）同药材。
(except cross section)Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

同药材，不得过12.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not more than 12.0 per cent.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

二氧化硫残留量 Sulfur dioxide residue

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

毒性 Toxicity

无。
None.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝经。
Belongs to the liver meridian.

功能 Actions

息风止痉，平抑肝阳，祛风通络。
To calm wind and relieve convulsions, suppress liver yang, dispel wind and promote collaterals.

主治 Indications

用于小儿惊风，癫痫抽搐，破伤风，头痛眩晕，手足不遂，肢体麻木，风湿痹痛。
Used for infantile convulsions, epilepsy seizures, tetanus, headache and dizziness, hemiplegia, numbness of limbs, and rheumatic arthralgia.

用法与用量 Dosage

3～10 g。
3-10 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and protect against moth.

天麻

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为兰科植物天麻Gastrodia elata Bl.的干燥块茎。立冬后至次年清明前采挖，立即洗净，蒸透，敞开低温干燥。
Tall Gastrodia Tuber is the dried tuber of Gastrodia elata Bl. (Fam. Orchidaceae). The drug is collected from winter to next spring, washed clean immediately, steamed thoroughly, spread out and dried at a lower temperature.

性状 Description

本品呈椭圆形或长条形，略扁，皱缩而稍弯曲，长3～15cm，宽1.5～6cm，厚0.5～2cm。表面黄白色至黄棕色，有纵皱纹及由潜伏芽排列而成的横环纹多轮，有时可见棕褐色菌索。顶端有红棕色至深棕色鹦嘴状的芽或残留茎基；另端有圆脐形疤痕。质坚硬，不易折断，断面较平坦，黄白色至淡棕色，角质样。气微，味甘。
Ellipsoid or slat-shaped, slightly compressed, shrunken and somewhat curved, 3-15 cm long, 1.5-6 cm wide, 0.5-2 cm thick. Externally yellowish-white to yellowish-brown, with longitudinal wrinkles and many transverse annulations arranged by latent buds, sometimes brown funiculi visible. Apex with reddish-brown to deep brown parrot-beak-like buds or remains of stem, the lower end with a rounded scar. Texture hard and uneasily broken, fracture fairly even, yellowish-white to brownish, horny. Odour, slight; taste, sweetish.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：表皮有残留，下皮由2～3列切向延长的栓化细胞组成。皮层为10数列多角形细胞，有的含草酸钙针晶束。较老块茎皮层与下皮相接处有2～3列椭圆形厚壁细胞，木化，纹孔明显。中柱占绝大部分，有小型周韧维管束散在；薄壁细胞亦含草酸钙针晶束。
粉末黄白色至黄棕色。厚壁细胞椭圆形或类多角形，直径70～180μm，壁厚3～8μm，木化，纹孔明显。草酸钙针晶成束或散在，长25～75（93）μm。用醋酸甘油水装片观察含糊化多糖类物的薄壁细胞无色，有的细胞可见长卵形、长椭圆形或类圆形颗粒，遇碘液显棕色或淡棕紫色。螺纹导管、网纹导管及环纹导管直径8～30μm。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832, method 1>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过4.5%（通则2302）。
Not more than 4.5 per cent <2302>.

二氧化硫残留量 Residue of sulfur dioxide

照二氧化硫残留量测定法（通则2331）测定，不得过400mg/kg。
Carry out the method for determination of residue of sulfur dioxide <2331>, not more than 400 mg/kg.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用稀乙醇作溶剂，不得少于15.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201, the hot extraction method), using dilute ethanol as the solvent, not less than 15.0 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Carry out the method for high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

饮片 Prepared slices

天麻 Tall Gastrodia

炮制 Processing

洗净，润透或蒸软，切薄片，干燥。
Wash clean, soften thoroughly or steam to soften, cut into thin slices, and dry.

性 Property

甘，平。
Neutral; sweet.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝经。
Liver meridian.

功能 Actions

息风止痉，平抑肝阳，祛风通络。
To extinguish wind, arrest convulsions, pacify, repress the liver yang, dispel wind and unblock the collaterals.

主治 Indications

用于小儿惊风，癫痫抽搐，破伤风，头痛眩晕，手足不遂，肢体麻木，风湿痹痛。
Infantile convulsion, epilepsy, convulsions. tetanus, headache, dizziness, paralyzed limbs, numbness of the limbs, arthralgia caused by wind-dampness.

用量 Dosage

3～10g。
3-10 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a ventilated and dry place, and protect from moth.