穿破石，中药名。为桑科桑橙属植物构棘Maclura cohinchinensis（Lour.）Corner或柘树M.tricuspidat Carr.的根。具有祛风通络，清热除湿，解毒消肿的功效。主治风湿痹痛，跌打损伤，黄疽，腮腺炎，肺结核，胃和十二指肠溃疡，淋浊，蛊胀，闭经，劳伤咳血，疗疮痈肿。
Chuan-po-shi, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. It refers to the roots of the plants in the Moraceae family, such as Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner or Maclura tricuspidata Carr. It has the effects of dispelling wind, promoting blood circulation, clearing heat, removing dampness, detoxifying, and reducing swelling. It is mainly used for rheumatic arthralgia, bruises, jaundice, parotitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, gonorrhea, gu syndrome, amenorrhea, coughing up blood due to strain, and treating carbuncles and swelling.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

祛风通络，清热除湿，解毒消肿。
Dispelling wind and promoting circulation, clearing heat and removing dampness, detoxifying and reducing swelling.

主治 Indications

主要用于风湿痹痛，跌打损伤，黄疸，腮腺炎，肺结核，胃和十二指肠溃疡，淋浊，蛊胀，闭经，劳伤咳血，疔疮痈肿。
Mainly used for rheumatic arthralgia, bruises and injuries, jaundice, parotitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, turbid urine, abdominal distension due to parasites, amenorrhea, coughing up blood from overexertion, carbuncles and abscesses.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，9-30g，鲜者可用至120g；或浸酒。外用：捣敷。
Internal use: Decoction, 9-30g, fresh herb up to 120g; or soak in alcohol. External use: crush and apply as a poultice.

化学成分 Chemical Composition

根含柘树异黄酮A，3′-O-甲基香豌豆苷元，去氢木香内酯，亚油酸甲酯，β-谷甾醇。
The roots contain sophoraflavanone A, 3′-O-methylpuerarin, dehydrocostus lactone, methyl linoleate, and β-sitosterol.

药理作用 Pharmacological Effects

1、抗结核菌作用：柘树根乙醇提取物有较好的抗结核菌作用。试管中，采用改良苏通半流体琼脂培养基，接种强毒人型结核菌（H37 RV），其最低抑菌浓度为6.3-12.5μg/ml。体内抗菌试验表明，给感染结核菌小鼠第二日开始给予柘木注射液1.5g/只，每日1次，至对照组半数动物死亡时停药，可显著延长小鼠的半数存活时间。

1. Anti-tuberculosis effect: The ethanol extract of Chinese sumac root shows significant anti-tuberculosis activity. In vitro, using modified Sauton semi-fluid agar medium inoculated with highly virulent human-type tuberculosis bacteria (H37 RV), the minimum inhibitory concentration is 6.3–12.5 μg/ml. In vivo antibacterial tests show that administering 1.5 g per mouse of Chinese sumac injection starting on the second day post-infection, once daily until half of the control group animals die, significantly prolongs the median survival time of infected mice.

2、对细胞物质合成的影响：柘树根水提液经树脂处理获得的两组黄酮组分1、组分2，分别加入人胃癌细胞NKM进行体外培养同位素标记实验，结果表明，组分1、组分2对NKM细胞DNA、蛋白质合成有明显的抑制作用。在一定的浓度范围内，随剂量的增加，抑制率也相应的增加。组分1对RNA的合成抑制显著，而组分2对RNA的合成抑制不显著。组分1剂量300μg/ml时，从细胞形态看出在几小时内细胞死亡、解体。
2. Effect on cellular substance synthesis: Two flavonoid fractions (Fraction 1 and Fraction 2) obtained from resin-treated aqueous extracts of Chinese sumac roots were tested in isotope-labeled in vitro cultures with human gastric cancer cells (NKM). Results showed that both fractions significantly inhibit DNA and protein synthesis in NKM cells. Within a certain concentration range, the inhibition rate increases with dose. Fraction 1 significantly inhibits RNA synthesis, whereas Fraction 2 does not show significant inhibition. At a dose of 300 μg/ml, Fraction 1 causes cell death and disintegration within hours, as observed morphologically.

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

1、《生草药性备要》：治酒顶，消蛊胀；浸酒祛风。

1. Essential Properties of Medicinal Herbs: Treats alcohol-induced headaches, relieves swelling caused by parasitic infections; soaking in wine dispels wind.

2、《本草求原》：壮筋骨，活血，理跌打。
2. Seeking the Origins of Materia Medica: Strengthens tendons and bones, promotes blood circulation, treats bruises and sprains.

3、《岭南采药录》：祛风湿，十蒸九晒；治跌打，酒煎服；肩疮和蜜捣敷。
3. Collection of Medicinal Plants in Lingnan: Dispels wind and dampness through ten steaming and nine sun-drying cycles; treats bruises by decocting in alcohol; shoulder sores treated with honey-mixed poultice.

4、《南宁市药物志》：破血通经，治淋浊，去远年瘀积、结石。
4. Pharmacopoeia of Nanning City: Breaks blood stasis, regulates menstruation, treats turbid urine, removes long-standing stagnation and stones.

5、《闽东本草》：健脾益胃，舒筋活络，祛风湿，去瘀血。治腰痛、关节痛，虚劳黄肿，脾虚泄泻。
5. Materia Medica of Eastern Fujian: Strengthens spleen and stomach, relaxes tendons and activates collaterals, dispels wind-dampness, removes blood stasis. Treats low back pain, joint pain, deficiency-related jaundice and edema, and diarrhea due to spleen deficiency.

6、《广西实用中草药新选》：清热活血，止咳祛痰。治劳伤咳血。
6. Practical Selection of Chinese Herbal Medicines in Guangxi: Clears heat, invigorates blood, stops cough and resolves phlegm. Treats hemoptysis due to overexertion.

7、《云南中草药选》：消炎止痛。治流行性腮腺炎，疖肿。
7. Selection of Yunnan Chinese Herbal Medicines: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Treats epidemic parotitis and abscesses.

8、《福建中草药》：清热利湿。治湿热黄疸，湿热痹，疔疮痈肿。
8. Fujian Chinese Herbal Medicines: Clears heat and eliminates dampness. Treats damp-heat jaundice, damp-heat arthralgia, and carbuncles and abscesses.

临床应用 Clinical Applications

1、治风湿痛：穿破石15g，牯岭勾儿茶、青棉花藤各9g。水煎服。（《浙江民间常用草药》）

1. Treatment for rheumatic pain: 15g Cuanposhi, 9g each of Guling Gou'ercha and Qingmianhua Teng. Decoct in water and take orally. (Commonly Used Folk Herbs in Zhejiang)

2、治骨折：穿破石、三加皮、胡颓子各等量，均用根皮。焙干研末，以适量凡士林加热调成膏状，复位后，外敷药膏，夹板固定。隔日换药1次。
2. Treatment for bone fractures: Equal amounts of Cuanposhi, Sanjia Pi, and Hutuizi, all using root bark. Roast dry, grind into powder, mix with appropriate Vaseline heated into ointment. After reduction, apply externally and fix with splint. Change dressing every other day.

3、治急性黄疸型肝炎：穿破石30g，簕党根、五指毛桃各15g，葫芦茶9g。水煎2次分服，每日1剂。（2、3方出自《全国中草药汇编》）
3. Treatment for acute jaundice-type hepatitis: 30g Cuanposhi, 15g each of Ledang Gen and Wuzhimao Tao, 9g Hulu Cha. Decoct twice, divide into two doses per day, one dose daily. (Prescriptions 2 and 3 from National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicines)

4、治胆道蛔虫：葨芝根、两面针根、阔叶十大功劳根各15g。水煎服。（《福建药物志》）
4. Treatment for biliary ascariasis: 15g each of Weizhi Gen, Liangmianzhen Gen, and Kuoye Shida Gonglao Gen. Decoct in water and take orally. (Fujian Materia Medica)

5、治下肢流火（急性淋巴管炎）：穿破石根皮90g，威灵仙15g，猪瘦肉120g。水炖，服汤食肉。（《江西草药》）
5. Treatment for lower limb lymphangitis (acute lymphangitis): 90g Cuanposhi root bark, 15g Weilingxian, 120g lean pork. Stew in water; consume soup and meat. (Jiangxi Herbal Medicine)

6、治尿路结石：柘藤根15g，野花椒15g，千斤拔30g，车前草30g。每日1剂，水煎分2次服。（江西《草药手册》）
6. Treatment for urinary tract stones: 15g Zheteng Gen, 15g Yehuajiao, 30g Qianjinba, 30g Cheqiancao. One dose daily, decocted in water, taken in two divided doses. (Jiangxi Herbal Manual)

7、治肺结核：柘藤根30g，铁包金（细纹勾儿茶）60g，百部9g。每日1剂，水煎，分2次服。（江西《草药手册》）
7. Treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis: 30g Zheteng Gen, 60g Tiebaojin (Xiwen Gou'ercha), 9g Baibu. One dose daily, decocted in water, taken in two divided doses. (Jiangxi Herbal Manual)

8、治耳聋、鸣、汁出，一二十年不差：故铁二十斤（烧赤，水五斗浸三宿，去铁澄清），柘根三十斤（水一石，煮取五斗，去滓澄清），菖蒲（切）五斗（水一石，煮取五斗，去淬澄清）。上三味合一石五斗，用米二石，并曲二斗，酿如常法酒。用一月封头开清，用磁石吸铁者三斤，捣为末，纳酒中，浸三宿。饮之，日夜饮，常取小小醉而眠，取闻人语乃止药。（《千金方》）
8. Treatment for deafness, tinnitus, and otorrhea persisting for ten to twenty years: Twenty catties of old iron (heated red-hot, soaked in five dou of water for three nights, remove iron and clarify liquid), thirty catties of Zhe root (one shi of water boiled down to five dou, remove residue and clarify), five dou of chopped calamus (one shi of water boiled down to five dou, remove dregs and clarify). Combine the three liquids totaling one shi five dou, add two shi of rice and two dou of fermentation starter, ferment into wine following standard methods. Seal for one month, then open and clarify. Add three catties of magnetically attracted iron, ground to powder, soaked in wine for three nights. Drink continuously day and night, maintaining slight intoxication and sleep until normal hearing returns and voices are audible, then discontinue medication. (Qian Jin Fang)

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：全年均可采，挖出根部，除去泥土、须根，晒干；或洗净，趁鲜切片，晒干。亦可鲜用。
Harvesting and processing: Can be harvested year-round. Dig out roots, remove soil and fine roots, and dry in sunlight; or wash clean, slice while fresh, and dry. May also be used fresh.

炮制方法：取原药材，除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Processing method: Take the raw herb, remove impurities, wash thoroughly, soften by moistening, cut into thick slices, and dry.

保存方法 Storage Method

贮干燥容器内，置通风干燥处。
Store in a dry container in a well-ventilated, dry place.

药材鉴别 Herb Identification

药材性状：根圆柱形，长短不一，直径1.5-2.5cm；或已切成圆形厚片。外皮黄色或橙红色，具显著的纵皱纹及少数须根痕。栓皮薄而易脱落。质地坚硬，不易折断，断面皮部薄，灰黄色，具韧性纤维，木部占绝大部分。黄色，柴性，导管孔明显，有的中央部位有小髓。气微，味淡。以皮色黄、根条匀、无须根者为佳。
Characteristics: Roots are cylindrical, varying in length, 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter; or already cut into round thick slices. Outer skin yellow or orange-red, with prominent longitudinal wrinkles and a few fibrous root marks. Cork layer thin and easily peeled off. Texture hard, difficult to break. Cross-section shows thin, grayish-yellow cortex with tough fibers; xylem occupies most of the section—yellow, woody, with clearly visible vessel pores. Some have a small central pith. Slight odor, mild taste. Best quality has yellow bark, uniform roots, and no fibrous roots.

饮片性状：本品为圆形厚片，皮部薄，显纤维性；木部发达，黄色，有密布的小孔（导管），中心髓部很小。周边灰黄色，并有棕黄色或橙黄色斑块。质坚硬。气微，味淡。
Sliced characteristics: The slices are round and thick, with thin, fibrous cortex. Xylem well-developed, yellow, densely dotted with small pores (vessels), central pith very small. Periphery grayish-yellow with brownish-yellow or orange-yellow patches. Hard texture, slight aroma, mild taste.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：桑科桑橙属植物构棘或柘树。
Plant species: Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner or Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bur., belonging to the Moraceae family.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

1、构棘：常绿灌木，高2-4m。直立或攀缘状；根皮橙黄色；枝灰褐色，光滑，皮孔散生，具直立或略弯的棘刺，粗壮。单叶互生；叶柄长5-10mm；叶片革质，倒卵状椭圆形、椭圆形或长椭圆形，长3-9cm，宽1-2.8cm，先端钝或渐尖，或有微凹缺，基部楔形，全缘；基出脉3条，侧脉6-9对。花单性，雌雄异株；球状花序单个或成对腋生，具短柄，被柔毛；雄花序直径约6mm，雄花具花被片3-5，楔形，不相等，被毛；雌花序直径约1.8cm，雌花具花被片4，先端厚有绒毛。聚花果球形，肉质，熟时橙红色，直径3-5cm，被毛；瘦果包裹在肉质的花被和苞片中。花期4-5月，果期9-10月。

1. Maclura cochinchinensis: Evergreen shrub, 2–4 m tall, upright or climbing. Root bark orange-yellow. Branches gray-brown, smooth, with scattered lenticels, bearing stout erect or slightly curved spines. Leaves alternate; petiole 5–10 mm long; blade leathery, oblanceolate, elliptic, or elongated elliptic, 3–9 cm long, 1–2.8 cm wide, apex blunt or gradually pointed, sometimes slightly notched, base cuneate, margin entire. Three basal veins, 6–9 pairs of lateral veins. Flowers unisexual, dioecious; spherical inflorescences solitary or paired in axils, short-pedicelled, pubescent. Male inflorescence ~6 mm in diameter; tepals 3–5, wedge-shaped, unequal, pubescent. Female inflorescence ~1.8 cm in diameter; tepals 4, apically thickly villous. Aggregate fruit globose, fleshy, ripening orange-red, 3–5 cm in diameter, pubescent; drupes enclosed in fleshy perianth and bracts. Flowering April–May, fruiting September–October.

2、柘树：落叶灌木或小乔木，高达8m。小枝暗绿褐色，具坚硬棘刺，刺长5-35mm。单叶互生；叶柄长0.5-2cm；托叶侧生，分离；叶片近革质，卵圆形或倒卵形，长5-13cm，先端钝或渐尖，基部楔形或圆形，全缘或3裂，上面暗绿色，下面淡绿色，幼时两面均有毛，成长后下面主脉略有毛，余均光滑无毛；基出脉3条，侧脉4-5对。花单性，雌雄异株；均为球形头状花序，具短梗，单个或成对着生于叶腋；雄花花被片4，长圆形，基部有苞片2或4，雄蕊4，花丝直立；雌花被片4，花柱1，线状。聚花果球形，肉质，直径约2.5cm，橘红色或橙黄色，表面呈微皱缩，瘦果包裹在肉质的花被里。花期5-6月，果期9-10月。
2. Cudrania tricuspidata: Deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. Twigs dark green-brown, with hard thorns 5–35 mm long. Leaves alternate; petiole 0.5–2 cm; stipules lateral, free. Blade nearly leathery, ovate or obovate, 5–13 cm long, apex blunt or acuminate, base cuneate or rounded, entire or 3-lobed; upper surface dark green, lower light green; both surfaces pubescent when young, mature leaves slightly hairy only on lower midvein, otherwise glabrous. Three basal veins, 4–5 pairs of lateral veins. Flowers unisexual, dioecious; head-like spherical inflorescences short-pedicelled, solitary or paired in leaf axils. Male flowers: 4 oblong tepals, 2 or 4 bracts at base, 4 stamens with erect filaments. Female flowers: 4 tepals, 1 linear style. Aggregate fruit globose, fleshy, ~2.5 cm in diameter, orange-red or orange-yellow, slightly wrinkled surface; drupes enclosed in fleshy perianth. Flowering May–June, fruiting September–October.

分布区域 Distribution Area

1、构棘：分布于安徽、浙江、江西、福建、湖北、湖南、广东、海南、广西、四川、贵州、云南等地。

1. Maclura cochinchinensis: Distributed in Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and other regions.

2、柘树：分布于华东、中南、西南及河北、陕西、甘肃等地。
2. Cudrania tricuspidata: Distributed in East China, Central South, Southwest, as well as Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, and other regions.

生长环境 Growing Environment

1、构棘：生于山坡、溪边灌丛中或山谷、林缘等处。

1. Maclura cochinchinensis: Grows on hillsides, in thickets along streams, valleys, and forest margins.

2、柘树：生于海拔200-1500m的阳光充足的荒坡、山地、林缘和溪旁。
2. Cudrania tricuspidata: Grows on sunny barren slopes, mountains, forest edges, and stream banks at altitudes of 200–1500 meters.