牛至，中药名。为唇形科植物牛至OriganumvulgareL.的全草。具有解表，理气，清暑，利湿的功效。主治感冒发热，中暑，胸膈胀满，腹痛吐泻，痢疾，黄疸，水肿，带下，小儿疳积，麻疹，皮肤瘙痒，疮疡肿痛，跌打损伤。
Niu-zhi, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. Origanum vulgare L.) is the whole plant of the Labiatae plant Origanum vulgare L. It has the functions of releasing the exterior, regulating qi, clearing heat, and promoting diuresis. It is mainly used for treating fever due to cold, heatstroke, chest and diaphragm distention, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, edema, leukorrhea, infantile malnutrition, measles, skin itching, and painful swelling of sores and injuries.

功效作用 功能
Efficacy and Functions

解表，理气，清暑，利湿。主治
Disperse exterior, soothe liver qi, clear heat, and promote diuresis. Used to treat...

感冒发热，中暑，胸膈胀满，腹痛吐泻，痢疾，黄疸，水肿，带下，小儿疳积，麻疹，皮肤瘙痒，疮疡肿痛，跌打损伤。用法用量
Common uses and dosages include: fever and colds, heatstroke, chest fullness, abdominal pain and diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, edema, abnormal vaginal discharge, pediatric malnutrition, measles, itchy skin, and painful swellings and sores, as well as bruises and injuries.

内服：煎汤，3-9g，大剂量用至15-30g；或泡茶。外用：适量，煎水洗；或鲜品捣敷。禁忌
Internal use: Decoction, 3-9g, can be used in high doses up to 15-30g; or brewed as tea. External use: Use appropriate amount, decoct in water for washing; or apply fresh product as a poultice. Contraindications.

表虚汗多者禁服。化学成分
Those who sweat excessively due to deficiency should avoid taking it. Chemical composition.

全草含水苏糖和挥发油，油中主要含百里香酚，香荆芥酚，乙酸牻牛儿醇酯及聚伞花素等，叶还含熊果酸。药理作用
The whole plant contains su sugars and volatile oils, with the oil mainly containing thymol, carvacrol, ethyl caprylate, and luteolin, among others. The leaves also contain ursolic acid. Pharmacological effects.

1、抗微生物作用：牛至挥发油对福氏痢疾杆菌、宋内痢疾杆菌、志贺痢疾杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒杆菌、甲型副伤寒杆菌、变形杆菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.34mg/ml、0.17mg/ml、0.17mg/ml、0.17mg/ml、0.34mg/ml、0.34mg/ml、0.17mg/ml、0.34mg/ml、0.34mg/ml，从挥发油中得到的百里香酚和香荆芥酚对上述细菌也有显著抑制作用，最低抑菌浓度在0.25-0.55mg/ml范围内。牛至挥发油对绿脓杆菌也有抑制作用，最低有效浓度为1.0μl/ml。挥发油对鸡胚的毒性较大，因此在鸡胚无毒的浓度下对流感病毒、腺病毒均无抑制作用。2、对平滑肌的作用：牛至挥发油对大鼠离体肠管主动收缩及氯化钡（BaCl2）引起的收缩无明显影响，但对乙酰胆碱引起的收缩有较弱的对抗作用。亦有报道牛至总挥发油对离体肠平滑肌有解痉作用，可能是直接作用于肠平滑肌（拮抗BaCl2）以及对乙酰胆碱和组胺的拮抗作用。解痉作用对缓和菌痢患者腹痛、腹泻等症状也有一定的作用。总挥发油松弛离体血管平滑肌，对不同种属动物血压有不同影响，可降低大鼠血压，但对狗、猫血压几乎无影响。总挥发油虽能扩张离体豚鼠支气管，但作用较弱，无平喘作用。挥发油5×10-5g/ml可使离体兔耳血管灌流量显著增加；2.5×10-5g/ml使离体家兔、豚鼠冠脉流量显著增加。十二指肠给药10mg/kg，可使麻醉大鼠血压1h内平均降低2.7±1.6kPa（20.5±12mmHg）。家兔离体主动脉条实验中，挥发油不能对抗去甲肾上腺素的缩血管反应；阿托品却可对抗挥发油对大鼠的降压作用，提示降压作用可能是通过兴奋受体所致。3、对免疫功能的影响：小鼠灌服牛至提取液显著提高腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬指数和吞噬率。牛至给小鼠每日灌服1次，连续5d，显著增强以溶血素反应为指标的特异性体液免疫功能；极显著促进玫瑰花结形成细胞功能，提示其也能增强细胞免疫功能。牛至挥发油50mg/kg给小鼠腹腔注射，每日1次，连续7d，显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞YC（酵母菌-C36）和EA（免疫球蛋白G-绵羊红细胞）花环形成率，显著增强腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能，显著增加小鼠脾脏重量，对胸腺重量则无明显影响。提示牛至抗感染作用与增强巨噬细胞功能有关。4、其他作用：牛至挥发油以0.15ml/kg、0.30ml/kg给小鼠灌胃，对醋酸所致扭体反应有显著抑制作用，并呈量效关系，同样剂量对戊巴比妥钠阈下剂量催眠作用有显著协同作用，对小鼠有明显镇静作用。牛至提取物也有显著抗氧化作用。酊剂具有明显的利尿作用，可使尿量及尿中氯化物排泄增加，民间作为利尿、发汗剂。浸剂可用于肠弛缓，促进食欲，改善消化，尚有祛痰作用。毒理作用

1. Antimicrobial effects: The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the essential oil of thyme on Bacillus dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, and Proteus vulgaris are 0.34mg/ml, 0.17mg/ml, 0.17mg/ml, 0.17mg/ml, 0.34mg/ml, 0.34mg/ml, 0.17mg/ml, 0.34mg/ml, and 0.34mg/ml, respectively. Thymol and carvacrol obtained from the essential oil also have significant inhibitory effects on the above bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.25-0.55mg/ml. The essential oil of thyme also has inhibitory effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a minimum effective concentration of 1.0μl/ml. The essential oil has high toxicity to chicken embryos, so it has no inhibitory effect on influenza virus and adenovirus at non-toxic concentrations for chicken embryos. 2. Effects on smooth muscle: The essential oil of thyme has no significant effect on the active contraction of rat isolated intestinal tubes and barium chloride (BaCl2)-induced contractions, but it has a weak antagonistic effect on acetylcholine-induced contractions. It has been reported that the total essential oil of thyme has antispasmodic effects on isolated intestinal smooth muscles, possibly by acting directly on intestinal smooth muscles (antagonizing BaCl2) and by antagonizing acetylcholine and histamine. The antispasmodic effect also has a certain effect on alleviating abdominal pain and diarrhea in patients with bacterial dysentery. The total essential oil relaxes isolated vascular smooth muscles, with different effects on blood pressure in different animal species, lowering blood pressure in rats but almost no effect on dogs and cats. Although the total essential oil can dilate isolated guinea pig bronchi, the effect is weak and has no bronchodilator effect. 3. Effects on immune function: Oral administration of thyme extract significantly increases the phagocytic index and phagocytosis rate of peritoneal macrophages in mice. Daily oral administration of thyme to mice for 5 consecutive days significantly enhances specific humoral immune function as indicated by the hemolysin reaction and significantly promotes rose-shaped cell formation, suggesting that it can also enhance cellular immune function. Intraperitoneal injection of 50mg/kg of thyme essential oil in mice once daily for 7 days significantly increases the formation rate of yeast cells (YC) and sheep red blood cells (EA) rosettes by peritoneal macrophages, significantly enhances the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages, significantly increases the spleen weight of mice, but has no significant effect on thymus weight. This indicates that the anti-infective effect of thyme is related to enhancing macrophage function. 4. Other effects: Intragastric administration of thyme essential oil at doses of 0.15ml/kg and 0.30ml/kg in mice significantly inhibits acetic acid-induced writhing response in a dose-dependent manner. The same doses also have a significant synergistic effect on the sub-hypnotic dose of pentobarbital sodium, showing a significant sedative effect on mice. Thyme extract also has significant antioxidant effects. The decoction has a significant diuretic effect, increasing urine volume and chloride excretion in urine, and is used in folk medicine as a diuretic and diaphoretic agent. The infusion can be used for intestinal relaxation, promoting appetite, improving digestion, and has expectorant effects.

小鼠口服总油的急性LD50为2.43±0.38ml/kg（1ml约为900mg），临床用量每日为40-80mg，故安全范围较大。亦有报道小鼠口服挥发油的LD50为4.497±0.368ml/kg。挥发油以20ml（含油10mg/kg）给小鼠灌胃，连续3星期，各主要脏器肉眼及组织切片均未见异常。相关论述
The acute LD50 of oral administration of total oil in mice is 2.43±0.38 ml/kg (approximately 900 mg per 1 ml). The clinical dosage is 40-80 mg per day, indicating a large safety margin. There are also reports that the LD50 of volatile oil in mice is 4.497±0.368 ml/kg. Mice were orally administered 20 ml of volatile oil (containing 10 mg/kg of oil) for three consecutive weeks, and no abnormalities were observed in the major organs upon gross examination and tissue sectioning. This is a relevant discussion.

1、《滇南本草》：“解表除邪。治中暑头疼，暑泻，肚肠疼痛，暑热咳嗽，发汗，温胃和中。”2、《贵州民间药物》：“解表止痛，散皮肤湿热。治伤风发热，止呕吐。”3、《新疆中草药手册》：“能解热，活血。”4、《贵州草药》：“解表，理气，利湿，止呕。”5、《陕西中草药》：“活血祛瘀，止痛生肌，通窍利膈，调经。主治跌打损伤，骨折，胸膈胀满，崩漏，白带。”6、《浙江药用植物志》：“治感冒，中暑，急性胃肠炎腹痛，胸膈胀满，跌打损伤。”7、《福建药物志》：“防治流行性感冒，中暑腹泻，急性黄疸型传染性肝炎，水肿，乳痈，多发性脓肿。”临床应用 相关配伍

1. "Dian Nan Ben Cao": "Relieve exterior and expel pathogenic factors. Used for treating headache and diarrhea due to heatstroke, abdominal pain, heat-induced cough, inducing sweating, warming the stomach, and aiding digestion."2. "Guizhou Folk Medicine": "Relieve exterior and alleviate pain, dispel damp-heat from the skin. Used for treating wind-heat with fever, and to stop vomiting."3. "Xinjiang Herbal Manual": "Has the ability to reduce fever and promote blood circulation."4. "Guizhou Herbal Medicine": "Relieve exterior, regulate qi, promote diuresis, and stop vomiting."5. "Shaanxi Herbal Medicine": "Promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis, alleviate pain and promote tissue regeneration, open the orifices, benefit the diaphragm, and regulate menstruation. Mainly used for bruises, fractures, chest fullness, irregular menstruation, and abnormal vaginal discharge."6. "Zhejiang Medicinal Plants Compendium": "Used for treating colds, heatstroke, acute gastroenteritis with abdominal pain, chest fullness, and bruises."7. "Fujian Materia Medica": "Prevent and treat influenza, heatstroke with diarrhea, acute icteric viral hepatitis, edema, breast abscess, and multiple abscesses." Clinical applications and related compatibility.

1、治伤风发热、呕吐：满坡香9g，紫苏、枇杷叶各6g，灯心草3g。煎水服，每日3次。（《贵州民间药物》）2、解热：牛至适量。泡茶喝。（《新疆中草药手册》）3、治中暑发热头疼，烦渴出汗，腹痛水泻，小便短少，身体作困：香薷二钱，扁豆二钱（炒），神曲二钱，栀子二钱（炒），赤茯苓三钱，荆芥穗一钱五分。引用灯芯草煎服。（《滇南本草》香薷饮）4、治气阻食滞：满坡香12g，土柴胡、走游走、土升麻、香樟根、茴香根各9g，阎王刺12g。煎水服，每日3次。（《贵州民间药物》）5、治白带：五香草、硫黄各9g。水煎服。（《陕西中草药》）6、治皮肤湿热瘙痒：满坡香（鲜草）250g。煎水洗。（《贵州民间药物》）7、治预防麻疹：牛至全草15g。煎水作茶饮。8、治多发性脓肿：牛至、南蛇藤各30g。水酒各半，炖豆腐服。（《福建药物志》）9、治月经不调：牛至9-15g。水煎服。（《新疆中草药手册》）加工炮制 采收加工

1. Treating wind-cold with fever and vomiting: 9g of Manpoxiang, 6g each of Zi Su and Pi Pa Ye, and 3g of Deng Xin Cao. Decoct and take orally, three times a day. (From "Guizhou Folk Medicine")2. Relieving fever: Take appropriate amount of Niu Zhi, steep in tea and drink. (From "Xinjiang Herbal Manual")3. Treating heatstroke with fever, headache, irritability, thirst, sweating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, scanty urine, and body fatigue: 2 qian of Xiang Ru, 2 qian of Bian Dou (stir-fried), 2 qian of Shen Qu, 2 qian of Zhi Zi (stir-fried), 3 qian of Chi Fu Ling, and 1 qian 5 fen of Jing Jie Sui. Prepare and take as a decoction. (From "Dian Nan Ben Cao" Xiang Ru Yin)4. Treating qi stagnation and food retention: 12g of Manpoxiang, 9g each of Tu Chai Hu, Zou You Zou, Tu Sheng Ma, Xiang Zhang Gen, and Hui Xiang Gen, and 12g of Yan Wang Ci. Decoct and take orally, three times a day. (From "Guizhou Folk Medicine")5. Treating leukorrhea: 9g each of Wu Xiang Cao and Liu Huang. Decoct and take orally. (From "Shaanxi Herbal Manual")6. Treating damp-heat skin itching: 250g of fresh Manpoxiang. Decoct and use for washing. (From "Guizhou Folk Medicine")7. Preventing measles: 15g of Niu Zhi whole herb. Decoct and drink as tea.8. Treating multiple abscesses: 30g each of Niu Zhi and Nan She Teng. Half water and half alcohol, stew with tofu and take orally. (From "Fujian Pharmacopoeia")9. Treating irregular menstruation: 9-15g of Niu Zhi. Decoct and take orally. (From "Xinjiang Herbal Manual")

7-8月开花前割起地上部分，或将全草连根拔起，抖净泥沙，鲜用或扎把晒干。炮制方法
Before flowering in July and August, cut off the aboveground parts, or pull up the whole plant with roots, shake off the mud and sand, and use it fresh or tie it into bunches to dry in the sun. Processing method.

取原药材，除去杂质，抢水洗净，稍润，切段，晾干，筛去灰屑。保存方法
Collect the original medicinal herbs, remove impurities, rinse with water, slightly moisten, cut into sections, air dry, and sift out any debris. Storage method.

贮干燥容器内，密闭，置阴凉干燥处。药材鉴别 药材性状
Store in a dry container, seal tightly, and place in a cool and dry place. Identification of medicinal materials and their properties.

全草长23-50cm。根较细小，略弯曲，直径2-4mm，表面灰棕色；质略韧，断面黄白色。茎呈方柱形，紫棕色至淡棕色，密被细毛，节明显，节间长2-5cm。叶对生，多皱褶或脱落，暗绿色或黄绿色，完整者展开后呈卵形或宽卵形，长1.5-3cm，宽0.7-1.7cm，先端钝，基部圆形，全缘，两面均有棕黑色腺点及细毛。聚伞花序顶生；苞片倒长卵形，黄绿色或黄褐色，有的先端带紫色；花萼钟状，先端5裂，边缘密生白色细柔毛。小坚果扁卵形，红棕色。气微香，味微苦。以叶多、气香浓者为佳。植物学信息 植物种属
The whole plant grows 23-50cm tall. The roots are small and slightly curved, with a diameter of 2-4mm and a gray-brown surface; they are slightly tough, with a yellow-white cross-section. The stem is square in shape, ranging from purple-brown to light brown, densely covered with fine hairs, with obvious nodes, and internodes 2-5cm long. The leaves are opposite, often wrinkled or falling off, dark green or yellowish-green. When fully developed, they are ovate or broadly ovate, 1.5-3cm long and 0.7-1.7cm wide, with a blunt tip, rounded base, entire margin, and brown-black glandular spots and fine hairs on both sides. The umbel inflorescence is terminal; the bracts are inverted ovate, yellow-green or yellow-brown, some with purple tips; the calyx is bell-shaped, with 5 lobes at the apex, and the edges are densely covered with white fine hairs. The small achene is flattened-ovate and reddish-brown. It has a slightly fragrant smell and a slightly bitter taste. Leaves that are abundant and have a strong fragrance are preferred. Botanical information: Plant species.

唇形科牛至属牛至。形态特征
The plant of the Labiatae family belongs to the Nepeta genus. Morphological characteristics.

多年生草本，高25-60cm。芳香。茎直立，或近基部伏地生须根，四棱形，略带紫色，被倒向或微卷曲的短柔毛。叶对生；叶柄长2-7m，被柔毛；叶片卵圆形或长圆状卵圆形，长1-4cm，宽4-15mm，先端钝或稍钝，基部楔形或近圆形，全缘或有远离的小锯齿，两面被柔毛及腺点。花序呈伞房状圆锥花序，开张，多花密集，由多数长圆状小假穗状花序组成，有覆瓦状排列的苞片；花萼钟形，长3mm，外面被小硬毛或近无毛，萼齿5，三角形；花冠紫红、淡红或白色，管状钟形，长7mm，两性花冠筒显著长于花萼，雌性花冠筒短于花萼，外面及内面喉部被疏短柔毛，上唇卵圆形，先端2浅裂，下唇3裂，中裂片较大，侧裂片较小，均长圆状卵圆形；雄蕊4，在两性花中，后对短于上唇，前对略伸出，在雌性花中，前后对近等长，内藏；子房4裂，花柱略超出雄蕊，柱头2裂；花盘平顶。小坚果卵圆形，褐色。花期7-9月，果期9-12月。分布区域
Perennial herb, 25-60cm tall. Fragrant. Stem erect, or prostrate near the base with adventitious roots, quadrangular, slightly purple, covered with downward or slightly curled short soft hairs. Leaves opposite; petiole 2-7mm long, hairy; leaf blade ovate or elliptic-ovate, 1-4cm long, 4-15mm wide, blunt or slightly obtuse at the apex, cuneate or nearly rounded at the base, entire or remotely serrate, hairy and glandular on both surfaces. Inflorescence a corymbose cyme, open, densely many-flowered, composed of numerous elliptic small false racemes, with imbricate bracts; calyx campanulate, 3mm long, outside with small stiff hairs or nearly glabrous, calyx teeth 5, triangular; corolla purple-red, pale red, or white, tubular-campanulate, 7mm long, corolla tube conspicuously longer than calyx in perfect flowers, shorter in pistillate flowers, sparsely short hairy on the outside and inside of the throat, upper lip ovate, shallowly 2-lobed at the apex, lower lip 3-lobed, central lobe larger, lateral lobes smaller, all elliptic-ovate; stamens 4, in perfect flowers, posterior pair shorter than upper lip, anterior pair slightly exserted, in pistillate flowers, anterior and posterior pairs nearly equal in length, included; ovary 4-lobed, style slightly exceeding stamens, stigma 2-lobed; disc flat-topped. Nutlet ovate, brown. Flowering period from July to September, fruiting period from September to December. Distribution area.

分布于西南及陕西、甘肃、新疆、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、西藏等地。道地产区
Distributed in the southwest, as well as in Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Tibet, and other regions. Authentic production areas.

主产于云南、四川、贵州。自产自销。生长环境
Mainly produced in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou. Self-produced and self-sold. Growing environment.

生于海拔500-3600m的山坡、林下、草地或路旁。
Born on slopes, under forests, grasslands, or roadsides at altitudes of 500-3600 meters.