大枣

中文文本参考：《中国药典（2020年版）》
English text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为鼠李科植物枣Ziziphus jujuba Mill.的干燥成熟果实。秋季果实成熟时采收，晒干。
Jujube Fruit is the dried ripe fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Fam. Rhamnaceae). The fruit is collected in autumn when it is ripe, then dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈椭圆形或球形，长2～3.5 cm，直径1.5～2.5 cm。表面暗红色，略带光泽，有不规则皱纹。基部凹陷，有短果梗。外果皮薄，中果皮棕黄色或淡褐色，肉质，柔软，富糖性而油润。果核纺锤形，两端锐尖，质坚硬。气微香，味甜。
Jujube Fruit is ovoid or spherical, measuring 2-3.5 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter. The surface is dark red with a slight gloss and irregular wrinkles. The base is concave with a short fruit stalk. The outer pericarp is thin, and the middle pericarp is brownish-yellow or light brown, fleshy, soft, rich in sugar, and oily. The stone is spindle-shaped with sharp ends and hard texture. It has a slightly fragrant odor and a sweet taste.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末棕色。外果皮棕色至棕红色；表皮细胞表面观类方形、多角形或长方形，胞腔内充满棕红色物，断面观外被较厚角质层；表皮下细胞黄色或黄棕色，类多角形，壁稍厚。草酸钙簇晶（有的碎为砂晶）或方晶较小，存在于中果皮薄壁细胞中。果核石细胞淡黄棕色，类多角形，层纹明显，孔沟细密，胞腔内含黄棕色物。
(1) The powder of Jujube Fruit is brown. The outer pericarp is brown to reddish-brown. The surface of the epidermal cells appears square, polygonal, or rectangular, and the cell cavities are filled with reddish-brown substances. The cross-section shows a thicker horny layer on the outside. The subepidermal cells are yellow or yellowish-brown, polygonal, and slightly thick-walled. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals (some broken into sand crystals) or square crystals are smaller and present in the thin-walled cells of the middle pericarp. The stone cells of the stone are light yellowish-brown, polygonal, with distinct layers, and the pits and grooves are fine and dense, with yellowish-brown substances in the cell cavities.

（2）取本品粉末2 g，加石油醚（60～90℃）10 ml，浸泡、10分钟，超声处理10分钟，滤过，弃去石油醚液，药渣晾干，加乙醚20 ml，浸泡1小时，超声处理15分钟，滤过，滤液浓缩至2 ml，作为供试品溶液。另取大枣对照药材2 g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取齐墩果酸对照品、白桦脂酸对照品，加乙醇分别制成每1 ml各含1 mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和对照药材溶液各10 μl、上述两种对照品溶液各4 μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-冰醋酸（14∶4∶0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，加热至斑点显色清晰，分别置日光和紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点或荧光斑点。
(2) Take 2 g of the powder, add 10 ml of petroleum ether (60-90°C), soak for 10 minutes, treat with ultrasound for 10 minutes, filter, discard the petroleum ether, and dry the residue. Add 20 ml of ether, soak for 1 hour, treat with ultrasound for 15 minutes, filter, and concentrate the filtrate to 2 ml as the test solution. Take 2 g of the reference drug, prepare the reference drug solution using the same method. Take oleanolic acid CRS and betulinic acid CRS, add ethanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution. Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography<0502>, using toluene-acetic ether-glacial acetic acid (14:4:0.5) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate 10 μl of each of the test solution, the reference drug solution, and the two reference solution. After developing and removal of the plate, dry in air. Spray with a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol, heat until the spots are clearly visible. Examine under daylight and ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The spots or fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference drug and the reference solution.

检查 Examination

总灰分 Total ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

黄曲霉毒素 Aflatoxin

照真菌毒素测定法（通则2351）测定。
Determine according to the method for determination of mycotoxins <2351>.

本品每1000 g含黄曲霉毒素B1不得过5 μg，黄曲霉毒素 G2、黄曲霉毒素G1、黄曲霉毒素B2和黄曲霉毒素B1的总量不得过10 μg。
The content of aflatoxin B1 in this product shall not exceed 5 μg per 1000 g, and the total content of aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin B2, and aflatoxin B1 shall not exceed 10 μg.

饮片 Prepared slices

大枣 Jujube Fruit

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，晒干。用时破开或去核。
Remove impurities, wash, and dry. Break or remove the kernel before use.

性状 Description

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

鉴别 Identification

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

检查 Examination

同药材。
Same as the crude drug.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归脾、胃、心经。
Spleen, stomach, and heart meridians.

功能 Actions

补中益气，养血安神。
Tonify the middle energizer and qi, nourish blood, and calm the mind.

主治 Indications

用于脾虚食少，乏力便溏，妇人脏躁。
Used for spleen deficiency with reduced food intake, fatigue and loose stools, and restlessness in women.

用量 Dosage

6～15 g
6-15 g.

用法 Administration

无。
None.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a dry place, protected from moth.

大枣

文本参考：《中国药典（2015年版）》
Text reference: Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition)

概述 Overview

本品为鼠李科植物枣Ziziphus jujuba Mill.的干燥成熟果实。秋季果实成熟时采收，晒干。
Chinese Date is the dried ripe fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Mill (Fam. Rhamnaceae). The drug is collected in autumn when ripe, and dried in the sun.

性状 Description

本品呈橢圆形或球形，长2～3.5cm，直径1.5～2.5cm。表面暗红色，略带光泽，有不规则皱纹。基部凹陷，有短果梗。外果皮薄，中果皮棕黄色或淡褐色，肉质，柔软，富糖性而油润。果核纺锤形，两端锐尖，质坚硬。气微香，味甜。
Ellipsoidal or spheroidal, 2-3.5 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter. Externally dark red, somewhat lustrous, irregularly wrinkled. Base dented, with a short fruit stalk. Exocarp thin, mesocarp brownish-yellow or pale brown, fleshy, soft, sugary and oily. Kern fusiform, acute at the both ends, texture hard. Odour, slightly aromatic; taste, sweet.

鉴别 Identification

（1）本品粉末棕色。外果皮棕色至棕红色；表皮细胞表面观类方形、多角形或长方形，胞腔内充满棕红色物，断面观外被较厚角质层；表皮下细胞黄色或黄棕色，类多角形，壁稍厚。草酸钙簇晶（有的碎为砂晶）或方晶较小，存在于中果皮薄壁细胞中。果核石细胞淡黄棕色，类多角形，层纹明显，孔沟细密，胞腔内含黄棕色物。
（2）取本品粉末2g，加石油醚（60～90℃）10ml，浸泡10分钟，超声处理10分钟，滤过，弃去石油醚液，药渣晾干，加乙醚20ml，浸泡1小时，超声处理15分钟，滤过，滤液浓缩至2ml，作为供试品溶液。另取大枣对照药材2g，同法制成对照药材溶液。再取齐墩果酸对照品、白桦脂酸对照品，加乙醇分别制成每1ml各含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取供试品溶液和对照药材溶液各10μl、上述两种对照品溶液各4μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-冰醋酸（14：4：0.5）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液，加热至斑点显色清晰，分别置日光和紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的斑点或荧光斑点。

检查 Examination

总灰分 Total ash

不得过2.0%（通则2302）。
Not more than 2.0 per cent <2302>.

黄曲霉毒素 Aflatoxins

照黄曲霉毒素测定法（通则2351）测定。
本品每1000g含黄曲霉毒素B1不得过5μg，黄曲霉毒素G2、黄曲霉毒素G1、黄曲霉毒素B2和黄曲霉毒素B1的总量不得过10μg。

饮片 Prepared slices

大枣 Chinese Date

炮制 Processing

除去杂质，洗净，晒干。用时破开或去核。
Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, dry in the sun. Cut or remove the kernel before use.

性 Property

温。
Warm.

味 Flavor

甘。
Sweet.

归经 Meridian tropism

归脾、胃、心经。
Spleen, stomach and heart meridians.

功能 Actions

补中益气，养血安神。
To tonify the middle energizer, tonify qi, nourish the blood, and tranquilize the mind.

主治 Indications

用于脾虚食少，乏力便溏，妇人脏躁。
Reduced food intake caused by spleen deficiency, lack of strength, sloppy stool, and women hysteria.

用量 Dosage

6～15g。
6-15 g.

用法 Administration

无特殊要求。
No special requirements.

贮藏 Storage

置干燥处，防蛀。
Preserve in a dry place, and protect from moth.