牛膝

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为苋科植物牛膝Achyranthes bidentata Bl.的干燥根。冬季茎叶枯萎时采挖，除去须根和泥沙，捆成小把，晒至干皱后，将顶端切齐，晒干。
Achyranthes Root is the dried root of Achyranthes bidentata Bl. (Fam. Amaranthaceae). The drug is collected in winter when the stems and leaves wither, removed from fibrous roots and sand, tied into small bundles, dried until wrinkled, and then cut off the top and dried.

性状 Description

本品呈细长圆柱形，挺直或稍弯曲，长15～70cm，直径0.4～1cm。表面灰黄色或淡棕色，有微扭曲的细纵皱纹、排列稀疏的侧根痕和横长皮孔样的突起。质硬脆，易折断，受潮后变软，断面平坦，淡棕色，略呈角质样而油润，中心维管束木质部较大，黄白色，其外周散有多数黄白色点状维管束，断续排列成2～4轮。气微，味微甜而稍苦涩。
Roots are slender and cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 15-70 cm long, 0.4-1 cm in diameter. Surface grayish-yellow or pale brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles, sparse lateral root scars, and transverse elongated corky protuberances. Texture hard and brittle, easily broken, softening after moisture absorption. Fracture flat, pale brown, slightly horny and oily, with a relatively large central vascular bundle, yellowish-white, and numerous yellowish-white dot-like vascular bundles scattered in the outer periphery, arranged intermittently in 2-4 rows. Odour, slight; taste, slightly sweet and bitter.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：木栓层为数列扁平细胞，切向延伸。栓内层较窄。异型维管束外韧型，断续排列成2～4轮，最外轮的维管束较小，有的仅1至数个导管，束间形成层几连接成环，向内维管束较大；木质部主要由导管及小的木纤维组成，根中心木质部集成2～3群。薄壁细胞含有草酸钙砂晶。
(1) Transverse section: Cork consists of several rows of flattened cells extending tangentially. Inner cork layer is narrower. Heterogeneous vascular bundles are collateral, arranged intermittently in 2-4 rows. The outermost vascular bundles are smaller, some with only 1 to several vessels, and the inter-bundle parenchyma forms a few layers connected into rings. The inner vascular bundles are larger. The wood consists mainly of vessels and small wood fibers, and the central wood is composed of 2-3 groups. Thin-walled cells contain calcium oxalate sand crystals.

（2）取本品粉末4g，加80%甲醇50ml，加热回流3小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加水15ml，微热使溶解，加在D101型大孔吸附树脂柱（内径为1.5cm，柱高为15cm）上，用水100ml洗脱，弃去水液，再用20%乙醇100ml洗脱，弃去洗脱液，继用80%乙醇100ml洗脱，收集洗脱液，蒸干，残渣加80%甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取牛膝对照药材4g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取β-蜕皮甾酮对照品、人参皂苷Ro对照品，加甲醇分别制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液4～8μl、对照药材溶液和对照品溶液各4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇-水-甲酸（7:3:0.5:0.05）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以5%香草醛硫酸溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。
(2) To 4g of the powder add 50 ml of 80% methanol, heat under reflux for 3 hours, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 15 ml of water with gentle heating, apply to a D101 macroporous adsorption resin column (1.5 cm in inner diameter and 15 cm in column height), elute with 100 ml of water, discard the eluate, elute with 100 ml of 20% ethanol, discard the eluate, and then elute with 100 ml of 80% ethanol. Collect the eluate, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of 80% methanol as the test solution. Take 4g of the reference drug of Achyranthes Root, prepare the reference drug solution by the same method. Take β-ecdysterone CRS and ginsenoside Ro CRS, dissolve them separately in methanol to produce solutions containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solutions. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of chloroform-methanol-water-formic acid (7:3:0.5:0.05) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 4-8 μl of the test solution, 4 μl each of the reference drug solution and the reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 5% solution of vanillin sulfuric acid, heat at 105°C to the spots clear. The spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatograms obtained with the reference drug solution and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过9.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <2302>.

二氧化硫残留量 Sulfur dioxide residue

照二氧化硫残留量测定法（通则2331）测定，不得过400mg/kg。
Determine according to the method for determination of sulfur dioxide residue <2331>, not more than 400 mg/kg.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用水饱和正丁醇作溶剂，不得少于6.5%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble Extractives <2201>, the hot maceration method, using water-saturated n-butanol as the solvent, not less than 6.5 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine according to the method of high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以乙腈-水-甲酸（16:84:0.1）为流动相；检测波长为250nm。理论板数按β-蜕皮甾酮峰计算应不低于4000。
Using octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as the filler; using acetonitrile-water-formic acid (16:84:0.1) as the mobile phase; detecting wavelength at 250 nm. The theoretical plate number calculated based on the peak of β-artemisinin should not be less than 4000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取β-蜕皮甾酮对照品适量，精密称定，加甲醇制成每1ml含0.1mg的溶液，即得。
Take an appropriate amount of β-artemisinin reference substance, accurately weigh, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.1 mg per 1 ml.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过三号筛）约1g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，加水饱和正丁醇30ml，密塞，浸泡过夜，超声处理（功率300W，频率40kHz）30分钟，滤过，用甲醇10ml分数次洗涤容器及残渣，合并滤液和洗液，蒸干，残渣加甲醇使溶解，转移至5ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。
Take about 1g of the powder of this product (passed through a No. 3 sieve), accurately weigh, place it in a stoppered conical flask, add 30 ml of water-saturated n-butanol, seal tightly, soak overnight, treat with ultrasonic waves (power 300W, frequency 40kHz) for 30 minutes, filter, wash the container and residue with 10 ml of methanol in portions, combine the filtrate and washings, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue with methanol, transfer to a 5 ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the mark, shake well, and obtain the test solution.

测定法 Determination method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Accurately aspirate 10 μl of the reference solution and the test solution respectively, inject into the liquid chromatograph, determine, and obtain the results.

本品按干燥品计算，含β-蜕皮甾酮（C27H44O7）不得少于0.030%。
Calculated on the dried product, the content of β-artemisinin (C27H44O7) should not be less than 0.030 per cent.

饮片 Prepared slices

牛膝 Achyranthes

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，除去残留芦头，切段，干燥。
Remove impurities, wash clean, soak until thoroughly moistened, remove residual roots, cut into sections, and dry.

性状 Appearance

本品呈圆柱形的段。外表皮灰黄色或淡棕色，有微细的纵皱纹及横长皮孔。质硬脆，易折断，受潮变软。切面平坦，淡棕色或棕色，略呈角质样而油润，中心维管束木部较大，黄白色，其外围散有多数黄白色点状维管束，断续排列成2～4轮。气微，味微甜而稍苦涩。
This product is cylindrical in shape. The outer surface is grayish-yellow or light brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles and long transverse lenticels. The texture is hard and brittle, easy to break, and becomes soft when damp. The cut surface is flat, light brown or brown, slightly horny and oily, with a larger central vascular bundle wood, yellowish-white, and scattered with numerous yellowish-white dot-like vascular bundles arranged in 2-4 rows intermittently. It has a slight aroma, a slightly sweet taste, and a slightly bitter and astringent aftertaste.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材，不得少于5.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not less than 5.0 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

酒牛膝 Wine-processed Achyranthes

炮制 Processing

取净牛膝段，照酒炙法（通则0213）炒干。
Take clean sections of Achyranthes, stir-fry until dry according to the method of wine processing <0213>.

性状 Appearance

本品形如牛膝段，表面色略深，偶见焦斑。微有酒香气。
This product is similar to sections of Achyranthes, with a slightly darker surface and occasional scorch marks. It has a slight aroma of wine.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材，不得少于4.0%。
Same as the crude drug, not less than 4.0 per cent.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Content determination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

味 Flavor

苦、甘、酸。
Bitter, sweet, sour.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、肾经。
The liver and kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

逐瘀通经，补肝肾，强筋骨，利尿通淋，引血下行。
Promote blood circulation and regulate menstruation, tonify the liver and kidneys, strengthen tendons and bones, diuretic and promote urination, and promote blood circulation downward.

主治 Indications

用于经闭，痛经，腰膝酸痛，筋骨无力，淋证，水肿，头痛，眩晕，牙痛，口疮，吐血，衄血。
Used for amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumbago and knee pain, weakness of tendons and bones, stranguria, edema, headache, dizziness, toothache, mouth ulcers, vomiting blood, and epistaxis.

用量 Dosage

5～12g。
5-12 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

注意 Precautions

孕妇慎用。
Caution should be exercised in pregnant women.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，防潮。
Store in a cool and dry place, protected from moisture.

牛膝

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为苋科植物牛膝Achyranthes bidentata Bl.的干燥根。冬季茎叶枯萎时采挖，除去须根和泥沙，捆成小把，晒至干皱后，将顶端切齐，晒干。
Twotoothed Achyranthes Root is the dried root of Achyrantes bidentata Bl. (Fam. Amaranthaceae). The drug is collected in winter when the aerial part is withered, removed from rootlet and soil, tied up in a small bundle, dried in the sun to be wrinkled externally, cut evenly at the summit, and then dried thoroughly.

性状 Description

本品呈细长圆柱形，挺直或稍弯曲，长15～70cm，直径0.4～1cm。表面灰黄色或淡棕色，有微扭曲的细纵皱纹、排列稀疏的侧根痕和横长皮孔样的突起。质硬脆，易折断，受潮后变软，断面平坦，淡棕色，略呈角质样而油润，中心维管束木质部较大，黄白色，其外周散有多数黄白色点状维管束，断续排列成2～4轮。气微，味微甜而稍苦涩。
Slender cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 15-70 cm, 0.4-1 cm in diameter. Externally greyish yellow or pale brown, with slightly twisted and fine longitudinal wrinkles, transverse lenticel-like protrudings and sparse rootlet scars. Texture hard and fragile, easily broken, softened when moistened, fracture even, pale brown, slightly horny and oily. Xylem of vascular bundles in the centre relatively large, yellowish-white, the outside scattered with many spotted vascular bundles arranged in 2-4 whorls. Odour, slight; taste, slightly sweet, somewhat bitter and astringent.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：木栓层为数列扁平细胞，切向延伸。栓内层较窄。异型维管束外韧型，断续排列成2～4轮，最外轮的维管束较小，有的仅1至数个导管，束间形成层几连接成环，向内维管束较大；木质部主要由导管及小的木纤维组成，根中心木质部集成2～3群。薄壁细胞含有草酸钙砂晶。
（2）取本品粉末4g，加80%甲醇50ml，加热回流3小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加水15ml，微热使溶解，加在D101型大孔吸附树脂柱（内径为1.5cm，柱高为15cm）上，用水100ml洗脱，弃去水液，再用20%乙醇100ml洗脱，弃去洗脱液，继用80%乙醇100ml洗脱，收集洗脱液，蒸干，残渣加80%甲醇1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取牛膝对照药材4g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取β-蜕皮甾酮对照品、人参皂苷Ro对照品，加甲醇分别制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液4～8μl、对照药材溶液和对照品溶液各4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以三氯甲烷-甲醇-水-甲酸（7：3：0.5：0.05）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以5%香草醛硫酸溶液，在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点。

检查 Examination

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832, method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过9.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 9.0 per cent <2302>.

二氧化硫残留量 Residue of sulfur dioxide

照二氧化硫残留量测定法（通则2331）测定，不得过400mg/kg。
Carry out the method for determination of residue of sulfur dioxide <2331>, not more than 400 mg per kg.

浸出物 Extractives

照醇溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，用水饱和正丁醇作溶剂，不得少于6.5%。
Carry out the method for determination of ethanol-soluble extractives <2201, the hot extraction method>, using n-butanol saturated with water as the solvent, not less than 6.5 per cent.

含量测定 Assay

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Chromatographic system and system suitability Use octa-decylsilane bonded silica gel as the stationary phase and a mixture of acetonitrile, water and formic acid (16:84:0.1) as the mobile phase. As detector a spectrophotometer set at 250 nm. The number of theoretical plates of the column is not less than 4000, calculated with reference to the peak of β-ecdysterone.

饮片 Prepared slices

牛膝 Twotoothed Achyranthes Root

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，除去残留芦头，切段，干燥。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, remove remains of rhizomes, cut into sections, and dry.

本品呈圆柱形的段。外表皮灰黄色或淡棕色，有微细的纵皱纹及横长皮孔。质硬脆，易折断，受潮变软。切面平坦，淡棕色或棕色，略呈角质样而油润，中心维管束木部较大，黄白色，其外围散有多数黄白色点状维管束，断续排列成2～4轮。气微，味微甜而稍苦涩.
In cylindrical sections. Externally greyish-yellow or pale brown, with fine longitudinal wrinkles and transverse lentice-like protrudings. Texture hard and fragile, easily broken, softened when moistened. Cut surface even, pale brown or brown, slightly horny and oily; central vascular bundles with larger xylem in yellowish-white colour, scattered many yellowish-white dotted vascular bundles in 2-4 whorls in outer part. Odour slight; taste sweetish and slightly bitter and astringent.

酒牛膝 Twotoothed Achyranthes Root (processed with wine)

取净牛膝段，照酒炙法（通则0213）炒干。
Stir-bake the sections of Twotoothed Achyranthes Root as described under the method for stir baking with wine <0213> to dryness.

本品形如牛膝段，表面色略深，偶见焦斑。微有酒香气。
The shape similar to the sections, externally somewhat deeper in colour, burned spots occasionally visible. Slightly with wine aromatic odour.

性 Property

平。
Neutral.

味 Flavor

苦、甘、酸。
Bitter, sweet, and sour.

归经 Meridian tropism

归肝、肾经。
Liver and kidney meridians.

功能 Actions

逐瘀通经，补肝肾，强筋骨，利尿通淋，引血下行。
To expel stasis, unblock the meridian, tonify liver-kidney, strengthen sinew and bone, promote unration, relieve stranguria, and conduct blood and downward.

主治 Indications

用于经闭，痛经，腰膝酸痛，筋骨无力，淋证，水肿，头痛，眩晕，牙痛，口疮，吐血，衄血。
Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, limp aching in the lower back and knees, lack of strength of sinew and bone, stranguria, edema, headache, dizziness, toothache, mouth sore, hematemesis, and epistaxis.

用量 Dosage

5～12 g。
5-12 g.

注意 Precautions and Warnings

孕妇慎用。
Use with caution during pregnancy.

贮藏 Storage

置阴凉干燥处，防潮。
Preserve in a cool and dry place, and protect from moisture.