夹竹桃，中药名。为夹竹桃科夹竹桃属植物夹竹桃Nerium indicum Mill.的叶及枝皮。具有强心利尿，祛痰定喘，镇痛，祛瘀的功效。主治心脏病心力衰竭，喘咳，癫痫，跌打肿痛，血瘀经闭。
Nerium indi, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. m Mill. (Jia-zhu-tao) refers to the leaves and bark of the plant Nerium indicum Mill. from the Apocynaceae family and Nerium genus. It has the effects of strengthening the heart, diuresis, resolving phlegm and relieving asthma, alleviating pain, and promoting blood circulation. It is mainly used to treat heart failure, coughing, epilepsy, bruises and swelling, and blood stasis with amenorrhea.

功效作用 功能
Efficacy and Functions

强心利尿，祛痰定喘，镇痛，祛瘀。主治
Tonifying the heart, diuresis, resolving phlegm, relieving asthma, alleviating pain, and promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis. Used for treating...

心脏病心力衰竭，喘咳，癫痫，跌打肿痛，血瘀经闭。用法用量
Heart failure, dyspnea and cough, epilepsy, bruises and swelling from falls, and blood stasis causing meridian blockage. Dosage and administration.

内服：煎汤，0.3-0.9g；研末，0.05-0.1g。外用：捣敷或制成面剂外涂。不良反应
Internal use: Decoction, 0.3-0.9g; Powder, 0.05-0.1g. External use: Crush and apply as a poultice or make into a paste for external application. Adverse reactions may occur.

毒性反应主要为头痛，恶心，呕吐，腹痛，腹泻，以及心律失常，传导阻滞。禁忌
Toxic reactions mainly include headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, as well as arrhythmia and conduction block. Contraindicated.

《浙江药用植物志》：“体弱者及孕妇忌服。”注意事项
"Zhejiang Medicinal Plants Compendium: Not suitable for individuals with weak constitution and pregnant women." Note:

本品有毒，应严格控制剂量。化学成分
This product is toxic and the dosage should be strictly controlled. Chemical composition.

1、树皮含强心苷：夹竹桃苷A、B、D、F、G、H、K，欧夹竹桃苷乙；三萜类：齐墩果酸，熊果酸等。2、叶含强心苷：夹竹桃苷，16-去乙酰基去水夹竹桃苷，欧夹竹桃苷乙，16-去氢欧夹竹桃苷乙，8β-羟基-16去氢-8β-羟基洋地黄毒苷，还含按树油，中性多糖NIB-1。药理作用

1. The bark contains cardiac glycosides: thevetin A, B, D, F, G, H, K, and peruvoside; triterpenes: oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, etc. 2. The leaves contain cardiac glycosides: thevetin, 16-deacetyl-16-hydroxythevetin, peruvoside, 16-dehydroperuvoside, 8β-hydroxy-16-dehydro-8β-hydroxydigitoxin, as well as resin, and neutral polysaccharide NIB-1. Pharmacological actions.

1、强心作用：本品含多种强心苷，具有显著的强心作用，皮及木心的作用较强，叶的作用次之，花的作用最弱。2、镇静作用：夹竹桃叶煎剂和醇提取物皮下注射能抑制小鼠自发活动，延长环己巴比妥的睡眠时间，拮抗咖啡因和苯丙胺所致活动亢进，镇静作用可能为所含强心苷或苷元所致。另外，夹竹桃叶煎剂1g/kg腹腔注射可明显延迟士的宁所致小鼠惊厥出现时间，表明其有镇静、抗惊厥作用。3、抗肿瘤作用：黄花夹竹桃苷（TS）0.05-0.14μg/mll体外对肝癌细胞SMMC-7721、胃癌细胞SGC-7901和宫颈癌细胞HeLa的Na+，K+-ATP酶活性有明显的抑制作用，可能是其抗肿瘤的机制之一。4、灭杀钉螺：0.01%，0.05%，0.10%和0.25%4个浓度夹竹桃叶水浸液均能浸杀钉螺，配合枫杨叶与土大黄全草可提高灭螺效果。5、其他作用：夹竹桃叶浸剂及醇提取液对大鼠和豚鼠均有显著利尿作用。红花夹竹桃含糖苷的提取物对大鼠子宫有催产作用，对小鼠则可引起流产，所含粗多糖对有丝分裂和巨噬细胞介导的细胞毒性有兴奋作用，在肿瘤坏死因子试验中亦呈现免疫兴奋作用。毒理作用

1. Cardiotonic effect: This product contains various cardiotonic glycosides, which have a significant cardiotonic effect. The effect of the bark and wood is stronger, followed by the leaves, and the flowers have the weakest effect. 2. Sedative effect: Oleander leaf decoction and subcutaneous injection of alcohol extract can inhibit spontaneous activity in mice, prolong the sleep time induced by hexobarbital, counteract hyperactivity induced by caffeine and amphetamine, and the sedative effect may be due to the contained cardiotonic glycosides or glycosides. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of 1g/kg of oleander leaf decoction can significantly delay the onset of pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in mice, indicating its sedative and anticonvulsant effects. 3. Antitumor effect: Yellow oleander glycoside (TS) at concentrations of 0.05-0.14μg/ml has a significant inhibitory effect on Na+, K+-ATPase activity in liver cancer cells SMMC-7721, gastric cancer cells SGC-7901, and cervical cancer cells HeLa in vitro, which may be one of its antitumor mechanisms. 4. Snail-killing effect: Water extracts of oleander leaves at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.25% can all kill snails, and when combined with maple leaves and rhubarb whole grass, the snail-killing effect can be enhanced. 5. Other effects: Oleander leaf decoction and alcohol extracts have significant diuretic effects on rats and guinea pigs. Extracts of red oleander glycosides have oxytocic effects on the uterus of rats and can cause abortion in mice. The contained crude polysaccharides have excitatory effects on mitosis and macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity, and also exhibit immunostimulatory effects in tumor necrosis factor tests. Toxic effects are also mentioned.

猫静滴夹竹桃苷的毒性反应主要是恶心、呕吐，多数猫在给药后尿量增多，精神呈抑制状态，活动减少，嗜睡，食欲不振，严重者发生惊厥而死亡。麻醉犬（体重8kg）静滴1：20000夹竹桃苷1ml/min，8min后，先发生心率减慢、血压略有升高，继续静滴，12min后心缩不规则，20min后发生传导阻滞，心率却逐渐增加，42min时心跳停止于舒张期。相关论述
The toxic reactions of cats to oleandrin mainly include nausea, vomiting, increased urine output in most cats after administration, a state of mental depression, decreased activity, lethargy, loss of appetite, and in severe cases, seizures leading to death. In anesthetized dogs (weighing 8kg) receiving an intravenous drip of 1:20000 oleandrin at a rate of 1ml/min, after 8 minutes, there is initially a slowing of heart rate, slight increase in blood pressure, and upon continued infusion, irregular heart contractions occur at 12 minutes, followed by conduction block at 20 minutes. Surprisingly, the heart rate gradually increases despite the block, and at 42 minutes, the heart stops beating during diastole. This is a summary of the relevant discussion.

1、《岭南采药录》：“堕胎，通经。”2、《广西中药志》：“（叶）有强心作用。民间用新鲜叶治跌打。”3、《湖南药物志》：“通利关节。主治心脏病，心力衰竭。”4、《云南中草药》：“祛风解痉，杀虫。”5、《青岛中草药手册》：“强心利尿。主治心脏病，心力衰竭，水肿。”6、《全国中草药汇编》：“祛痰杀虫。主治癫痫，外用治甲沟炎，斑秃。”临床应用 相关配伍

1. "Lingnan Materia Medica": "Induces abortion and regulates menstruation."2. "Guangxi Materia Medica": "(Leaves) have a strong heart-strengthening effect. Used by the folk to treat bruises with fresh leaves."3. "Hunan Materia Medica": "Promotes joint health. Used to treat heart disease and heart failure."4. "Yunnan Chinese Herbal Medicine": "Dispels wind, relieves spasms, and kills parasites."5. "Qingdao Chinese Herbal Medicine Handbook": "Strengthens the heart and promotes diuresis. Used to treat heart disease, heart failure, and edema."6. "National Chinese Herbal Medicine Compilation": "Clears phlegm and kills parasites. Used to treat epilepsy, externally for paronychia, and alopecia areata." Clinical applications and related compatibility.

1、治心力衰竭：夹竹桃叶粉末0.1g，加等量小苏打，装入胶囊。成人量：每日0.25-0.3g，分3次口服。症状改善后改为维持量，每日0.1g。（《福建药物志》）2、治哮喘：夹竹桃叶7片，粘米1小杯。同捣烂，加片糖煮粥食之，但不宜多服。（《岭南采药录》）3、治癫痫：（白花夹竹桃）小叶3片，铁落60g。水煎，日服3次，2天服完。（《云南中草药》）4、治化脓性感染：三季红鲜叶适量，捣成糊状，外敷患处，覆以纱布，再用橡皮胶贴牢，每日更换1-3次。伴有全身发热及有败血症预兆者，同时用其他方法联合治疗。[《中草药通讯》1977，（5）：35]5、治斑秃：夹竹桃老叶（11-12月雨后采），阴干，研末，过筛，装有色瓶内，用乙醇泡浸1-2星期，配成10%酊剂外搽。（《全国中草药汇编》）6、治秃疮，顽癣：夹竹桃花晒干研细末，加等量枯矾末和匀，以茶油调搽患处。（《安徽中草药》）加工炮制 采收加工

1. Treatment for heart failure: Powdered oleander leaves 0.1g, mixed with an equal amount of baking soda, and encapsulated. Adult dosage: 0.25-0.3g daily, taken orally in 3 divided doses. Once symptoms improve, switch to a maintenance dose of 0.1g daily. (From "Fujian Materia Medica")2. Treatment for asthma: 7 oleander leaves, 1 small cup of sticky rice. Crush together, cook with a piece of rock sugar to make porridge, but should not be consumed excessively. (From "Lingnan Medicinal Plant Collection")3. Treatment for epilepsy: (Nerium oleander) 3 small leaves, 60g of iron fall. Decoct in water, take 3 times a day, complete the course in 2 days. (From "Yunnan Chinese Herbal Medicine")4. Treatment for purulent infections: Adequate fresh leaves of Sanguisorba officinalis, mashed into a paste, apply externally to the affected area, cover with gauze, and secure with adhesive tape. Change 1-3 times daily. For those with systemic fever and signs of sepsis, combine with other treatment methods. (From "Chinese Herbal Medicine Newsletter" 1977, (5): 35)5. Treatment for alopecia areata: Oleander old leaves (harvested in November-December after rain), dried in the shade, ground into powder, sifted, stored in a colored bottle, soaked in ethanol for 1-2 weeks, formulated into a 10% tincture for external application. (From "National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine")6. Treatment for alopecia and stubborn tinea: Dry and grind oleander flowers into fine powder, mix with an equal amount of alum powder, and blend evenly, then apply to the affected area with tea oil. (From "Anhui Chinese Herbal Medicine") Processing and preparation: Harvesting and processing.

对2-3年生以上的植株，结合整枝修剪，采集叶片及枝皮，晒干或炕干。药材鉴别 药材性状
For plants that are 2-3 years old or older, combine pruning with the collection of leaves and branches, then air-dry or sun-dry them. This process is used for medicinal herb identification and characterization.

叶窄披针形，长可达15cm，宽约2cm，先端渐尖，基部楔形，全缘稍反卷，上面深绿色，下面淡绿色，主脉于下面凸起，侧脉细密而平行；具叶柄。厚革质而硬。气特异，味苦，有毒。植物学信息 植物种属
The leaves are narrow lanceolate, can grow up to 15cm long and about 2cm wide, with a gradually pointed tip and a wedge-shaped base. The entire margin is slightly rolled back, dark green on the upper surface and light green on the lower surface, with prominent main veins on the lower surface and fine parallel lateral veins. They have petioles, are thick, leathery, and hard. They have a unique smell, a bitter taste, and are toxic. Botanical information about the plant species.

夹竹桃科夹竹桃属植物夹竹桃。形态特征
Thevetia is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae.

常绿直立大灌木，高达5m。枝条灰绿色。叶3-4枚轮生，下枝为对生，叶柄扁平，长5-8cm；叶片窄披针形，长11-15cm，宽2-2.5cm；先端急尖，基部楔形，叶缘反卷，表面深绿色，背面淡绿色，有多数洼点，侧脉密生而平行，每边达120条，直达叶缘。顶生聚伞花序；着花数朵；苞片披针形；花萼5深裂，红色，内面基部具腺体；花芳香；花冠深红色或粉红色，单瓣或重瓣，花冠筒内被长柔毛，花冠裂片5，倒卵形；副花冠鳞片状，先端撕裂；雄蕊5，着生于花冠筒中部以上，花丝短，被长柔毛，花药箭头状，与柱头连生，基部具耳，药隔延长呈丝状；无花盘；心皮2，柱头近圆球形。蓇葖果2，平行或并连，长圆形，两端较窄，长10-23cm，绿色，无毛，具细纵条纹。种子长圆形，褐色，种皮被锈色短柔毛，先端具黄褐色绢质种毛。花期几乎全年，果期一般在冬、春季。栽培很少结果。分布区域
It is an evergreen, erect shrub, reaching up to 5m in height. The branches are grayish-green. The leaves are arranged in whorls of 3-4, with opposite pairs on lower branches. The leaf stalk is flat, 5-8cm long; the leaf blade is narrow lanceolate, 11-15cm long, 2-2.5cm wide, acute at the apex, and wedge-shaped at the base. The leaf margin is rolled back, the upper surface is deep green, the lower surface is light green, with numerous pits, and the lateral veins are densely parallel, up to 120 on each side, reaching the leaf margin. The flowers are borne in terminal umbels; several flowers per cluster; the bracts are lanceolate; the calyx is deeply 5-lobed, red, with glands at the base of the inner surface; the flowers are fragrant; the corolla is deep red or pink, single or double, with long soft hairs inside the corolla tube, 5 lobes, inverted ovate; the corona is scale-like, torn at the apex; the stamens are 5, attached above the middle of the corolla tube, with short filaments, covered with long soft hairs, the anthers are arrow-shaped, attached to the stigma, with ears at the base, the connective elongated into a thread-like structure; no disk; the ovary is 2-lobed, the stigma is nearly spherical. The fruit is in pairs, parallel or fused, oblong, narrower at both ends, 10-23cm long, green, hairless, with fine longitudinal stripes. The seeds are oblong, brown, with rust-colored short soft hairs on the seed coat, and yellow-brown silky hairs at the tip. It flowers almost all year round, with fruiting generally in winter and spring. It rarely bears fruit when cultivated. Distribution area.

全国各地均有栽培，尤以南方为多。生长见习
Cultivation can be found all over the country, especially in the southern regions. They are commonly seen growing in the wild.

喜温暖湿润、阳光充足的气候，较能耐干旱，不耐寒，具耐碱性，多生长于低海拔地区。繁殖方式
Prefers a warm, moist, and sunny climate, tolerates drought well but not cold, has alkaline resistance, and mostly grows in low-altitude areas. Method of reproduction.

扦插或压条繁殖，通常多以扦插育苗为主。栽培技术
Propagation by cutting or layering is usually done by cutting propagation. Cultivation techniques.

春季选取健壮枝条，截成15-20cm长的插条，将其1/3-1/2插入苗床中，保持湿度，在16-18℃下生根，待成活后移栽。
In spring, select strong branches, cut them into 15-20cm long cuttings, insert 1/3 to 1/2 of the cuttings into the seedbed, keep the humidity, root them at 16-18°C, and transplant them after they have taken root.