大丁草，中药材名。为菊科植物大丁草Gerbera anandria (L.) Sch.-Bip.的全草。具有清热利湿，解毒消肿的功效。主治肺热咳嗽，湿热泻痢，热淋，风湿关节痛，痈疖肿毒，臁疮，虫蛇咬伤，烧烫伤，外伤出血。
Da-ding-cao, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. Gerbera anandria (L.) Sch.-Bip.), the whole plant of the Asteraceae plant Gerbera anandria (L.) Sch.-Bip. It has the functions of clearing heat, promoting diuresis, detoxification, and reducing swelling. It is mainly used for treating lung heat cough, damp-heat diarrhea, hot strangury, rheumatic arthralgia, carbuncle and sores, furuncle, sore, insect or snake bites, burns, and bleeding from external injuries.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

清热利湿，解毒消肿。
Clearing heat, promoting diuresis, detoxifying, and reducing swelling.

主治 Indications

肺热咳嗽，湿热泻痢，热淋，风湿关节痛，痈疖肿毒，臁疮，虫蛇咬伤，烧烫伤，外伤出血。
Lung heat cough, damp-heat diarrhea, heat lin syndrome, rheumatic joint pain, carbuncle swelling and toxicity, anal fistula, insect or snake bite, burns, and bleeding from external injuries.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，15-30g；或泡酒。外用：捣敷。
Internal use: Decoction, 15-30g; or soak in alcohol. External use: Crush and apply as a poultice.

化学成分 Chemical Components

地上部分含香豆素类化合物：5-甲基香豆素-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙，大丁双香豆素，3,8-二羟基-4-甲氧基香豆素，5,8-二羟基-7-（4-羟基-5-甲基-香豆素基）-香豆素；又含野樱苷，大丁甙，大丁甙元，木犀草素-7-β-D-葡萄糖甙，大丁纤维二糖甙，大丁龙胆二糖甙，蒲公英赛醇，β-谷甾醇，3,8-二羟基-4-甲氧基-2-氧代-2H-1-苯并吡喃-5-羟酸。
The aboveground part contains coumarin compounds: 5-methylcoumarin-4-O-β-D-pyranoglucoside, sophoradin, 3,8-dihydroxy-4-methoxycoumarin, 5,8-dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methylcoumarinyl)-coumarin; also contains prunasin, sophoricoside, sophoricoside aglycone, luteolin-7-β-D-glucoside, sophorose disaccharide, swertisin, taraxasterol, β-sitosterol, 3,8-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-5-oic acid.

药理作用 Pharmacological Effects

1. 抗菌作用：体外试验（杯碟法），大丁草水煎剂（10%-50%），大丁甙和甙元（5×10⁻⁴–2×10⁻³），大丁草成分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ、Ⅸ以及乙醇提取物中分离的结晶5-甲基香豆素-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙对金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌等均显示有不同程度的抗菌活性。

2. Antibacterial effects: In vitro experiments (agar diffusion method) showed that the decoction of Gerbera anandria (10%-50%), sophoricoside and its aglycone (5×10⁻⁴–2×10⁻³), components I, II, III, VI, IX of Gerbera anandria, and the crystalline 5-methylcoumarin-4-O-β-D-glucoside isolated from ethanol extract exhibited varying degrees of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other bacteria.

3. 对网状内皮系统吞噬作用：大丁甙20-56mg/kg腹腔注射能增加家兔及小鼠网状内皮系统的吞噬功能。

4. Phagocytic effect on reticuloendothelial system: Sophoricoside administered intraperitoneally at doses of 20–56 mg/kg enhances the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system in rabbits and mice.

毒理作用 Toxicological Effects

毒性：大丁甙给小鼠腹腔注射200-500mg/kg，3天内无死亡；给家兔静注20mg/kg，每日2次，连续7天，血液及肝肾功能未见异常。
Toxicity: Intraperitoneal administration of sophoricoside to mice at doses of 200–500 mg/kg caused no deaths within 3 days. Intravenous injection in rabbits at 20 mg/kg twice daily for 7 consecutive days showed no abnormalities in blood, liver, or kidney function.

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

1. 《贵州民间药物》：治风湿麻木。

2. Guizhou Folk Medicine: Treats rheumatism and numbness.

3. 《江西草药》：清热解毒，消肿散结。

4. Jiangxi Herbal Medicine: Clears heat, detoxifies, reduces swelling, and disperses nodules.

5. 《贵州草药》：驱风除湿，止咳喘，解毒。

6. Guizhou Herbal Medicine: Expels wind and dampness, relieves cough and wheezing, and detoxifies.

7. 《北方常用中草药手册》：能消炎，解毒，利水。治尿路感染，浮肿，乳痈，疔疮，淋巴结结核，无名肿毒，鲜品捣烂外敷，可治毒蛇咬伤。

8. Handbook of Common Chinese Medicinal Herbs in the North: Has anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, and diuretic effects. Used to treat urinary tract infections, edema, breast abscesses, boils, lymph node tuberculosis, unidentified swellings and toxins. The fresh herb can be mashed and applied externally to treat snake bites.

9. 《四川中药志》1982年版：“清热利湿，解毒消肿，止咳止血。主治湿热泻痢，热淋，下肢关节红肿疼痛，肺热咳嗽，烧烫伤，外伤出血。”

10. Sichuan Chinese Materia Medica (1982 edition): "Clears heat, promotes diuresis, detoxifies, reduces swelling, stops coughing, and stops bleeding. Mainly used for damp-heat dysentery, heat-induced urinary disorders, red and swollen joint pain in lower limbs, lung-heat cough, burns, and external bleeding."

11. 《中国民族药志》：消食化积，行气止痛，清热解毒，止痢。

12. Chinese Ethnic Medicine Records: Promotes digestion, resolves food stagnation, regulates qi, relieves pain, clears heat, detoxifies, and stops dysentery.

临床应用 Clinical Applications

1. 治慢性肠炎：大丁草、仙鹤草各15g。煎服。每日2次，1–2日为1个疗程。（《中国民族药志》）

2. Treatment of chronic enteritis: 15g each of Gerbera anandria and Agrimonia pilosa. Decoct and take orally twice daily; one course lasts 1–2 days. (Chinese Ethnic Medicine Records)

3. 治湿热泻痢：大丁草、铁苋、三棵针各15g。水煎服。

4. Treatment of damp-heat diarrhea: 15g each of Gerbera anandria, Aerva lanata, and Berberis spp. Decoct and take orally.

5. 治肺热咳嗽：大丁草、兔耳草（毛大丁草）、桑白皮各15g。水煎服。（2、3方出自《四川中药志》1982年版）

6. Treatment of lung-heat cough: 15g each of Gerbera anandria, Lagotis brachystachya (hairy Gerbera), and Morus alba bark. Decoct and take orally. (Prescriptions 2 and 3 are from the 1982 edition of Sichuan Chinese Materia Medica)

7. 治毒蛇咬伤：丁萝卜（鲜）适量，雄黄少许，捣烂，加口涎调匀，敷伤口周围。另用丁萝卜根（鲜）9g，嚼烂，冷开水送服。（《江西草药》）

8. Treatment of snakebite: Apply adequate fresh Dingluobo with a small amount of realgar, mashed and mixed with saliva, around the wound. Additionally, chew 9g of fresh Dingluobo root and swallow with cold boiled water. (Jiangxi Herbal Medicine)

9. 治外伤出血：①大丁草适量。研末，撒伤口。（《全国中草药汇编》）②大丁草、马兰叶、白及各等分。研末，撒布患处。（《四川中药志》1982年版）

10. Treatment of external bleeding: ① Use adequate Gerbera anandria, grind into powder, and sprinkle on the wound. (National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine) ② Equal parts of Gerbera anandria, Kalimeris indica leaves, and Bletilla striata. Grind into powder and apply to affected area. (Sichuan Chinese Materia Medica, 1982 edition)

11. 治风湿麻木：豹子药30g。泡酒服，适量。（《贵州草药》）

12. Treatment of rheumatism and numbness: Soak 30g of leopard medicine in liquor and take orally as needed. (Guizhou Herbal Medicine)

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：7–9月采收，鲜用或晒干。
Harvesting and processing: Harvest from July to September; use fresh or sun-dried.

药材鉴别 Medicinal Material Identification

药材性状：本品卷缩成团，枯绿色。根茎短，下生多数细须根。植株有大小之分，基生叶丛生，莲座状；叶片椭圆状宽卵形，长2–5.5cm，先端钝圆，基部心形，边缘浅齿状。花葶长8–19cm，有的具白色蛛丝毛，有条形苞叶。头状花序单生，直径约2cm，小植株花序边缘为舌状花，淡紫红色，中央花管状，黄色；大植株仅有管状花。瘦果纺锤形，两端收缩。气微，味辛辣、苦。
Characteristics: The herb is rolled into a ball, with a withered green color. Short rhizome bearing numerous fine fibrous roots. Plants vary in size; basal leaves form rosettes. Leaf blades are broadly ovate to elliptic, 2–5.5cm long, blunt at apex, heart-shaped at base, with shallow serrations. Flower stalks 8–19cm long, sometimes covered with white silky hairs, bearing linear bracts. Solitary head-like inflorescence about 2cm in diameter; smaller plants have marginal ligulate flowers (pale purplish-red) and central tubular yellow flowers; larger plants bear only tubular flowers. Achene spindle-shaped, tapering at both ends. Slight odor, pungent and bitter taste.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：菊科大丁草属植物大丁草（Gerbera anandria (Don) Sch.-Bip.）。
Plant species: Gerbera anandria (Don) Sch.-Bip., belonging to the Asteraceae family.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

多年生草本。植株有二型：春型株矮小，高8–20cm。叶广卵形或椭圆状广卵形，长2–6cm，宽1.5–5cm，先端钝，基部心形或有时羽裂；头状花序紫红色；舌状花长10–12mm；管状花长约7mm。秋型植株高大，高30–60cm；叶片倒披针状长椭圆形或椭圆状广卵形，长5–6cm，宽3–5.5cm，通常提琴状羽裂，先端裂片卵形，边缘有不规则圆齿，基部常狭窄下延成柄；头状花序紫红色，全为管状花。瘦果长4.5–6mm，有纵条纹；冠毛长4–5mm，污白色或黄棕色。春花期4–5月，秋花期8–11月。
Perennial herb with two growth forms: Spring type is small, 8–20cm tall. Leaves broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, 2–6cm long, 1.5–5cm wide, blunt at apex, cordate or sometimes pinnately lobed at base; inflorescences purple-red; ligulate flowers 10–12mm long; tubular flowers ~7mm long. Autumn type is taller, 30–60cm; leaves oblanceolate-elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 5–6cm long, 3–5.5cm wide, usually lyrate-pinnatifid, terminal lobe ovate, margins irregularly crenate, base narrowed and decurrent into petiole; inflorescences purple-red, composed entirely of tubular flowers. Achenes 4.5–6mm long, longitudinally striated; pappus 4–5mm long, dirty white or yellowish-brown. Flowering occurs from April to May (spring) and August to November (autumn).

分布区域 Distribution Area

分布于我国南北各地。
Distributed throughout China, including northern and southern regions.

生长环境 Growing Environment

生于山坡路旁、林边、草地、沟边等阴湿处。
Grows in moist, shady places such as roadsides, forest margins, grasslands, and ditches.