木姜子，中药名。为樟科木姜子属植物清香木姜子 Litsea euosma W.W.Smith、毛叶木姜子L.mollis Hemsl.【L.mollifolia Chun】和木姜子L.pungens Hemsl.的果实。具有温中行气，燥湿健脾，解毒消肿的功效。主治胃寒腹痛，暑湿吐泻，食滞饱胀，痛经，疝痛，疟疾，疮疡肿痛。
Mu-jiang-zi, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. Fructus Litseae) refers to the fruit of the plants Litsea euosma W.W.Smith, Litsea mollis Hemsl. [L.mollifolia Chun], and Litsea pungens Hemsl. in the Lauraceae family. It has the functions of warming the middle energizer, promoting the circulation of qi, drying dampness and invigorating the spleen, resolving toxins, and reducing swelling. It is mainly used for treating stomach cold and abdominal pain, summer-heat dampness causing vomiting and diarrhea, food stagnation and fullness, dysmenorrhea, hernia pain, malaria, and painful carbuncles and sores.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

温中行气，燥湿健脾，解毒消肿。
Warming the middle, promoting qi circulation, drying dampness, strengthening the spleen, detoxifying, and reducing swelling.

主治 Indications

胃寒腹痛，暑湿吐泻，食滞饱胀，痛经，疝痛，疟疾，疮疡肿痛。
Stomach cold with abdominal pain, summer-heat dampness causing vomiting and diarrhea, food stagnation leading to fullness and distention, dysmenorrhea, hernia pain, malaria, and painful swelling of sores and ulcers.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，3-10g；研粉每次1-1.5g。外用：捣敷或研粉调敷。
Internal use: Decoction, 3-10g; powdered form, 1-1.5g each time. External use: Apply as a poultice or mix with powder for external application.

注意事项 Precautions

《重庆草药》：肠胃有热者忌用。
"Chongqing Herbal Medicine": Not suitable for individuals with heat in the digestive system.

化学成分 Chemical Composition

1、清香木姜子：鲜果含挥发油（2.5%-3%），主要成分为α和β柠檬醛、柠檬烯、香茅醛、芳樟醇、牻牛儿醇等。种仁含油57.7%，脂肪酸：月桂酸、癸酸、肉豆蔻酸、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、十四碳烯酸等。2、毛叶木姜子：果含挥发油3%-5%，脂肪油25%。3、木姜子：干果含挥发油2%-6%，主要成分为柠檬醛，牻牛儿醇，柠檬烯等。种仁含油，脂肪酸：月桂酸，癸酸，还含十二碳烯酸、癸烯酸、十四碳烯酸，肉豆蔻酸，油酸，亚油酸，辛酸等。

1. Qingxiang Muxiangzi: The fresh fruit contains volatile oil (2.5%-3%), with main components being α and β-citral, limonene, citronellal, linalool, geraniol, etc. The seed contains 57.7% oil, with fatty acids including lauric acid, capric acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and tetradecenoic acid, etc. 2. Maoye Muxiangzi: The fruit contains 3%-5% volatile oil and 25% fat oil. 3. Muxiangzi: The dried fruit contains 2%-6% volatile oil, mainly composed of citral, geraniol, limonene, etc. The seed contains oil with fatty acids such as lauric acid, capric acid, dodecenoic acid, decenoic acid, tetradecenoic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and caprylic acid.

药理作用 Pharmacological Effects

1、平喘作用：离体气管平滑肌试验表明，山苍子油（毛叶木姜子果实提取的挥发油）10μl/ml能松驰豚鼠正常气管平滑肌及乙酰胆碱或组胺致痉的气管平滑肌。预先加入挥发油可阻断乙酰胆碱及组胺引起的收缩。用含1μl/ml挥发油的Locke液灌流，第3分钟开始就能增加正常豚鼠离体肺灌流量，给豚鼠灌胃300μl/kg，腹腔注射170μl/kg，对5%乙酰胆碱喷雾引起的支气管痉挛有明显的保护作用。大鼠被动皮肤过敏试验，豚鼠过敏性休克和豚鼠离体回肠过敏性收缩试验等，其挥发油均呈明显抗过敏作用，同时对慢反应物质所致豚鼠肠段收缩变有明显的拮抗作用。表明其平喘作用除扩张支气管，还与抗过敏介质的形成和释放有关。2、抗心律失常作用：给小鼠灌胃毛叶木姜子油0.3ml/kg，连续3天，能明显降低氯仿引起的心室颤动的发生率，也能对抗氯化钡引起的心律失常，对氯化钡所致大鼠的双向性心动过速的心律失常迅速恢复为正常窦性心律，对乌头碱引起心律失常的剂量及致死量有所提高，但统计学不显著，对毒毛花苷G引起的心律失常无对抗作用。3、抗真菌作用：0.005%-0.01%木姜子油能抑制试管内黄癣菌、断发毛癣菌、絮状表皮癣菌、石膏样孢子菌等9种皮肤癣菌。0.033%-0.1%还能抑制白色念珠菌、新型隐球菌、孢子丝菌及几种皮肤着色真菌（裴氏着色真菌、卡氏枝孢菌、茄病镰刀霉、粉绿木霉等）。唯对曲菌抑菌力较弱，直到浓度加大到1%，才能抑制黄曲霉和烟曲霉。除抑菌作用外，木姜子油尚有一定程度的杀菌作用。初步认为抑菌有效成分为柠檬醛等。

1. Bronchodilator effect: In vitro tracheal smooth muscle experiments have shown that 10μl/ml of Litsea cubeba oil (volatile oil extracted from the fruit of Litsea pungens) can relax the normal tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pigs and the spasmodic tracheal smooth muscle induced by acetylcholine or histamine. Pre-addition of the volatile oil can block the contractions induced by acetylcholine and histamine. Perfusion with Locke's solution containing 1μl/ml of volatile oil can increase the pulmonary perfusion volume of normal guinea pigs from the 3rd minute onwards. Administering 300μl/kg orally and 170μl/kg intraperitoneally to guinea pigs has a significant protective effect against bronchospasm induced by 5% acetylcholine spray. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test in rats, guinea pig anaphylactic shock, and guinea pig isolated ileum allergic contraction test have all shown significant anti-allergic effects of the volatile oil. It also exhibits a clear antagonistic effect on contractions in guinea pig intestinal segments induced by slow-reacting substances. This indicates that its bronchodilator effect is not only related to bronchial dilation but also to the formation and release of anti-allergic mediators. 2. Antiarrhythmic effect: Oral administration of Litsea pungens oil at 0.3ml/kg to mice for 3 consecutive days can significantly reduce the incidence of ventricular fibrillation induced by chloroform and can counteract barium chloride-induced arrhythmias. It rapidly restores bidirectional tachycardia induced by barium chloride in rats to normal sinus rhythm. There is a slight increase in the dose and lethal dose of aconitine-induced arrhythmias, but it is not statistically significant. It does not have an antagonistic effect on the arrhythmias induced by digitalis glycoside G. 3. Antifungal effect: Litsea cubeba oil at concentrations of 0.005%-0.01% can inhibit 9 types of skin fungi, including Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum gypseum, in vitro. At concentrations of 0.033%-0.1%, it can also inhibit Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Sporothrix schenckii, and several skin pigmented fungi (Phaeoannellomyces werneckii, Cladosporium carrionii, Fusarium solani, Trichoderma viride). Its inhibitory effect on Aspergillus is weaker, and it can only inhibit Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus when the concentration is increased to 1%. In addition to its inhibitory effect, Litsea cubeba oil also has a certain degree of bactericidal effect. It is preliminarily believed that the effective inhibitory component is citral, among others.

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

1、《重庆草药》：“逐寒，镇痛，健胃，消饱胀。治心胃冷气痛，冷骨风，寒食摆子，痛经。”2、《湖南药物志》：“祛风散寒。”3、《贵州民间药物》：“健脾燥湿，助消化，外洽疮毒。”4、《甘肃中草药手册》：“主治胸腹胀满，消化不良，水泻腹痛。”5、《全国中草药汇编》：“祛风行气，健脾利湿。主治中暑泪。”

1. "Chongqing Herbal Medicine": "Expel cold, relieve pain, invigorate the stomach, alleviate bloating. Used for treating cold pain in the stomach, cold bone wind, cold food stagnation, and dysmenorrhea." 2. "Hunan Materia Medica": "Dispel wind and cold." 3. "Guizhou Folk Medicine": "Strengthen the spleen, dry dampness, aid digestion, and treat external ulcers and toxins." 4. "Gansu Herbal Medicine Handbook": "Mainly used for chest and abdominal distention, indigestion, and watery diarrhea with abdominal pain." 5. "National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicines": "Dispel wind, promote qi circulation, invigorate the spleen, and resolve dampness. Mainly used for treating summer heat-induced eye disorders."

临床应用 Clinical Applications

1、治发痧气痛：木姜子、青藤香、蜘蛛香各3g。研末，酒吞服。（出自《贵州民间药物》）2、治消化不良：胸腹胀木姜子焙干，研末，每次吞服1-1.5g。（出自《贵州民间药物》）3、治关节痛：（木姜子）果30g，雄黄15g，鸡屎60g捣烂炒热，布包揉擦痛处。（《湖南药物志》）

1. Treatment for relieving pain and discomfort caused by Sha Qi (a type of illness in traditional Chinese medicine): Take 3g each of Litsea cubeba, Illicium difengpi, and Valeriana jatamansi, grind them into powder, and swallow with liquor. (From "Guizhou Folk Medicine") 2. Treatment for indigestion: Roast and grind Litsea cubeba to relieve chest and abdominal distention, and take 1-1.5g each time. (From "Guizhou Folk Medicine") 3. Treatment for joint pain: Grind 30g of Litsea cubeba fruit, 15g of Realgar, and 60g of Gallus galli domesticus excrement, heat the mixture after mashing and frying, wrap in cloth, and rub on the painful area. (From "Hunan Materia Medica")

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：8-9月采收，晒干。
Harvest in August and September, then sun-dry.

药材鉴别 Medicinal Material Identification

药材性状：果实类圆球形。外表面黑褐色或棕褐色，有网状皱纹，先端钝圆，基部可见果柄脱落的圆形癜痕，少数残留宿尊及折断的果柄。除去果皮，可见硬脆的果核，表面暗棕褐色。质坚脆，有光泽，外有一隆起纵横纹。破开后，内含种子1粒，胚具子叶2片，黄色，富油性。气芳香，味辛辣，微苦而麻。
The fruit is spherical in shape. The outer surface is black-brown or brown, with a reticulate wrinkled texture, bluntly rounded at the apex, and a circular scar where the fruit stalk has detached at the base, with a few remnants of the persistent calyx and broken fruit stalk. Upon removing the fruit skin, a hard and brittle stone is visible, with a dark brown surface. It is tough and shiny, with raised longitudinal and transverse ridges on the outside. When broken open, it contains a single seed with two yellow oily cotyledons. It has a fragrant aroma, a pungent and slightly bitter taste with a numbing sensation.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：为樟科木姜子属植物清香木姜子、毛叶木姜子和木姜子。
The plants are species of Litsea in the Lauraceae family, specifically Litsea pungens, Litsea mollis, and Litsea cubeba.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

1、清香木姜子：落叶小乔木，高10m。幼枝有短柔毛；顶芽圆锥形，外被黄褐色柔毛。叶互生；叶柄长1.5cm；叶片卵状椭圆形或长圆形，长7-14cm，宽2.5-5cm，先端渐尖，基部楔形略圆，上面深绿色，无毛，下面粉绿色，被疏柔毛，中脉稍密。雌雄异株；伞形花序腋生，常4个簇生于短枝上，每花序有花4-6朵，先叶开放或与叶同时开放；花被裂片6，黄绿色或黄白色，椭圆形；能育雄蕊，花丝有灰黄色柔毛，花药4室，皆内向瓣裂。果球形，直径5-7mm，先端具小尖头，成熟时黑色；果柄长4mm，果托不增大，有稀疏短柔毛。花期2-3月，果期9月。2、毛叶木姜子：本种与清香木姜子相似，其特点是：植株高达4m。叶互生或聚生于枝顶；叶柄被白色柔毛；叶片长圆形或椭圆形，长4-12cm，宽2-4.8cm，先端急尖，基部楔形，上面中脉疏被柔毛，下面绿白色，密被白色柔毛。伞形花序，常2-3个簇生于短枝上；花被黄色，宽倒卵形；退化雌蕊无。果球形，直径约5mm，成熟时蓝黑色，果梗长5-8mm。花期3-4月，果期9-10月。3、木姜子：本种与清香木姜子相似，其特点是：植株高3-8m。幼枝黄绿色，老枝黑褐色；顶芽鳞片无毛。叶互生，常聚生于枝顶；叶柄有毛，后变无毛；叶片披针形或倒卵状披针形，长5-15cm，宽2.5-5.5cm，先端短尖，基部楔形，下面淡绿色，幼时被绢状柔毛。伞形花序腋生；每花序有花8-12朵，花被黄色；花丝仅基部有毛；退化雌蕊细小。果球形，直径7-10mm，成熟时蓝黑色；果梗长1-2.5cm，先端略增粗。花期3-5月，果期9月。

1. Litsea pungens: A deciduous small tree, reaching a height of 10m. The young branches are covered with short soft hairs; the terminal bud is conical, with yellow-brown soft hairs on the outside. The leaves are alternate; leaf stalks are 1.5cm long; leaf blades are ovate-elliptic or lanceolate, 7-14cm long, 2.5-5cm wide, gradually pointed at the apex, slightly rounded and wedge-shaped at the base, dark green and hairless on the upper surface, powdery green and sparsely hairy on the lower surface, with slightly dense midribs. Dioecious; umbel inflorescences are axillary, usually clustered in groups of 4 on short branches, each inflorescence bearing 4-6 flowers, which bloom before or simultaneously with the leaves; the 6 tepals are elliptical, yellow-green or yellow-white; fertile stamens have gray-yellow soft hairs on the filaments, anthers are 4-celled and inwardly dehiscent. The fruit is globose, 5-7mm in diameter, with a small pointed tip at the apex, turning black when ripe; fruit stalk is 4mm long, fruit receptacle does not enlarge, and has sparse short hairs. Flowering occurs from February to March, and fruiting occurs in September. 2. Litsea mollis: This species is similar to Litsea pungens, but grows up to 4m tall. The leaves are alternate or clustered at the top of the branches; leaf stalks are covered with white soft hairs; leaf blades are lanceolate or elliptic, 4-12cm long, 2-4.8cm wide, sharply pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, sparsely hairy along the midrib on the upper surface, green-white and densely covered with white soft hairs on the lower surface. Umbel inflorescences are usually clustered in groups of 2-3 on short branches; tepals are yellow, broadly ovate; degenerate pistils are absent. The fruit is globose, about 5mm in diameter, turning blue-black when ripe, with a fruit stalk 5-8mm long. Flowering occurs from March to April, and fruiting occurs from September to October. 3. Litsea cubeba: This species is similar to Litsea pungens, but grows 3-8m tall. The young branches are yellow-green, while the old branches are black-brown; terminal buds are scale-like and hairless. The leaves are alternate, often clustered at the top of the branches; leaf stalks are hairy, becoming hairless later; leaf blades are lanceolate or inversely lanceolate, 5-15cm long, 2.5-5.5cm wide, short-pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, light green on the lower surface, and covered with silky soft hairs when young. Umbel inflorescences are axillary; each inflorescence bears 8-12 flowers with yellow tepals; only the base of the filaments has hairs, and degenerate pistils are small. The fruit is globose, 7-10mm in diameter, turning blue-black when ripe; the fruit stalk is 1-2.5cm long, slightly thickened at the tip. Flowering occurs from March to May, and fruiting occurs in September.

分布区域 Distribution Area

1、清香木姜子：分布于江西、湖南、广东、广西、四川、贵州、云南、西藏等地。2、毛叶木姜子：分布于湖北、湖南、广东、广西、四川、贵州、云南及西藏东部等地。3、木姜子：分布于山西、浙江、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、四川、贵州、云南、西藏、陕西、甘肃等地。

1. Litsea pungens: distributed in Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, and other regions. 2. Litsea mollis: distributed in Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and eastern Tibet. 3. Litsea cubeba: distributed in Shanxi, Zhejiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, and other regions.

生长环境 Growing Environment

1、清香木姜子：生于山地阔叶林中湿润处。2、毛叶木姜子：生于山坡灌木丛中或常绿阔叶林缘或次生阔叶林中。3、木姜子：生于溪旁和山地阳坡杂木林中或林缘。

1. Litsea pungens: Grows in moist areas in mountainous broad-leaved forests. 2. Litsea mollis: Grows in shrubby slopes, evergreen broad-leaved forest edges, or secondary broad-leaved forests on mountain slopes. 3. Litsea cubeba: Grows along streams, on sunny mountain slopes in mixed woodlands, or at forest edges.