大黄

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蓼科植物掌叶大黄Rheum palmatum L.、唐古特大黄 Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Bal£.或药用大黄 Rheum officinale Bail1.的干燥根和根茎。秋末茎叶枯萎或次春发芽前采挖，除去细根，刮去外皮，切瓣或段，绳穿成串干燥或直接干燥。
Rhubarb Root and Rhizome is the dried root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Bal£., or Rheum officinale Bail1. (Fam. Polygonaceae). The drug is collected in late autumn when the stem and leaves wither or in early spring before sprouting, removed from fine roots, scraped off the outer skin, and cut into sections or segments. It is then dried in the form of strings or directly.

性状 Description

本品呈类圆柱形、圆锥形、卵圆形或不规则块状，长3～17 cm，直径3～10 cm。除尽外皮者表面黄棕色至红棕色，有的可见类白色网状纹理及星点（异型维管束）散在，残留的外皮棕褐色，多具绳孔及粗皱纹。质坚实，有的中心稍松软，断面淡红棕色或黄棕色，显颗粒性；根茎髓部宽广，有星点环列或散在；根木部发达，具放射状纹理，形成层环明显，无星点。气清香，味苦而微涩，嚼之粘牙，有沙粒感。
Rhubarb Root and Rhizome is cylindrical, conical, ovoid, or irregularly shaped, 3-17 cm long and 3-10 cm in diameter. The surface is yellowish-brown to reddish-brown when the outer skin is removed. Some may have white reticulate markings and scattered star points (heterotypic vascular bundles). The remaining outer skin is brownish-brown and often has rope holes and coarse wrinkles. The texture is firm, with a slightly soft center in some cases. The fracture surface is light reddish-brown or yellowish-brown and granular. The medullary part of the rhizome is wide and has star points arranged in a ring or scattered. The woody part of the root is well-developed, with a radial texture and a distinct formation layer, but no star points. It has a clear fragrance, a bitter and slightly astringent taste, and a sticky feeling when chewed, with a sensation of sand particles.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：根木栓层和栓内层大多已除去。韧皮部筛管群明显；薄壁组织发达。形成层成环。木质部射线较密，宽2～4列细胞，内含棕色物；导管非木化，常1至数个相聚，稀疏排列。薄壁细胞含草酸钙簇晶，并含多数淀粉粒。
(1) The transverse section of Rhubarb Root and Rhizome: The cork layer and the phelloderm layer have mostly been removed. The sieve tube groups in the cortex are obvious, and the parenchyma tissue is well-developed. The formation layer is ring-shaped. The wood rays in the xylem are relatively dense, with 2-4 rows of cells wide and containing brown substances. The vessels are non-lignified and are often 1 to several clustered and sparsely arranged. The thin-walled cells contain clusters of calcium oxalate crystals and numerous starch grains.

根茎髓部宽广，其中常见黏液腔，内有红棕色物；异型维管束散在，形成层成环，木质部位于形成层外方，韧皮部位于形成层内方，射线呈星状射出。
The medullary part of the rhizome is wide, and mucous cavities are often seen, containing reddish-brown substances. Heterotypic vascular bundles are scattered, and the formation layer is ring-shaped. The wood is located outside the formation layer, and the cortex is located inside the formation layer. The rays radiate in a star shape.

粉末黄棕色。草酸钙簇晶直径20～160 μm，有的至190 μm.。具缘纹孔导管、网纹导管、螺纹导管及环纹导管非木化。淀粉粒甚多，单粒类球形或多角形，直径3～45 μm，脐点星状；复粒由2～8分粒组成。
The powder is yellowish-brown. The calcium oxalate crystals have a diameter of 20-160 μm, and some can reach 190 μm. Non-lignified vessels include bordered pits, reticulate vessels, spiral vessels, and annular vessels. There are many starch grains, which are either single and spherical or polygonal, with a diameter of 3-45 μm and a star-shaped hilum. Compound grains consist of 2-8 granules.

（2）取本品粉末少量，进行微量升华，可见菱状针晶或羽状结晶。
(2) A small amount of the powder is subjected to sublimation, and rhombic needle crystals or feather-like crystals can be observed.

（3）取本品粉末0.1 g，加甲醇20 ml，浸泡1小时，滤过，取滤液5 ml，蒸干，残渣加水10 ml使溶解，再加盐酸1 ml，加热回流30分钟，立即冷却，用乙醚分2次振摇提取，每次20 ml，合并乙醚液，蒸干，残渣加三氯甲烷1ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取大黄对照药材0.1 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取大黄酸对照品，加甲醇制成每1 ml含1 mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各4 μl，分别点于同一以羧甲基纤维素钠为黏合剂的硅胶 H薄层板上，以石油醚（30～60℃）-甲酸乙酯-甲酸（15∶5∶1）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同的五个橙黄色荧光主斑点；在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的橙黄色荧光斑点，置氨蒸气中熏后，斑点变为红色。
(3) Take 0.1 g of the powder, add 20 ml of methanol, soak for 1 hour, filter, take 5 ml of the filtrate, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 10ml of water, add 1ml of hydrochloric acid, heat under reflux for 30 minutes, cool immediately, extract with ether twice, each time with 20 ml, combine the ether extracts, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 1 ml of chloroform as the test solution. Take 0.1 g of the reference drug of Rhubarb Root and Rhizome and prepare a solution of the reference drug using the same method. Take Rhubarb Acid CRS and dissolve it in methanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using silica gel H as the coating substance with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as the binder, and a mixture of petroleum ether (30-60°C), ethyl acetate, and formic acid (15:5:1) as the upper layer solution for development. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Examine under ultraviolet li

检查 Examination

土大黄苷 Rhein

取本品粉末0.1 g，加甲醇10 ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，取滤液1 ml，加甲醇至10 ml，作为供试品溶液。另取土大黄苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1 ml含10 μg的溶液，作为对照品溶液（临用新制）。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各5 μl，分别点于同一聚酰胺薄膜上，以甲苯-甲酸乙酯-丙酮-甲醇-甲酸（30∶5∶5∶20∶0.1）为展开剂，展开，取岀，晾干，置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，不得显相同的亮蓝色荧光斑点。
Take 0.1 g of this product powder, add 10ml of methanol, ultrasonic treatment for 20 minutes, filtration, take 1 ml of filtrate, add methanol to 10 ml, as a test solution. Take the control product of rhubarb glycoside, add methanol to make a solution containing 10 μg per ml, as the control solution (freshly made for clinical use). According to the thin-layer chromatography (General rule 0502) test, absorb the above two solutions of 5 μl, respectively, on the same polyamide film, with toluene - ethyl formate - acetone - methanol - formic acid (30:5:5:20:0.1) as an unfolding agent, unfolding, extraction, drying, and placed in the ultraviolet lamp (365 nm) under the examination. In the chromatogram of the test article, the same bright blue fluorescent spots should not be seen in the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control article.

水分 Water

不得过15.0%（通则0832第二法）。
Not more than 15.0 per cent <0832,method 2>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过10.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 10.0 per cent <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，不得少于25.0%。
Carry out the method for determination of water-soluble Extractives <2201>, the hot maceration method, not less than 25.0 per cent.

含量测定 Content determination

总蒽醌 Total anthraquinones

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（85∶15）为流动相；检测波长为254 nm。理论板数按大黄素峰计算应不低于3000。
Used octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel as filler; methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (85:15) as mobile phase; and the detection wavelength was 254 nm.The theoretical plate number should be not less than 3000 according to the peak of rhodopsin.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

精密称取芦荟大黄素对照品、大黄酸对照品、大黄素对照品、大黄酚对照品、大黄素甲醚对照品适量，加甲醇分别制成每1 ml含芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚各80 μg，大黄素甲醚40 μg的溶液；分别精密量取上述对照品溶液各2ml，混匀，即得（每1ml中含芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚各16 μg，含大黄素甲醚8 μg）。
Weigh the appropriate amount of Aloe vera rhodopsin control, rhodopsin acid control, rhodopsin control, rhodopsin control, rhodopsin phenol control, rhodopsin methyl ether control, add methanol to make a solution containing Aloe vera rhodopsin, rhodopsin acid, rhodopsin, rhodopsin, rhodopsin phenol 80 μg each, rhodopsin methyl ether 40 μg each per 1 ml; respectively, take 2 ml of each of the above control solution in precise quantity, and mix, that is to say, (each 1 ml contains 16 μg of each of Aloe vera rhodopsin, rhodopsin, rhodopsin, rhodopsin, rhodopsin phenol, and 8 μg of rhodopsin methyl ether).

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.15 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇25 ml，称定重量，加热回流1小时，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过。精密量取续滤液5 ml，置烧瓶中，挥去溶剂，加8%盐酸溶液10 ml，超声处理2分钟，再加三氯甲烷10 ml，加热回流1小时，放冷，置分液漏斗中，用少量三氯甲烷洗涤容器，并入分液漏斗中，分取三氯甲烷层，酸液再用三氯甲烷提取3次，每次10 ml，合并三氯甲烷液，减压回收溶剂至干，残渣加甲醇使溶解，转移至10 ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Preparation of test solution take the product powder (sieve No. 4) about 0.15 g, precision weighing, placed in a stoppered conical flask, precision add 25 ml of methanol, weighing, heating reflux for 1 hour, cooling, then weighing, methanol to make up for the loss of weight, shaking well, filtered. Precision measurement of the filtrate 5ml, placed in a flask, evaporate the solvent, add 8% hydrochloric acid solution 10 ml, ultrasonic treatment for 2 minutes, and then add trichloromethane 10 ml, heating reflux for 1 hour, cooling, placed in a liquid separator funnel, with a small amount of trichloromethane to wash the container, and into the liquid separator funnel, sub-take the trichloromethane layer, the acid and then extracted with trichloromethane for 3 times, 10 ml each time, combined with the trichloromethane solution, recovery under reduced pressure Solvent to dry, residue add methanol to dissolve, transfer to 10 ml measuring flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, filtered, take the filtrate, that is obtained.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Precisely absorb 10μl each of control solution and test solution, inject into liquid chromatograph, and determine, that is, obtain.

本品按干燥品计算，含总蒽醌以芦荟大黄素（C15H10O5）、大黄酸（C15H8O6）、大黄素（C15H10O5）、大黄酚（C15H10O4）和大黄素甲醚（C16H12O5）的总量计，不得少于1.5%。
This product contains not less than 1.5% of total anthraquinone as the total amount of Aloe barbadensis rhododendron (C15H10O5), rhubarbic acid (C15H8O6), rhododendron (C15H10O5), rhubarb phenol (C15H10O4), and rhododendron methyl ether (C16H12O5) when calculated from the dried product.

游离蒽醌 Free anthraquinones

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine by high performance liquid chromatography <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

同〔含量测定〕总蒽醌项下。
Same as [Content determination] for total anthraquinone.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取〔含量测定〕总蒽醌项下的对照品溶液，即得。
Take the control solution under [Content Determination] Total Anthraquinone, that is to say, it is obtained.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.5 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇25 ml，称定重量，加热回流1小时，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Preparation of test solution Take about 0.5 g of powder (sieve No.4), weigh it precisely, put it in a stoppered conical flask, add 25 ml of methanol, weigh it, reflux for 1 hour, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate, that is to say, it is obtained.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Determination Precisely aspirate 10 μl each of control solution and test solution separately, inject into liquid chromatograph and determine, it is obtained.

本品按干燥品计算，含游离蒽醌以芦荟大黄素 （C15H10O5）、大黄酸（C15H8O6）、大黄素（C15H10O5）、大黄酚 （C15H10O4）和大黄素甲醚（C16H12O5）的总量计，不得少于 0.20%。
This product is calculated according to the dry product, containing free anthraquinone to aloe rhododendron (C15H10O5), rhubarbic acid (C15H8O6), rhododendron (C15H10O5), rhubarb phenol (C15H10O4) and rhododendron methyl ether (C16H12O5) of the total amount of the calculation, shall not be less than 0.20%.

饮片 Prepared slices

大黄 Rhubarb

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片或块，晾干。
Remove impurities, wash clean, soak until moist, cut into thick slices or blocks, and dry in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则类圆形厚片或块，大小不等。外表皮黄棕色或棕褐色，有纵皱纹及疙瘩状隆起。切面黄棕色至淡红棕色，较平坦，有明显散在或排列成环的星点，有空隙。
The product is in the form of thick irregular round-like tablets or blocks of varying sizes. The outer epidermis is yellowish brown or tan, with longitudinal wrinkles and pimple-like elevations. The cut surface is yellowish brown to light reddish brown, relatively flat, with obvious scattered or arranged in a ring of stellate dots, with voids.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

土大黄苷 Rhein

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

水分 Water

同药材，不得过13.0%。
Same as the crude drug，not more than 13.0 per cent.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

总蒽醌 Total anthraquinones

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

游离蒽醌 Free anthraquinones

同药材，不得少于0.35%。
Same as the crude drug， not more than 0.35%.

酒大黄 Aquafried Rhubarb with wine

炮制 Processing

取净大黄片，照酒炙法（通则0213）炒干。
Take clean rhubarb slices, according to the wine-roasted method (Tongzhi 0213) fried dry.

性状 Description

本品形如大黄片，表面深棕黄色，有的可见焦斑。微有酒香气。
This product is shaped like rhubarb slices, the surface of dark brown-yellow, some visible scorched spots. Slightly wine aroma.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

土大黄苷 Rhein

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

水分 Water

同药材，不得过13.0%。
Same as the crude drug，not more than 13.0 per cent.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

总蒽醌 Total anthraquinones

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

游离蒽醌 Free anthraquinones

同药材，不得少于0.50%。
Same as the crude drug， not more than 0.50%.

熟大黄 steamed or stewed Rhubarb with wine

炮制 Processing

取净大黄块，照酒炖或酒蒸法（通则0213）炖或蒸至内外均呈黑色。
Take the clean rhubarb pieces, according to the wine stewing or wine steaming method (General rule 0213) stewing or steaming until the inside and outside are black.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的块片，表面黑色，断面中间隐约可见放射状纹理，质坚硬，气微香。
This product is an irregular block piece, the surface is black, the middle of the cross-section can be seen vaguely radial texture, the texture is hard, the gas is slightly fragrant.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

土大黄苷 Rhein

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

水分 Water

同药材，不得过13.0%。
Same as the crude drug，not more than 13.0 per cent.

总灰分 Total ash

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

总蒽醌 Total anthraquinones

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

游离蒽醌 Free anthraquinones

同药材，不得少于0.50%。
Same as the crude drug， not more than 0.50%.

大黄炭 carbonized Rhubarb

炮制 Processing

取净大黄片，照炒炭法（通则0213）炒至表面焦黑色、内部焦褐色。
Take the net rhubarb tablets, according to the method of stirring charcoal (Tongzhi 0213), stir-fry until the surface of the charred black, internal charred brown.

性状 Description

本品形如大黄片，表面焦黑色，内部深棕色或焦褐色，具焦香气。
This product is shaped like rhubarb slices, with a burnt black surface, dark brown or burnt brown interior, and a burnt aroma.

鉴别 Identification

（2）（3）同药材。
(2)(3)Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

浸出物 Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

含量测定 Assay

总蒽醌 Total anthraquinones

同药材，不得少于0.90%。
Same as the crude drug, no more than 0.90%.

游离蒽醌 Free anthraquinones

同药材，不得少于0.50%。
Same as the crude drug， not more than 0.50%.

性 Property

寒。
Cold.

味 Flavor

苦。
Bitter.

归经 Meridian tropism

归脾、胃、大肠、肝、心包经。
Spleen, stomach, large intestine, liver, pericardium meridians.

功能 Actions

泻下攻积，清热泻火，凉血解毒，逐瘀通经，利湿退黄。
To purge downward and eliminate accumulation, clear heat and relieve fire, cool blood and detoxify, promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, promote diuresis and reduce edema.

主治 Indications

用于实热积滞便秘，血热吐衄，目赤咽肿，痈肿疔疮，肠痈腹痛，瘀血经闭，产后瘀阻，跌打损伤，湿热痢疾，黄疸尿赤，淋证，水肿；外治烧烫伤。酒大黄善清上焦血分热毒，用于目赤咽肿、齿龈肿痛。熟大黄泻下力缓、泻火解毒，用于火毒疮疡。大黄炭凉血化瘀止血，用于血热有瘀出血症。
Used for constipation due to accumulation of excess heat, vomiting of blood due to blood heat, red eyes and swollen throat, carbuncles and boils, intestinal abscess with abdominal pain, blood stasis causing amenorrhea, postpartum blood stasis, bruises and injuries, damp-heat dysentery, jaundice with red urine, urinary tract infection, and edema; externally used for burns and scalds. Wine-processed rhubarb is good at clearing upper-jiao blood heat and toxins, used for red eyes and swollen throat, and swollen and painful gums. Cooked rhubarb has a gentle laxative effect, clears heat and detoxifies, used for fire-toxin sores. Charred rhubarb cools blood, resolves blood stasis, and stops bleeding, used for bleeding due to blood heat and blood stasis.

用量 Dosage

3～15 g。
3-15 g.

用法 Administration

用于泻下不宜久煎。外用适量，研末敷于患处。
Not suitable for long decoction for purgation. For external use, apply an appropriate amount of powdered rhubarb to the affected area.

注意 Precautions

孕妇及月经期、哺乳期慎用。
Caution should be exercised in pregnant women, during menstruation, and during lactation.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a well-ventilated and dry place, and protect against moth damage.

大黄

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为蓼科植物掌叶大黄 Rheum palmatum L.、唐古特大黄 Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. 或药用大黄 Rheum officinale Baill. 的干燥根和根茎。秋末茎叶枯萎或次春发芽前采挖，除去细根，刮去外皮，切瓣或段，绳穿成串干燥或直接干燥。
Rhubarb Root and Rhizome is the dried root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf., or Rheum officinale Baill. (Polygonaceae). It is collected in late autumn when stems and leaves wither, or in early spring before sprouting; fine roots are removed, the outer skin is scraped off, and the material is cut into segments or pieces, then dried (often strung) or dried directly.

性状 Description

本品呈类圆柱形、圆锥形、卵圆形或不规则块状，长3～17 cm，直径3～10 cm。除尽外皮者表面黄棕色至红棕色，有的可见类白色网状纹理及星点（异型维管束）散在，残留的外皮棕褐色，多具绳孔及粗皱纹。质坚实，有的中心稍松软，断面淡红棕色或黄棕色，显颗粒性；根茎髄部宽广，有星点环列或散在；根木部发达，具放射状纹理，形成层环明显，无星点。气清香，味苦而微涩，嚼之粘牙，有沙粒感。
The drug is subcylindrical, conical, ovoid, or irregular, 3–17 cm long and 3–10 cm in diameter. When the outer skin is removed, the surface is yellowish-brown to reddish-brown; whitish reticulate markings and scattered “star points” (heterotypic vascular bundles) may be visible. When the skin remains, it is brownish and often shows rope-holes and coarse wrinkles. It is firm, sometimes slightly soft in the center. The fracture is light reddish-brown or yellowish-brown and granular. The rhizome has a broad pith with star points in a ring or scattered; the root xylem is well developed with radial striations; the cambial ring is distinct and lacks star points. Odor is aromatic; taste is bitter and slightly astringent; chewing feels sticky with a sandy sensation.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品横切面：根木栓层和栓内层大多已除去。韧皮部筛管群明显；薄壁组织发达。形成层成环。木质部射线较密，宽2～4列细胞，内含棕色物；导管非木化，常1至数个相聚，稀疏排列。薄壁细胞含草酸钙簇晶，并含多数淀粉粒。
(1) Transverse section: the cork and phelloderm are mostly removed. Sieve-tube groups in the phloem are distinct; parenchyma is well developed. Cambium forms a ring. Xylem rays are relatively dense, 2–4 cells wide, containing brown substances. Vessels are non-lignified, often solitary or in small groups, sparsely arranged. Parenchyma cells contain calcium oxalate cluster crystals and abundant starch grains.

根茎髓部宽广，其中常见黏液腔，内有红棕色物；异型维管束散在，形成层成环，木质部位于形成层外方，韧皮部位于形成层内方，射线呈星状射出。
The rhizome pith is broad and often shows mucilage cavities containing reddish-brown material. Heterotypic vascular bundles are scattered; cambium forms a ring; xylem lies outside the cambium and phloem inside; rays radiate in a star-like pattern.

粉末黄棕色。草酸钙簇晶直径20～160 μm，有的至190 μm。具缘纹孔导管、网纹导管、螺纹导管及环纹导管，导管均非木化。淀粉粒甚多，单粒类球形或多角形，直径3～45 μm，脐点星状；复粒由2～8分粒组成。
Powder is yellowish-brown. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are 20–160 μm in diameter (up to 190 μm). Vessels with bordered pits, reticulate, spiral, and annular thickening are present and are non-lignified. Starch grains are abundant; simple grains are spherical or polygonal, 3–45 μm, with star-shaped hila; compound grains consist of 2–8 components.

（2）取本品粉末少量，进行微量升华，可见菱状针晶或羽状结晶。
(2) Sublimation of a small amount of the powder yields rhombic needle crystals or feather-like crystals.

（3）取本品粉末0.1 g，加甲醇20 ml，浸泡1小时，滤过，取滤液5 ml，蒸干，残渣加水10 ml使溶解，再加盐酸1 ml，加热回流30分钟，立即冷却，用乙醚分2次振摇提取，每次20 ml，合并乙醚液，蒸干，残渣加三氯甲烷1 ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取大黄对照药材0.1 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取大黄酸对照品，加甲醇制成每1 ml含1 mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各4 μl，分别点于同一以羧甲基纤维素钠为黏合剂的硅胶H薄层板上，以石油醚（30～60℃）-甲酸乙酯-甲酸（15∶5∶1）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同的五个橙黄色荧光主斑点；在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的橙黄色荧光斑点，置氨蒸气中熏后，斑点变为红色。
(3) TLC: prepare a test solution from 0.1 g powder as described (methanol extraction → hydrolysis → ether extraction → dissolve residue in chloroform). Prepare a reference drug solution similarly from rhubarb reference material (0.1 g). Prepare a reference standard solution of rhein (1 mg/mL in methanol). Perform TLC <0502> on silica gel H plate (binder: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) with the upper layer of petroleum ether (30–60°C)–ethyl formate–formic acid (15:5:1) as developing solvent. Examine under UV 365 nm. The test chromatogram shows five main orange-yellow fluorescent spots corresponding to the reference drug; it also shows an orange-yellow fluorescent spot corresponding to the reference standard, which turns red after exposure to ammonia vapor.

检查 Examination

土大黄苷 Rhaponticin

取本品粉末0.1 g，加甲醇10 ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，取滤液1 ml，加甲醇至10 ml，作为供试品溶液。另取土大黄苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1 ml含10 μg的溶液，作为对照品溶液（临用新制）。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各5 μl，分别点于同一聚酰胺薄膜上，以甲苯-甲酸乙酯-丙酮-甲醇-甲酸（30∶5∶5∶20∶0.1）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，不得显相同的亮蓝色荧光斑点。
Prepare the test solution from 0.1 g powder as described (ultrasonic extraction with methanol). Prepare a rhaponticin reference solution (10 μg/mL in methanol; freshly prepared). Perform TLC <0502> on polyamide film using toluene–ethyl formate–acetone–methanol–formic acid (30:5:5:20:0.1) as developing solvent. Examine under UV 365 nm. No bright blue fluorescent spot corresponding to the reference should appear in the test chromatogram.

干燥失重 Loss on drying

取本品，在105℃干燥6小时，减失重量不得过15.0%（通则0831）。
Dry at 105°C for 6 hours; loss on drying not more than 15.0% <0831>.

总灰分 Total ash

不得过10.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 10.0% <2302>.

浸出物 Extractives

照水溶性浸出物测定法（通则2201）项下的热浸法测定，不得少于25.0%。
Determine water-soluble extractives by the hot maceration method <2201>; not less than 25.0%.

含量测定 Content determination

总蒽醌 Total anthraquinones

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine by HPLC <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability

以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；以甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（85∶15）为流动相；检测波长为254 nm。理论板数按大黄素峰计算应不低于3000。
Column: octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel. Mobile phase: methanol–0.1% phosphoric acid (85:15). Detection: 254 nm. Theoretical plate number (emodin peak) ≥ 3000.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

精密称取芦荟大黄素对照品、大黄酸对照品、大黄素对照品、大黄酚对照品、大黄素甲醚对照品适量，加甲醇分别制成每1 ml含芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚各80 μg，大黄素甲醚40 μg的溶液；分别精密量取上述对照品溶液各2 ml，混匀，即得（每1 ml中含芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚各16 μg，含大黄素甲醚8 μg）。
Prepare individual methanolic standard solutions containing aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol (each 80 μg/mL), and physcion (40 μg/mL). Mix 2 mL of each to obtain a mixed reference solution containing aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, and chrysophanol (each 16 μg/mL) and physcion (8 μg/mL).

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.15 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇25 ml，称定重量，加热回流1小时，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过。精密量取续滤液5 ml，置烧瓶中，挥去溶剂，加8%盐酸溶液10 ml，超声处理2分钟，再加三氯甲烷10 ml，加热回流1小时，放冷，置分液漏斗中，用少量三氯甲烷洗涤容器，并入分液漏斗中，分取三氯甲烷层，酸液再用三氯甲烷提取3次，每次10 ml，合并三氯甲烷液，减压回收溶剂至干，残渣加甲醇使溶解，转移至10 ml量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Prepare the test solution exactly as described: methanol reflux extraction, acid hydrolysis, chloroform extraction, evaporation, and reconstitution with methanol to volume (10 mL), then filter.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Inject 10 μL each of the reference and test solutions into the HPLC system and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含总蒽醌以芦荟大黄素（C15H10O5）、大黄酸（C15H8O6）、大黄素（C15H10O5）、大黄酚（C15H10O4）和大黄素甲醚（C16H12O5）的总量计，不得少于1.5%。
Calculated on the dried basis, total anthraquinones (sum of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion) ≥ 1.5%.

游离蒽醌 Free anthraquinones

照高效液相色谱法（通则0512）测定。
Determine by HPLC <0512>.

色谱条件与系统适用性试验 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability

同〔含量测定〕总蒽醌项下。
Same as under “Total anthraquinones”.

对照品溶液的制备 Preparation of reference solution

取〔含量测定〕总蒽醌项下的对照品溶液，即得。
Use the mixed reference solution prepared under “Total anthraquinones”.

供试品溶液的制备 Preparation of test solution

取本品粉末（过四号筛）约0.5 g，精密称定，置具塞锥形瓶中，精密加入甲醇25 ml，称定重量，加热回流1小时，放冷，再称定重量，用甲醇补足减失的重量，摇匀，滤过，取续滤液，即得。
Prepare the test solution exactly as described: methanol reflux extraction (without the hydrolysis/chloroform steps), then filter.

测定法 Assay method

分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各10 μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。
Inject 10 μL each of the reference and test solutions into the HPLC system and determine.

本品按干燥品计算，含游离蒽醌以芦荟大黄素（C15H10O5）、大黄酸（C15H8O6）、大黄素（C15H10O5）、大黄酚（C15H10O4）和大黄素甲醚（C16H12O5）的总量计，不得少于0.20%。
Calculated on the dried basis, free anthraquinones (sum of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion) ≥ 0.20%.

饮片 Prepared slices

大黄 Rhubarb

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片或块，晾干。
Remove impurities, wash, moisten thoroughly, cut into thick slices or blocks, and dry.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则类圆形厚片或块，大小不等。外表皮黄棕色或棕褐色，有纵皱纹及疙瘩状隆起。切面黄棕色至淡红棕色，较平坦，有明显散在或排列成环的星点，有空隙。
Thick slices or blocks, irregularly roundish, variable in size. Outer surface yellowish-brown to brown with longitudinal wrinkles and nodular protrusions. Cut surface yellowish-brown to light reddish-brown, relatively flat, with distinct star points scattered or in rings, and with cavities.

含量测定 Assay

游离蒽醌 同药材，不得少于0.35%。
Free anthraquinones: same as crude drug; not less than 0.35%.

鉴别 / 检查 / 浸出物 / 含量测定（总蒽醌） Identification / Examination / Extractives / Assay (Total anthraquinones)

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

酒大黄 Wine-processed Rhubarb

炮制 Processing

取净大黄片，照酒炙法（通则0213）炒干。
Stir-fry clean rhubarb slices with wine according to the wine-roasting method <0213> until dry.

性状 Description

本品形如大黄片，表面深棕黄色，有的可见焦斑。微有酒香气。
Similar to rhubarb slices; surface deep brownish-yellow, sometimes with scorched spots; slight wine odor.

含量测定 Assay

游离蒽醌 同药材，不得少于0.50%。
Free anthraquinones: same as crude drug; not less than 0.50%.

鉴别 / 检查 / 浸出物 / 含量测定（总蒽醌） Identification / Examination / Extractives / Assay (Total anthraquinones)

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

熟大黄 Cooked Rhubarb (wine-stewed or wine-steamed)

炮制 Processing

取净大黄块，照酒炖或酒蒸法（通则0213）炖或蒸至内外均呈黑色。
Stew or steam clean rhubarb pieces with wine according to the wine-stewing or wine-steaming method <0213> until both inside and outside turn black.

性状 Description

本品呈不规则的块片，表面黑色，断面中间隐约可见放射状纹理，质坚硬，气微香。
Irregular pieces; surface black; radial striations faintly visible in the middle of the fracture; hard; slightly aromatic.

含量测定 Assay

游离蒽醌 同药材，不得少于0.50%。
Free anthraquinones: same as crude drug; not less than 0.50%.

鉴别 / 检查 / 浸出物 / 含量测定（总蒽醌） Identification / Examination / Extractives / Assay (Total anthraquinones)

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

大黄炭 Charred Rhubarb

炮制 Processing

取净大黄片，照炒炭法（通则0213）炒至表面焦黑色、内部焦褐色。
Stir-fry clean rhubarb slices according to the charring method <0213> until the surface is charred black and the interior is charred brown.

性状 Description

本品形如大黄片，表面焦黑色，内部深棕色或焦褐色，具焦香气。
Similar to rhubarb slices; surface charred black; interior dark brown or charred brown; with a scorched odor.

含量测定 Assay

总蒽醌 同药材，不得少于0.90%。
Total anthraquinones: same as crude drug; not less than 0.90%.

游离蒽醌 同药材，不得少于0.50%。
Free anthraquinones: same as crude drug; not less than 0.50%.

鉴别 / 检查 / 浸出物 Identification / Examination / Extractives

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性味与归经 Property, flavor, and meridian tropism

苦，寒。归脾、胃、大肠、肝、心包经。
Bitter, cold. Enters the spleen, stomach, large intestine, liver, and pericardium meridians.

功能与主治 Actions and indications

泻下攻积，清热泻火，凉血解毒，逐瘀通经，利湿退黄。用于实热积滞便秘，血热吐衄，目赤咽肿，痈肿疔疮，肠痈腹痛，瘀血经闭，产后瘀阻，跌打损伤，湿热痢疾，黄疸尿赤，淋证，水肿；外治烧烫伤。酒大黄善清上焦血分热毒，用于目赤咽肿、齿龈肿痛。熟大黄泻下力缓、泻火解毒，用于火毒疮疡。大黄炭凉血化瘀止血，用于血热有瘀出血症。
Purges accumulation, clears heat and drains fire, cools blood and detoxifies, dispels stasis and unblocks the channels, promotes diuresis and alleviates jaundice. Used for constipation due to excess heat with accumulation, hematemesis/epistaxis due to blood heat, red eyes and swollen throat, carbuncles and boils, intestinal abscess with abdominal pain, amenorrhea due to blood stasis, postpartum stasis, traumatic injuries, damp-heat dysentery, jaundice with dark/red urine, strangury, and edema; externally for burns and scalds. Wine-processed rhubarb is better at clearing heat-toxin in the upper jiao (blood aspect) for red eyes, swollen throat, and swollen painful gums. Cooked rhubarb has a milder purgative effect and is used for fire-toxin sores. Charred rhubarb cools blood, resolves stasis, and stops bleeding for bleeding due to blood heat with stasis.

用法与用量 Administration and dosage

3～15 g；用于泻下不宜久煎。外用适量，研末敷于患处。
3–15 g; for purgation, prolonged decoction is not recommended. For external use, apply an appropriate amount of the powdered drug to the affected area.

注意 Precautions

孕妇及月经期、哺乳期慎用。
Use with caution during pregnancy, menstruation, and lactation.

贮藏 Storage

置通风干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a well-ventilated dry place; protect from insects.