椒目，中药名。为芸香科花椒属植物花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.或青椒Z.schinifolium Sieb.et Zucc.的种子。具有利水消肿，祛痰平喘的功效。主治水肿胀满，哮喘。
Jiao-mu, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. It refers to the seeds of the plants Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. or Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb.et Zucc. in the Rutaceae family. It has the functions of promoting diuresis, reducing swelling, resolving phlegm, and relieving asthma. It is mainly used to treat edema, bloating, and asthma.

功效作用 功能
Efficacy, function.

利水消肿，祛痰平喘。主治
Promoting diuresis to reduce edema, resolving phlegm and relieving asthma. Mainly used for治疗。

水肿胀满，哮喘。用法用量
Edema and bloating, asthma. Dosage and administration.

内服：煎汤，2-5g；研末，1.5g；或制成丸、片、胶囊剂。外用：研末，醋调敷。注意事项
Internal use: decoction, 2-5g; powder, 1.5g; or formulated into pills, tablets, or capsules. External use: powder, mixed with vinegar for application. Precautions.

《医学入门》：“不宜久服。”药理作用
"Introduction to Medicine": "Not suitable for long-term use." Pharmacological effects

止咳、平喘作用：椒目醇提物灌胃对氨水引咳的小鼠、枸橼酸致咳的豚鼠均有镇咳作用。而椒目水提物却未见止咳作用。椒目醇提物、水提物灌胃对组胺所致豚鼠哮喘有平喘作用。醇提物灌胃还抑制卵蛋白液致豚鼠急性过敏性支气管痉挛。相关论述
Antitussive and bronchodilator effects: Intragastric administration of piperine extract has antitussive effects on mice induced to cough by ammonia and on guinea pigs induced to cough by citric acid. However, intragastric administration of piperine water extract did not show antitussive effects. Piperine extract and water extract administered intragastrically have bronchodilator effects on guinea pigs with histamine-induced asthma. Intragastric administration of the extract also inhibits acute allergic bronchospasm induced by ovalbumin in guinea pigs.

1、《本草经集注》：“利去水。”2、《新修本草》：“主水腹胀满，利小便。”3、《本草衍义》：“治盗汗。行水又治水蛊。”4、朱丹溪：“止气喘。”（引自《纲目》）5、《药性能毒》：“治痔瘘肿痛。”6、《眼科全书》：“除湿热，治盗汗，利渗有功，所以湿热下行，目自明。”7、《本草备要》：“治水臌，除胀，定喘，及肾虚耳鸣。”8、《医林纂要》：“坚肾，润命门，行淫水，安相火。”9、《本草求原》：“燥湿，消水蛊，妊娠水肿，水喘。”10、《杭州药用植物志》：“适用于心脏病水肿，膀胱炎，小便不利，及神经性喘息等。”临床应用 相关配伍

1. "Compendium of Materia Medica Annotations": "Beneficial for eliminating water."2. "Newly Revised Materia Medica": "Mainly used for abdominal distension due to water accumulation, and promotes urination."3. "Extended Interpretation of Materia Medica": "Treats night sweats. It can also dispel water toxins."4. Zhu Danxi: "Effective for relieving asthma." (quoted from "Outline of Essentials")5. "Pharmacological Properties and Toxicity": "Used for treating hemorrhoids, fistulas, swelling, and pain."6. "Complete Book of Ophthalmology": "Clears damp-heat, treats night sweats, promotes urination effectively. Therefore, by clearing damp-heat and promoting downward flow, the eyes will naturally brighten."7. "Essential Materia Medica": "Treats edema, relieves distension, stabilizes asthma, and alleviates tinnitus due to kidney deficiency."8. "Essentials of the Medical Forest": "Strengthens the kidneys, nourishes the 'Gate of Life,' regulates excessive sexual fluids, and calms internal heat."9. "Seeking the Origins of Materia Medica": "Dries dampness, dispels water toxins, treats edema during pregnancy, and relieves water-induced asthma."10. "Hangzhou Compendium of Medicinal Plants": "Suitable for cardiac edema, cystitis, urinary retention, and neurogenic dyspnea." Clinical applications and relevant compatibility.

1、治久水，腹肚如大鼓者：椒目（水沉者），取熬之，捣如膏油。服方寸匕。（千金方》）2、治腹满，口舌干燥，此肠间有水气：防己、椒目、葶苈（熬）、大黄各一两。上四味，末之，蜜丸如梧子大。先食饮服一丸，日三服；稍增，口中有津液渴者，加芒硝半两。（《金匮要略》己椒苈黄丸）3、治喘：椒目研极细末，一二钱，生姜汤调下止之。气虚不用。（《丹溪心法》）4、治暴宿食留饮：椒目二两，巴豆一两（去皮、心）。熬，捣，以枣膏丸如麻子。服二丸，下，痛止。（《肘后方》）5、治盗汗：椒目、麻黄根等分。为细末。每服一钱，无灰热酒食后调服。（《证治准绳》椒目散）6、治久年眼生黑花，不可见者：椒目（炒）一两，苍术（炒）二两。上为末，醋糊丸，梧桐子大。每服二十丸，醋汤送下。（《续本事方》）7、治妇人不问年老少，经血妄行如崩：川椒目微炒出汗，尽放地上出毒，为细末。用陈米一勺，乌梅半个，煎汤服。（《普济方》引《经验良方》）8、治痔瘘、脱肛：川椒目二钱。研末，空心，水送下。（《卫生易简方》）9、治疝气：（花椒）子3-6g。研末，开水吞服。（《湖南药物志》）加工炮制 采收加工

1. To treat edema with a bloated abdomen: Take Szechuan pepper (if it sinks in water), simmer it down and grind it into a paste-like consistency. Take one cubic centimeter spoonful. (From "Qian Jin Fang")2. To treat abdominal distension and dry mouth and tongue caused by water retention in the intestines: Take Fang Ji, Szechuan pepper, Tinglizi (simmered), and Da Huang, each one liang. Grind the four ingredients into powder, mix with honey into pill form the size of a wu zi seed. Take one pill before meals and drinks, three times a day. If there is thirst with salivation, add half a liang of Mang Xiao. (From "Jin Gui Yao Lue" - Ji Jiao Li Huang Wan)3. To treat asthma: Grind Szechuan pepper into a very fine powder, one to two qian, mix with fresh ginger soup and drink to stop it. Not suitable for Qi deficiency. (From "Dan Xi Xin Fa")4. To treat indigestion from overeating and retention of fluids: Take two liang of Szechuan pepper and one liang of Ba Dou (peeled and pitted). Simmer, grind, and make into pill form the size of sesame seeds with jujube paste. Take two pills to relieve pain. (From "Zhou Hou Fang")5. To treat night sweats: Take Szechuan pepper and Ma Huang roots in equal parts, grind into fine powder. Take one qian per dose, no greasy or hot food after taking with wine. (From "Zheng Zhi Zhun Sheng" - Jiao Mu San)6. To treat long-term vision problems with black spots obstructing vision: Take one liang of Szechuan pepper (stir-fried) and two liang of Cang Zhu (stir-fried). Grind into powder, make into vinegar pills the size of wu tong seeds. Take twenty pills per dose, followed by vinegar soup. (From "Xu Ben Shi Fang")7. To treat irregular menstruation with excessive bleeding: Slightly stir-fry Szechuan pepper to induce sweating, discard the impurities, and grind into fine powder. Use one spoonful of aged rice, half a Wu Mei, decoct and drink. (From "Pu Ji Fang" cited from "Jing Yan Liang Fang")8. To treat hemorrhoids and prolapse of the anus: Take two qian of Szechuan pepper from Sichuan, grind into powder, take on an empty stomach, and drink with water. (From "Wei Sheng Yi Jian Fang")9. To treat hernia: Take 3-6g of (Szechuan) peppercorn seeds, grind into powder, swallow with boiling water. (From "Hunan Materia Medica")

9-10月果实成熟时采摘，晾干，待果实开裂，果皮与种子分开时，取出种子。药材鉴别 药材性状
The fruits are harvested when they ripen in September and October, then dried. When the fruits crack open and the peel separates from the seeds, the seeds are removed. Medicinal materials identification and characteristics of medicinal materials.

种子椭圆形、类圆形或半球形，直径3-4mm，外表面黑色，具光泽，密布细小疣点。表皮脱落后露出黑色多边形网状纹理。种脐椭圆形，种脊明显。种皮质硬脆，剥除后可见淡黄色胚乳或子叶，胚乳发达；子叶肥厚，位于胚乳中央，有的种子内面大部中空，仅残留黄白色胚乳。气芳香浓烈，味辛辣凉口。植物学信息 植物种属
The seeds are elliptical, round, or hemispherical, with a diameter of 3-4mm. The outer surface is black, shiny, and covered with fine wart-like spots. After the skin peels off, a black polygonal mesh texture is revealed. The seed hilum is elliptical, and the seed ridge is prominent. The seed coat is hard and brittle, and after peeling, a light yellow endosperm or cotyledon can be seen, with a well-developed endosperm. The cotyledon is thick, located in the center of the endosperm, and in some seeds, most of the inner surface is hollow, with only remnants of yellowish-white endosperm. The plant has a strong aromatic scent, with a spicy and cool taste. Botanical information about the plant species.

芸香科花椒属植物花椒或青椒。形态特征
Zanthoxylum is a genus of plants in the Rutaceae family, which includes plants such as Sichuan pepper and green pepper. They have distinct morphological characteristics.

1、花椒：落叶灌木或小乔木，高3-7m。具香气。茎干通常有增大的皮刺，当年生枝具短柔毛。奇数羽状复叶互生；叶轴腹面两侧有狭小的叶翼，背面散生向上弯的小皮刺；叶柄两侧常有一对扁平基部特宽的皮刺；小叶无柄；叶片5-11，卵形或卵状长圆形，长1.5-7cm，宽1-3cm，先端急尖或短渐尖，通常微凹，基部楔尖，边缘具钝锯齿或为波状圆锯齿，齿缝处有大而透明的腺点，上面无刺毛，下面中脉常有斜向上生的小皮刺，基部两侧被一簇锈褐色长柔毛，纸质。聚伞圆锥花序顶生，长2-6cm，花轴密被短毛，花枝扩展；苞片细小，早落；花单性，花被片4-8，一轮，狭三角形或披针形，长1-2mm；雄花雄蕊4-8，通常5-7；雌花心皮4-6，通常3-4，无子房柄，花柱外弯，柱头头状。成熟心皮通常2-3，蓇葖果球形，红色或紫红色，密生粗大而凸出的腺点。种子卵圆形，直径约3.5mm，有光泽。花期4-6月，果期9-10月。2、青椒：与前种的区别在于，小叶片15-21，对生或近对生，呈不对称的卵形至椭圆状披针形，长1-3.5cm，宽0.5-1cm；主脉下陷，侧脉不明显。伞房状圆锥花序顶生；花被明显分为花萼和花瓣，排成两轮；无子房柄，蓇葖果表面草绿色、黄绿色至暗绿色，表面有细皱纹，腺点色深，呈点状下陷，先端有极短的喙状尖。花期8-9月；果期10-11月。分布区域

1. Sichuan Pepper: Deciduous shrub or small tree, 3-7m tall, with a fragrant aroma. The stem usually has enlarged thorns, and the young branches have short soft hairs. Odd-pinnate compound leaves are alternate; there are narrow leaf wings on both sides of the leaf axis, scattered small upward-bending thorns on the back, a pair of flat thorns with wide bases on both sides of the leaf stalk, stalkless leaflets, 5-11 leaflets, ovate or ovate-oblong, 1.5-7cm long, 1-3cm wide, acute or shortly acuminate at the apex, usually slightly concave, cuneate at the base, with obtuse serrations or wavy rounded serrations on the margin, large transparent glandular dots at the serration clefts, no prickles on the upper surface, small thorns slanting upward on the midrib on the lower surface, a cluster of rust-brown long soft hairs on both sides at the base, papery. Umbel-like corymbs at the apex, 2-6cm long, densely hairy flower axis, expanded flower branches; bracts small, early falling off; flowers unisexual, 4-8 tepals in one whorl, narrowly triangular or lanceolate, 1-2mm long; stamens 4-8, usually 5-7; carpels 4-6, usually 3-4, without ovary stalk, styles curved outward, stigma head-shaped. Mature carpels usually 2-3, fruit globose, red or purplish-red, densely covered with large prominent glandular dots. Seeds ovate, about 3.5mm in diameter, glossy. Flowering period is from April to June, and fruiting period is from September to October.2. Bell Pepper: The difference from the previous species is that there are 15-21 leaflets, opposite or nearly opposite, asymmetrical ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1-3.5cm long, 0.5-1cm wide; the midrib is sunken, and the lateral veins are not obvious. Umbel-like corymbs at the apex; the tepals are clearly divided into sepals and petals, arranged in two whorls; without ovary stalk, the fruit surface is grass green, yellow-green to dark green, with fine wrinkles on the surface, dark-colored glandular dots, slightly sunken in a dotted pattern, and a very short beak-like tip at the apex. Flowering period is from August to September; fruiting period is from October to November. Distribution area.

1、花椒：分布于中南、西南及辽宁、河北、陕西、甘肃、山东、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、西藏等地。2、青椒：分布于辽宁、河北、山东、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、河南、湖南、广东、广西等地。生长环境

1. Sichuan pepper: distributed in central and southern China, as well as Liaoning, Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Tibet, among other regions.2. Green pepper: distributed in Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and other regions. Growing environments.

1、花椒：喜生于阳光充足、温暖肥沃处，也有栽培。2、青椒：生于林缘、灌丛或坡地石旁。生长见习

1. Sichuan pepper: It prefers to grow in sunny, warm and fertile places, and can also be cultivated.2. Green pepper: It grows on the edge of forests, in thickets, or beside rocky slopes. It is adaptable to various growing conditions.

喜温暖湿润气候。喜阳光，不耐严寒，在-18℃幼苗枝条即受冻，成年树在-25℃低温亦会冻死。耐旱，较耐荫，不耐水湿，不抗风。对土壤适应性较强，以土层深厚、疏松肥沃的砂质壤土或壤土中生长良好，但在石灰岩发育的碱性土壤中生长最好，故多用钙质土山地造林。繁殖方式
Prefers a warm and humid climate. Enjoys sunlight but cannot tolerate severe cold; seedlings and branches will freeze at -18°C, while adult trees can die at temperatures as low as -25°C. Drought-resistant, relatively shade-tolerant, but sensitive to excessive moisture and wind. Shows strong adaptability to different types of soil, thriving in deep, loose, and fertile sandy loam or loam soil. It grows best in alkaline soils developed from limestone, hence often used for afforestation in calcium-rich mountainous areas. Reproduction methods.

用种子繁殖，育苗移栽法。栽培技术
Propagation by seeds, seedling cultivation and transplanting method. Cultivation techniques.

育苗移栽法：选优良品种的母株采种，9月上旬果皮呈紫红色，种皮呈蓝黑色时，分批采摘，放室内阴干，待自行开裂，取种子，扬净，放阴凉处贮藏备用。南方秋季随采随播；北方春季3-4月播种。种子处理，因种皮坚硬，含油质，透水性较差，需脱脂处理，一般用碱水溶液（2kg水加25g纯碱）浸泡2d，以盖没种子为度，搓洗，除去种皮油脂，捞出，备用。亦可在播种前先将种子催芽后再播种。可将种子用温沙层积堆放，每隔15d翻动1次，保持一定的湿度，待播前15d将其放在温暖处，覆草盖塑料薄膜，保湿，待种子萌动后播种。或者将种子浸2-3min，置40-50℃温水中4-5d，当种皮部分开裂时，放在温暖处，用湿布盖没，当种子露白后播种。育苗地，按行距25-30cm开条沟播种。每1h㎡用种量60-75kg。出苗后苗高3-5cm时，按株距10-15cm定苗。幼苗生长期追肥1-2次，并结合松土除草。苗高1m时移栽。冬季、早春、雨季均可定植，按行株距2m×1.5m或3m×1m开穴栽种。病虫防治
Nursery and Transplanting Method: Select seeds from superior mother plants of excellent varieties. In early September, when the fruit skin turns purple-red and the seed coat becomes blue-black, harvest in batches, dry in a shaded room until the fruit naturally cracks open, then collect the seeds, clean them, and store them in a cool place for later use. In the southern regions, seeds can be sown immediately after harvesting in autumn; in the northern regions, seeds are sown in spring from March to April. Due to the hard and oily seed coat with poor water permeability, seeds need to be de-fatted. Typically, soak the seeds in an alkaline solution (2 kg of water with 25g of caustic soda) for 2 days, ensuring the seeds are fully submerged, then rub and wash them to remove the oil from the seed coat, and set aside for later use. Alternatively, seeds can be pre-germinated before sowing. Seeds can be stacked in a warm sand layer, turned over every 15 days to maintain a certain level of humidity. 15 days before sowing, place them in a warm place, cover with grass and plastic film to keep them moist, and sow after the seeds have sprouted. Another method is to soak the seeds for 2-3 minutes, then place them in warm water at 40-50°C for 4-5 days. When the seed coat partially cracks, move them to a warm place, cover with a damp cloth, and sow after the seeds turn white. When transplanting seedlings, sow in furrows with row spacing of 25-30cm. Use 60-75kg of seeds per hectare. When seedlings reach a height of 3-5cm, thin them to a spacing of 10-15cm. Fertilize seedlings 1-2 times during the growth period and loosen the soil to remove weeds. Transplant when seedlings reach a height of 1m. Planting can be done in winter, early spring, or rainy season, with hole spacing of 2m x 1.5m or 3m x 1m. Disease and pest control should also be implemented.

虫害有木橑尺蠖、蚜虫、黄凤蝶、花椒凤蝶、金花虫、黑绒金龟子、花椒天牛等为害。
Pests such as Hyphantria cunea, aphids, Danaus genutia, Papilio demoleus, Empoasca vitis, Aleurocanthus spiniferus, and Holcocerus insularis can cause damage.