笔筒草，中药名。为木贼科木贼属植物节节草Hippochaete ramosissima（Desf.）Boerner[Equisetum ramosissimum Desf.]的全草。具有清热明目，止血利尿的功效。主治风热感冒，咳嗽，目赤肿痛，云翳，鼻衄，尿血，肠风下血，淋证，黄疸，带下，骨折。
Bi-tong-cao, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. the whole plant of Hippochaete ramosissima (Desf.) Boerner [Equisetum ramosissimum Desf.] in the Equisetaceae family, has the effects of clearing heat, improving vision, stopping bleeding, and promoting urination. It is used to treat wind-heat type of common cold, cough, red and painful eyes, cataract, epistaxis, hematuria, intestinal bleeding due to intestinal wind, urinary tract infection, jaundice, leukorrhea, and bone fractures.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

清热明目，止血利尿。
Clearing heat, improving vision, stopping bleeding, and promoting diuresis.

主治 Indications

风热感冒，咳嗽，目赤肿痛，云翳，鼻衄，尿血，肠风下血，淋证，黄疸，带下，骨折。
Wind-heat common cold, cough, red and swollen eyes with pain, pterygium, epistaxis, hematuria, blood in stool due to intestinal wind, gonorrhea, jaundice, abnormal vaginal discharge, and bone fracture.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

1、内服：煎汤，9-30g，鲜品30-60g。2、外用：捣敷；或研末撒。

1. Internal use: Decoction, 9-30g dried herb, 30-60g fresh herb. 2. External use: Crush and apply as a poultice; or grind into powder for sprinkling.

化学成分 Chemical Composition

全草含生物碱类：烟碱，犬问荆碱。含黄酮类：山柰酚-3-槐糖苷-7-葡萄糖苷，山柰酚。含甾醇类：谷甾醇，豆甾醇。
The whole plant contains alkaloids such as nicotine and anabasine. It also contains flavonoids such as kaempferol-3-rutinoside-7-glucoside and kaempferol. Additionally, it contains sterols such as beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol.

药理作用 Pharmacological Effects

猪皮下注射南非洲产笔筒草绿色部分的醇浸剂可引起惊厥和死亡。
Subcutaneous injection of the alcohol extract from the green part of the South African Equisetum hyemale can cause convulsions and death in pigs.

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

1、《草木便方》：“治跌伤，通气，明目，利九窍，消积滞，止嗽化痰。”
2、《天宝本草》：“治赤白云翳，去风，清火，除湿气，通淋证并滞塞。”

1. "Grass and Wood Prescriptions": "Treat falls and injuries, promote qi circulation, improve vision, benefit the nine orifices, resolve stagnation, stop coughing and transform phlegm."
2. "Tianbao Materia Medica": "Treat red and white cloudiness in the eyes, dispel wind, clear heat, eliminate dampness, treat urinary disorders and blockages."
3. "Classification of Medicinal Properties of Herbs": "Calm stomach fire in men, nourish blood and qi in women."
4. "Sichuan Herbal Medicine Records" 1960 edition: "Clear heart fire, dispel damp-heat, scatter cloudiness in the eyes. Treat sudden flaming eye conditions, dry and painful eyes with excessive tearing, red and swollen eyes, and also nosebleeds."
5. "Chongqing Herbal Medicine": "Clear dry-heat, disperse eye cloudiness, and also have the functions of nourishing essence and blood. Treat stomach fire in men, blood and qi deficiency in women after illness (or deficiency fire), children with sniffling noses (nasal congestion) or constantly runny clear nasal discharge, turbid discharge."
6. "Hunan Pharmacopoeia": "Stop bleeding, relieve fever, promote diuresis. Mainly used for women with menorrhagia and muscle and bone pain."
7. "Tianmu Mountain Medicinal Plants Records": "Treat dysentery, acute urinary retention, lower back pain, and fractures."
8. "Zhejiang Folk Commonly Used Prescriptions": "Treat acute and chronic nephritis, pyelonephritis, chronic infectious hepatitis, and hematuria."
9. "Anhui Herbal Medicine": "Relax muscles and dispel wind. Treat wind-heat colds."
10. "National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicines": "Mainly used for treating coughs and bronchitis."

临床应用 Clinical Applications

治疗慢性气管炎：制剂与用法：㈠煎剂：干节节草1大两，加水700毫升，浸泡半小时，煮沸5～8分钟，每次200～300毫升，日服2～3次。㈡片剂：每片0.5克（24片相当于生药1大两），每次4片，日服3次。㈢针剂：每支3毫升（每毫升含生药4克），每日肌肉注射1支。均以10天为一疗程，可连续用三个疗程。
Treatment of chronic bronchitis: Formulations and dosage: ① Decoction: 30g dried Equisetum arvense, add 700 ml water, soak for half an hour, boil for 5–8 minutes, take 200–300 ml each time, 2–3 times daily. ② Tablets: Each tablet 0.5 g (24 tablets equivalent to 30g crude herb), take 4 tablets each time, 3 times daily. ③ Injection: 3 ml per vial (each ml contains 4g crude herb), intramuscular injection once daily. Each course lasts 10 days, up to three consecutive courses.

疗效：煎剂治疗1103例，近期控制295例，显效267例，好转381例，总有效率为85.5％。片剂治疗105例，近期控制23例，显效17例，好转44例，总有效率为80％。针剂治疗149例，近期控制43例，显效42例，好转68例，总有效率为94.7％，一般在注射24小时后可见效。综观针剂的疗效最好，煎剂次之，片剂最差；疗效一般随着疗程的增加而逐渐上升，随病情的加重而疗效下降；夏季和春季疗效较高，冬季最差；对单纯型的疗效较高，喘息型较差；对无并发症者的疗效高于并发肺气肿者；对咳、痰、喘、罗音均有一定疗效，而以罗音消失的近期控制率最高；年龄大者疗效稍低。
Efficacy: Decoction treated 1103 cases, achieving recent control in 295, marked improvement in 267, improvement in 381, total effective rate 85.5%. Tablets treated 105 cases, with 23 under control, 17 markedly improved, 44 improved, total effective rate 80%. Injections treated 149 cases, with 43 under control, 42 markedly improved, 68 improved, total effective rate 94.7%, usually effective within 24 hours. Overall, injections show best efficacy, followed by decoctions, tablets least effective; efficacy improves with more courses but declines with worsening condition; higher in summer and spring, lowest in winter; better in simple type than asthmatic; better in uncomplicated cases than those with emphysema; effective for cough, sputum, wheezing, and rales, highest control rate in rale disappearance; slightly lower in elderly patients.

副作用：少数人短时间出现口干、腹部不适，但不影响继续服药。对肝肾及造血系统无毒性作用。
Side effects: A few individuals may experience temporary dry mouth or abdominal discomfort, but this does not affect continued medication. No toxic effects on liver, kidneys, or hematopoietic system.

相关配伍 Relevant Compatibility

1、治急性结膜炎：节节草9g，菊花6g。水煎服。（《湖北中草药志》）
2、治膀胱湿热，小便淋涩疼痛，尿血：笔筒草30g，尿珠根30g，白茅根30g，川牛膝10g。水煎服。（《四川中药志》1979年版）

1. For acute conjunctivitis: 9g Equisetum arvense, 6g Chrysanthemum. Decoct and take orally. ("Hubei Zhongcaoyao Zhi")
2. For bladder damp-heat, painful urination, and hematuria: 30g Equisetum hyemale, 30g Dianthus superbus, 30g Imperata cylindrica, 10g Achyranthes bidentata. Decoct and take orally. ("Sichuan Zhongyaozhi", 1979)
3. For acute urinary retention: 30g Equisetum arvense, 15g rock sugar. Decoct with water and take orally. ("Fujian Minjian Caoyao")
4. For dysentery: 90–120g roots of Equisetum hyemale, with equal amount of Patrinia scabiosaefolia. Decoct and take orally. For bloody dysentery, add white sugar; for white dysentery, add brown sugar; for mixed, equal parts. Take once before breakfast and dinner daily. ("Tianmu Shan Yao Yong Zhi")

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：7-11月采挖，鲜用或晾通风处阴干。
Harvesting and processing: collect from July to November, use fresh or shade-dry in a well-ventilated area.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：木贼科木贼属植物节节草。
Species: Equisetum arvense, family Equisetaceae.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

多年生常绿草本。茎高18-100cm或更高。根茎横走，黑色或黑褐色。地上茎绿色，直立，基部节上有分枝2-5，各分枝中空，枝上每节生小枝，稀无分枝，表面有棱脊6-20条；棱脊上有1列小疣状突起，沟内有气孔线1-4行。叶退化，轮生，下部联合成筒状鞘，鞘片背上无棱脊，鞘齿短三角形，黑色，有易落的膜质尖尾。孢子囊穗生在分枝及主茎顶端，长圆形，长0.5-2.5cm，有小尖头，无柄；孢子叶六角形，中央凹入，盾状着生，排列紧密，边缘生长形的孢子囊6-9；孢子同型，圆球状，有弹丝4，成十字形，平时紧绕在孢子外面，遇水即弹开。孢子期8-10月。
Perennial evergreen herb. Stem 18–100 cm tall or taller. Rhizomes horizontal, black or dark brown. Aerial stems green, erect, with 2–5 branches at base nodes; branches hollow, each node bearing small branches (rarely unbranched), with 6–20 ridges on surface; each ridge has a row of small wart-like projections, 1–4 rows of stomatal lines in grooves. Leaves reduced, whorled, fused at base into tubular sheaths; sheath backs lack ridges, teeth short triangular, black, with easily shed membranous tips. Spore cones terminal on main and lateral stems, oblong, 0.5–2.5 cm long, with small pointed tip, sessile; sporophylls hexagonal, centrally concave, peltate, tightly arranged, with 6–9 elongated sporangia on margin; spores homosporous, spherical, with 4 elaters forming a cross, coiled around spore when dry, uncoiling upon wetting. Sporulation period: August–October.

分布区域 Distribution Area

广布于全国各地。
Widely distributed throughout China.

生长环境 Growing Environment

生于路边、山坡草丛、溪旁、池沼边等地。
Found on roadsides, hillsides, grasslands, beside streams, ponds, and marshes.