印加萝卜（Lepidium meyenii，又名玛咖）为一年生至多年生的草本或半灌木，常具单毛、腺毛及柱状毛；茎可单一或多数并具分枝。以块根入药。
Lepidium meyenii (also known as Maca) is an annual to perennial herb or semi-shrub, often with simple hairs, glandular hairs, and columnar hairs; the stem can be single or multiple with branches. The root tuber is used for medicinal purposes.

印加萝卜块根（NMM-0B9E，玛咖） Lepidium meyenii Root-tuber(NMM-0B9E, Ma-ka)

概述 Overview

印加萝卜（Lepidium meyenii，又名玛咖）为一年生至多年生的草本或半灌木，常具单毛、腺毛及柱状毛；茎可单一或多数并具分枝。以块根入药。
Lepidium meyenii (also known as Maca) is an annual to perennial herb or semi-shrub, often with simple hairs, glandular hairs, and columnar hairs; the stem can be single or multiple with branches. The root tuber is used for medicinal purposes.

形态 Morphology

1. 块根 1. Root Tuber

玛咖是独行菜属中具有肥厚下胚轴的物种。下胚轴与根部融合，形成粗糙的倒梨形块根；其形状与体积差异较大，可为三角形、椭圆形或矩形。
Maca is the only Lepidium species that develops a thickened hypocotyl. The hypocotyl merges with the root to form a rough, inverted-pear-shaped tuber whose size and shape vary greatly—triangular, elliptical or rectangular forms are common.

2. 颜色与品系 2. Colour & Cultivars

下胚轴颜色可呈金色、淡黄色、红色、紫色、蓝色、黑色或绿色。每一株都视为独特的基因型；根色等性状因其营养或药用差异而被人工定向选育。秘鲁最常见淡黄色块根，其形状与风味亦最佳。
The tuber can be golden, pale yellow, red, purple, blue, black or green. Each plant is regarded as a unique genotype. Traits—especially root colour—are deliberately selected for distinct nutritional and medicinal properties. In Peru, pale-yellow roots are the most common and are considered superior in shape and flavour.

3. 叶 3. Leaves

叶片草质至纸质，形状自线状钻形至宽椭圆形不等；边缘可全缘、具锯齿或羽状深裂。叶具叶柄，或基部深心形抱茎。
Leaves are herbaceous to papery, varying from linear-lanceolate to broadly elliptic. Margins may be entire, serrate or pinnately lobed. The blades are petiolate or clasp the stem with a deeply cordate base.

4. 花 4. Flowers

总状花序顶生或腋生；萼片长方形或线状披针形，微凹且无囊状基部，边缘常呈白或红色；花瓣白色，偶见粉红至淡黄色，线形至匙形，稍短于萼片，有时退化或缺失；雄蕊 6 枚，常退化为 2–4 枚，基部间具微小蜜腺；花柱极短或缺失，柱头头状，偶稍二裂；子房含 2 胚珠。
Racemes arise terminally or axillarily. Sepals are oblong or linear-lanceolate, slightly concave, without a saccate base and edged white or red. Petals are white—occasionally pinkish or pale yellow—linear to spatulate and shorter than the sepals, sometimes reduced or absent. Six stamens are typical, but they often regress to two or four; minute nectaries occur between their bases. The style is very short or absent with a capitate, occasionally bifid stigma, and the ovary bears two ovules.

5. 果实与种子 5. Fruit & Seeds

短角果呈卵形、倒卵形、圆形或椭圆形，扁平，成熟后开裂；果瓣具窄隔膜并具龙骨状突起，或上端具小翅。种子卵形或椭圆形，可无翅或有翅；子叶背倚胚根（极少缘倚）。
The silique-like fruits are ovate, obovate, orbicular or elliptic and flattened, dehiscing at maturity. Valves possess a narrow septum and a keeled ridge, sometimes with small wings near the apex. Seeds are ovoid or ellipsoid, wingless or winged; cotyledons are incumbent on the radicle (rarely accumbent).

6. 地上与地下部尺寸 6. Dimensions

地下块根长 10–14 cm、最宽处直径 3–5 cm，周长约 15 cm，形似小萝卜；自然界常见黄色或紫色两型，质地致密而坚实。须根细白，最长可达 15 cm，向四周大量分布。地上叶长 20–23 cm，二回羽状分裂，裂片长 8–13 cm、宽约 3 cm，叶柄粗壮可超过 10 cm；二级茎分枝后长 10–16 cm。
The subterranean swollen root measures 10–14 cm in length, 3–5 cm in maximum diameter and about 15 cm in girth, resembling a small radish. In nature, yellow and purple morphs predominate; the tissue is dense and firm. Fine white fibrous roots up to 15 cm extend in all directions. Aerial leaves reach 20–23 cm; blades are twice-pinnatifid with segments 8–13 cm long and ~3 cm wide. Petioles are stout and can exceed 10 cm; secondary branches grow 10–16 cm long.

药用价值 Medicinal Value

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1. 调节情绪与睡眠 1. Mood Regulation & Sleep

玛咖可迅速缓解压力、抑制焦虑并改善睡眠质量。在秘鲁，玛咖被视为舒解压力、消除焦虑以及缓解失眠多梦的草药佳品。
Maca rapidly relieves stress, suppresses anxiety and improves sleep quality. In Peru it is prized as an herbal remedy for easing tension, dispelling worry and alleviating insomnia with excessive dreaming.

2. 提升认知 2. Cognitive Enhancement

服用后可使头脑清晰、增强记忆力。
It is reputed to clear the mind and enhance memory.

3. 补充能量与抗疲劳 3. Energy & Anti-fatigue

玛咖生于贫瘠高原，需巨大的能量才能生长；因此其块根可提供高热量，能迅速补充体力、消除疲劳并恢复精力，而且极少检出违禁兴奋剂成分。
Growing on barren high-altitude plateaus, maca accumulates substantial energy; a typical serving supplies a large caloric load, making it a fast-acting, fatigue-relieving tonic that rarely triggers banned-substance tests.

4. 增强免疫与生殖健康 4. Immunity & Reproductive Health

玛咖有助于提升免疫力，促进精子及卵子的数量与活性，进而改善受孕率，并可激活性能力。
Maca supports immunity, increases both sperm and ova number and vitality, thereby aiding conception, and can stimulate sexual function.

5. 根色与功效差异 5. Root Colour & Effects

深色块根（红、紫、黑）含碘较高；黑色品系被视为强壮与精力的象征，兼具甜味与微苦。红色品系尤受欢迎，动物实验显示其可缓解雄鼠前列腺肥大。
Darker-coloured roots—red, purple, black—contain more iodine. Black maca is regarded as a tonic for strength and stamina, tasting both sweet and slightly bitter. Red maca is popular; clinical evidence in rodents indicates it can ameliorate prostate hyperplasia.

分布范围 Geographic Distribution

玛咖原产南美洲安第斯山脉，现亦见于中国云南丽江玉龙雪山及西藏等高海拔地区。
Native to the Andes of South America, maca is now also cultivated at high elevations in locales such as Yulong Snow Mountain in Lijiang, Yunnan, and in Tibet, China.

1. 高海拔、低纬度 1. High Altitude & Low Latitude

适生海拔 ≥ 3 000 m，纬度 25–30°；年均气温 5–10 ℃，9 月平均最高温 ≤ 18 ℃。若海拔降低或温度过高，植株呼吸增强、养分消耗大、块根难以膨大，产量与品质下滑且病虫害增多。
High altitude (≥ 3 000 m) and low-latitude (25–30°) zones are required. The annual mean temperature ranges 5–10 ℃ and September highs stay ≤ 18 ℃. Lower altitudes or warmer climates increase respiration and nutrient loss, hampering tuber enlargement, reducing yield and quality, and increasing pests and diseases.

2. 大温差、湿度高 2. Large Diurnal Range & High Humidity

昼夜温差 ≥ 30 ℃，且伴强风与湿润环境。年降水量 800–1 000 mm、空气相对湿度 60–80%。7–11 月土壤含水量宜 20–30%；低于 20% 则生长受阻，过湿则易生根腐病。
A diurnal temperature range of ≥ 30 ℃, strong winds and humid air are favourable. Annual rainfall should be 800–1 000 mm with 60–80 % relative humidity. From July to November soil moisture should remain 20–30 %; values < 20 % hinder growth, whereas excess water predisposes roots to rot.

3. 土壤肥沃且无污染 3. Fertile, Unpolluted Soil

玛咖对土壤肥力及环境污染极为敏感；休耕不足会降低品质与产量。
Maca is highly sensitive to soil fertility and environmental pollution; insufficient fallow periods diminish both quality and yield.

4. 酸性土壤（pH ≈ 5.0） 4. Acidic Soil (pH ≈ 5.0)

玛咖适应酸性土壤，pH 5.0 条件下几乎无其他作物竞争，病虫害亦大为减少。
It thrives in acidic soil (around pH 5.0), where few other crops survive and pests are minimal.

5. 充足生长期 5. Sufficient Growing Season

每年 10–12 月若出现冻土则不利于玛咖完成整个生长周期。
Regions with frozen soil from October to December cannot provide the uninterrupted growing season that maca requires.