苎麻，中药材名。为荨麻科苎麻属植物苎麻Boehmerianivea（L.）Gaud.，以根、叶入药。根具有清热利尿，凉血安胎的功效。用于感冒发热，麻疹高烧，尿路感染，肾炎水肿，孕妇腹痛，胎动不安，先兆流产；外用治跌打损伤，骨折，疮疡肿毒。叶具有止血，解毒的功效。外用治创伤出血，虫、蛇咬伤。
Zhu-ma, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. Boehmerianivea) is a plant of the Urticaceae family. Its roots and leaves are used as medicine. The root has the effects of clearing heat, promoting diuresis, cooling blood, and stabilizing the fetus. It is used for conditions such as fever due to cold, measles with high fever, urinary tract infections, edema caused by nephritis, abdominal pain in pregnant women, restless fetus, and threatened miscarriage. Externally, it is used to treat bruises, fractures, and abscesses. The leaves have the effects of stopping bleeding and detoxification, and are used externally for traumatic bleeding, insect bites, and snake bites.

功效作用 功能
Efficacy and Functions

1、根：清热利尿，凉血安胎。2、叶：止血，解毒。主治

1. Root: Clear heat, promote diuresis, cool blood, and stabilize the fetus.2. Leaf: Stop bleeding, detoxify. Mainly used for治疗 (treating)

1、根：用于感冒发热，麻疹高烧，尿路感染，肾炎水肿，孕妇腹痛，胎动不安，先兆流产；外用治跌打损伤，骨折，疮疡肿毒。2、叶：外用治创伤出血，虫、蛇咬伤。用法用量

1. Root: Used for treating fever due to colds, high fever from measles, urinary tract infections, edema from nephritis, abdominal pain in pregnant women, restless fetal movements, and threatened miscarriage; externally used for treating bruises, fractures, and abscesses.2. Leaves: Externally used for treating bleeding wounds, insect bites, and snake bites. Dosage and administration.

根：9-15g，根、叶外用适量，鲜品捣烂敷或干品研粉撒患处。化学成分
Root: 9-15g, use an appropriate amount of the root and leaves externally. Crush fresh products for application or grind dried products into powder to sprinkle on the affected area. Chemical composition.

全草含氯原酸及黄剂体。苎麻根每100g含有机酸盐结晶0.47-0.62g，生物碱结晶0.39-0.48g，酸性物质037g，黄酮类0.36g。此外，还含有香豆精甙类、氨基酸及多糖类等。未检出甾醇及三萜类。药理作用
The whole plant contains chlorogenic acid and flavonoids. Every 100g of nettle root contains 0.47-0.62g of organic acid salt crystals, 0.39-0.48g of alkaloid crystals, 0.37g of acidic substances, and 0.36g of flavonoids. In addition, it also contains coumarins, amino acids, polysaccharides, and other compounds. No sterols or triterpenes were detected. Pharmacological effects.

1、苎麻根含的有机酸和生物碱，对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性曹均有抑菌作用，在14种病原菌中，对苎麻根有机酸盐高度敏感的有溶血链球菌、肺炎球菌、大肠杆菌、炭疽杆菌，对生物碱、除沙门氏菌高度敏感外，其余均系低敏感度。苎麻根有机酸盐对小鼠和家兔人工感染肺炎球菌致病有较好的治疗效果。小属治疗组死亡16%对照组死亡94%（P<0.01），家兔治疗组死亡6.7%对照组死亡86.6%（P<0.01）。2、苎麻的叶对家兔大动脉出血有较好的止血作用。苎麻根提出物“血凝”，经小鼠尾部试验，有缩短出血时间、减少出血量的作用；但在不同种的动物身上，止血效果则不同，对家兔的止血效果则差些。临床应用 相关配伍

1. The organic acids and alkaloids in the root of Boehmeria nivea have antibacterial effects on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among 14 pathogenic bacteria, the root of Boehmeria nivea is highly sensitive to organic acid salts, including Streptococcus hemolyticus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus anthracis. It is highly sensitive to alkaloids and Salmonella, while the rest show low sensitivity. Organic acid salts from Boehmeria nivea have a good therapeutic effect on artificially infected mice and rabbits with Streptococcus pneumoniae. In the mouse treatment group, the mortality rate was 16% compared to 94% in the control group (P<0.01), and in the rabbit treatment group, the mortality rate was 6.7% compared to 86.6% in the control group (P<0.01).2. The leaves of Boehmeria nivea have a good hemostatic effect on arterial bleeding in rabbits. The extract "Xue Ning" from Boehmeria nivea root, tested on mouse tail bleeding, has the effect of shortening bleeding time and reducing bleeding volume. However, the hemostatic effect varies in different animal species, with less effective results in rabbits. Clinical application requires relevant compatibility.

1、骨折：鲜苎麻根、鲜葱头、鲜小驳骨茎叶、鲜艾各适量，共捣烂，加入米双酒至药湿透为度，放入砂锅内隔水蒸沸半小时，取出药物加入新鲜鸡血调匀。先烫后敷，4小时即可涂药。若是粉碎性骨折8小时后重敷1次。以后，用小驳骨、艾叶、马尾松幼苗（松笔）、大三月泡（大叶蛇泡簕），蛇泡簕各适量，水煎外洗，每日1-2次。2、五色丹毒（包括小儿赤游丹、腮腺炎、大小颜面丹毒、足丹毒等）：苎麻嫩茎叶，捣烂榨汁，涂敷患处。3、水泻不止，或赤白痢疾：苎麻叶焙于研细，凉开水调下（勿用热水服），每服3g（小儿减半），一日2-3次。4、孕妇腹痛，胎动不安或怀孕期漏红：苎麻根30g（鲜根60-90g），水煎浓汁，去渣，一日2-3次分服。5、肺结核咯血：苎麻根、白及各等量，制成浸膏后，压成0.5克片，每服4-6片，每日3次，连服7-10天。6、尿血，血淋或妇女赤白黄色带下：苎麻根30g，水煎去渣，一日分2次服。7、脱肛不收、妇女子宫脱垂：鲜苎麻根一握，切碎捣烂，煎水熏洗，一日2-3次。8、痈疽发背，乳痈，无名肿毒：鲜苎麻根或嫩茎、叶，捣烂敷于患部，干则更换，肿消为度。9、毒蛇咬伤：鲜苎麻嫩叶捣烂敷于患部，并用根50g，水与酒合煎服。加工炮制 采收加工

1. Fracture: Fresh nettle roots, fresh scallion bulbs, fresh stems and leaves of small buckwheat, and fresh mugwort in appropriate amounts. Grind them together, add rice wine until the mixture is thoroughly wet, put it in a sand pot, steam it over boiling water for half an hour, then take out the medicine and mix it with fresh chicken blood. Apply it after scalding, and the medicine can be applied after 4 hours. If it is a comminuted fracture, reapply it after 8 hours. Afterwards, use small buckwheat, mugwort leaves, young shoots of horsetail (Equisetum arvense), and large three-month soak (Polygonum chinense), in appropriate amounts, decoct in water for external washing, 1-2 times daily.2. Erythema multiforme (including erythema infectiosum in children, parotitis, erysipelas, and foot erythema): Crush the tender stems and leaves of nettle, squeeze out the juice, and apply it to the affected area.3. Intractable diarrhea or dysentery with bloody stools: Roast nettle leaves until finely ground, mix with cold water (do not use hot water), take 3g per dose (half for children), 2-3 times a day.4. Abdominal pain in pregnant women, restless fetal movements, or vaginal bleeding during pregnancy: 30g of nettle roots (60-90g of fresh roots), decoct in water to make a concentrated solution, remove residue, divide into 2-3 doses per day.5. Hemoptysis in pulmonary tuberculosis: Equal amounts of nettle roots and white atractylodes, made into a paste, pressed into 0.5g tablets, take 4-6 tablets per dose, 3 times a day, for 7-10 days.6. Hematuria, dysuria, or yellow vaginal discharge in women: 30g of nettle roots, decoct in water and remove residue, take in two doses per day.7. Prolapsed anus, uterine prolapse in women: Grind a handful of fresh nettle roots, decoct and wash with the water vapor, 2-3 times a day.8. Carbuncle on the back, breast abscess, or unknown swelling and toxicity: Crush fresh nettle roots, stems, or leaves, apply to the affected area, change when dry, until the swelling subsides.9. Snakebite: Crush fresh nettle leaves and apply to the affected area, and take 50g of nettle roots decocted in water and wine. Processing and preparation: Harvest and process.

冬初挖根、秋季采叶，洗净、切碎晒干或鲜用。植物学信息 植物种属
In early winter, dig the roots, and in autumn, harvest the leaves. Wash, chop, and dry them in the sun, or use them fresh. Botanical information: plant species.

荨麻科苎麻属植物苎麻。形态特征
The nettle family belongs to the genus Urtica, and the plant is called nettle. Morphological characteristics.

亚灌木或灌木，高0.5-1.5m；茎上部与叶柄均密被开展的长硬毛和近开展和贴伏的短糙毛。叶互生；叶片草质，通常圆卵形或宽卵形，少数卵形，长6-15cm，宽4-11cm，顶端骤尖，基部近截形或宽楔形，边缘在基部之上有牙齿，上面稍粗糙，疏被短伏毛，下面密被雪白色毡毛，侧脉约3对；叶柄长2.5-9.5cm；托叶分生，钻状披针形，长7-11mm，背面被毛。圆锥花序腋生，或植株上部的为雌性，其下的为雄性，或同一植株的全为雌性，长2-9cm；雄团伞花序直径1-3mm，有少数雄花；雌团伞花序直径0.5-2mm，有多数密集的雌花。雄花：花被片4，狭椭圆形，长约1.5mm，合生至中部，顶端急尖，外面有疏柔毛；雄蕊4，长约2mm，花药长约0.6mm；退化雌蕊狭倒卵球形，长约0.7mm，顶端有短柱头。雌花：花被椭圆形，长0.6-1mm，顶端有2-3小齿，外面有短柔毛，果期菱状倒披针形，长0.8-1.2mm；柱头丝形，长0.5-0.6mm。瘦果近球形，长约0.6mm，光滑，基部突缩成细柄。花期8-10月。分布区域
Subshrubs or shrubs, 0.5-1.5m tall; the upper part of the stem and petioles are densely covered with spreading long stiff hairs and short rough hairs that are close and appressed. Leaves are opposite; leaf blades are herbaceous, usually round-ovate or broadly ovate, a few are ovate, 6-15cm long, 4-11cm wide, abruptly pointed at the apex, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base, with teeth above the base, slightly rough on the upper surface, sparsely covered with short appressed hairs, densely covered with white tomentum on the lower surface, with about 3 pairs of lateral veins; petioles are 2.5-9.5cm long; stipules are lanceolate, 7-11mm long, hairy on the back. Cymose panicles are axillary, or those on the upper part of the plant are female, those below are male, or all female on the same plant, 2-9cm long; male umbels are 1-3mm in diameter, with a few male flowers; female umbels are 0.5-2mm in diameter, with numerous densely packed female flowers. Male flowers: calyx lobes 4, narrowly elliptic, about 1.5mm long, connate to the middle, abruptly pointed at the apex, sparsely pubescent on the outside; stamens 4, about 2mm long, anthers about 0.6mm long; degenerate pistil narrowly ovoid, about 0.7mm long, with a short stigma at the apex. Female flowers: calyx elliptic, 0.6-1mm long, with 2-3 small teeth at the apex, short pubescent on the outside, fruit is rhomboid-lanceolate, 0.8-1.2mm long; style filiform, 0.5-0.6mm long. Achene nearly globose, about 0.6mm long, smooth, with a narrowed base forming a slender stalk. Flowering period is from August to October. Distribution area.

产云南、贵州、广西、广东、福建、江西、台湾、浙江、湖北、四川，以及甘肃、陕西、河南的南部广泛栽培。越南、老挝等地。生长环境
Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Hubei, Sichuan, as well as the southern parts of Gansu, Shaanxi, and Henan are widely cultivated. It also grows in Vietnam, Laos, and other regions.

生于山谷林边或草坡，海拔200-1700m。生长见习
Born in the valley forest or grassy slope, at an altitude of 200-1700 meters. Growth is seen as an apprenticeship.

苎麻一般都种在山区平地、缓坡地、丘陵地或平原冲击土上。土质最好是砂壤到粘壤。但地下水位在1m以内或易淹水的土地不宜种植。若茎高1尺以上降霜，则危害更重。苎麻的宿根年限为10-30年，多至百年以上。生育期头麻约80-90天，二麻50-60天，三麻70-80天，全年生育期230天左右。头麻幼苗5-6寸以上降霜时，将受冻害，生长点枯死，造成分枝，脚麻多，生长不良。茎叶茂盛，根蔸发达，要求土层深厚、疏松、有机质含量高，保水、保肥、排水良限。土壤pH值以5.5-6.5为宜，低于4.5或高于7.6的，应加以改良。繁殖方式
Ramie is generally grown in mountainous flat areas, gentle slopes, hilly areas, or plains with loamy to clay loam soil. The best soil quality is sandy loam to clay loam. However, it is not suitable to plant in areas with groundwater levels within 1 meter or prone to flooding. If the stems are over 1 foot high when frost occurs, the damage will be more severe. The perennial roots of ramie can last for 10-30 years, and some can even last for over a hundred years. The growth period for the first harvest is about 80-90 days, the second harvest is 50-60 days, and the third harvest is 70-80 days, with a total growth period of around 230 days per year. When the seedlings of the first harvest are over 5-6 inches tall and frost occurs, they will be damaged by freezing, causing the growth point to wither, branching out, and poor growth. Ramie requires a deep, loose, high organic matter content soil that retains water, nutrients, and has good drainage. The soil pH should ideally be between 5.5-6.5, and if it is below 4.5 or above 7.6, it should be improved. As for the propagation methods...

嫩梢扦插繁殖。栽培技术
Propagation by softwood cuttings. Cultivation techniques.

剪取苎麻嫩梢，扦插于营养土中，在合适的条件下，发根生长成小苗，炼苗后即可移栽。在苎田管理方面，古人主要抓了中耕、施肥、灌溉和保护麻兜越冬几个方面。其中防冻，使苎麻安全越冬是个关键环节。多年生苎麻喜暖畏寒，冬季必须保护。冬季降严霜后，地上部冻死，地下茎仍在缓慢生长、孕芽，但地下茎不耐长期的低温，当地温低于3-5℃时，将会受到冻害。麻园冬季培土不但可以防止冻害，而且有利于根和地下茎的生长，为来年头麻的生长奠定基础。切芽繁殖秋季育苗，苗床进行培土加覆盖（稻草或地膜），是有力的防冻越冬措施。三麻纤维成熟期，若温度在17℃以下，对纤维发育不利。病虫防治
Cut the tender shoots of ramie, insert them into nutrient soil, and under suitable conditions, they will grow roots and become seedlings. After refining the seedlings, they can be transplanted. In terms of ramie field management, ancient people mainly focused on activities such as plowing, fertilizing, irrigation, and protecting the ramie for overwintering. Among them, preventing freezing and ensuring the safe overwintering of ramie is a key link. Perennial ramie prefers warmth and fears cold, so it must be protected in winter. After severe frost in winter, the aboveground parts will die, but the underground rhizomes will continue to grow slowly and sprout. However, the underground rhizomes cannot withstand prolonged low temperatures. When the local temperature drops below 3-5°C, they will be damaged by freezing. Adding soil to the ramie field in winter can not only prevent freezing damage but also promote the growth of roots and underground rhizomes, laying a foundation for the growth of ramie in the following year. Propagating by cutting shoots in autumn and nurturing seedlings, adding soil to the seedbed and covering it (with straw or plastic film) are effective measures to prevent freezing overwinter. During the maturation period of ramie fibers, if the temperature is below 17°C, it will be unfavorable for fiber development. Disease and pest control.

主要病害有：根腐线虫病、白纹羽病、立枯病、青枯病，此外，还有炭疽病、角斑病、褐斑病、苎麻疫霉病、苎麻茎腐病。虫害有：夜蛾、赤蛱蝶、黄蛱蝶、天牛。为害苎麻的金龟子，主要有铜绿多龟子、大黑金龟子、黑绒金龟子，此外，还有丑蛱蝶、银纹夜蛾、卷叶虫等。
The main diseases include: root rot nematode disease, white vein disease, stem blight, and stem rot. In addition, there are anthracnose, leaf spot disease, brown spot disease, downy mildew of jute, and stem rot of jute. The pests include: armyworm, red butterfly, yellow butterfly, and longhorn beetle. The golden tortoise beetles that harm jute mainly include the green tortoise beetle, large black tortoise beetle, and black velvet tortoise beetle. In addition, there are ugly butterflies, silver-lined armyworms, and leaf rollers.