羊蹄，中药名。为蓼科酸模属植物羊蹄Rumex japonicus Houtt.或尼泊尔羊蹄R.nepalensis Spreng的根。具有凉血止血，解毒杀虫，泻下的功效。主治血热咯血、吐血、衄血及紫癜出血，热毒疮疡，水火烫伤，疥癣及热结所致的大便秘结等。
Yang-ti, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. It refers to the root of the plant Rumex japonicus Houtt. or Rumex nepalensis Spreng in the family Polygonaceae. It has the effects of cooling blood, stopping bleeding, detoxification, killing insects, and promoting bowel movements. It is mainly used for treating blood-heat related conditions such as hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, and purpura bleeding, as well as heat-toxin sores, scalds, scabies, and constipation caused by heat accumulation.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

凉血止血，解毒杀虫，泻下。
Cooling the blood and stopping bleeding, detoxifying and killing parasites, and promoting bowel movements.

主治 Indications

1、主要用于血热咯血、吐血、衄血及紫癜出血，热毒疮疡，水火烫伤，疥癣及热结所致的大便秘结等。
2、西医诊为功能性子宫出血、血小板减少性紫癜属血热，疥癣、疮疡等属热毒壅盛者。

1. It is mainly used for hemoptysis due to blood-heat, vomiting blood, epistaxis, purpura bleeding, heat-toxin ulcers, burns from fire or hot liquids, scabies, and constipation due to heat accumulation.
2. In Western medicine, it is diagnosed as functional uterine bleeding, thrombocytopenic purpura of blood-heat type, scabies, ulcers, and other conditions caused by excessive heat-toxin.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，9-15g；捣汁；或熬膏。外用：捣敷；磨汁涂；或煎水洗。
Internal administration: decoction, 9-15g; pounding juice; or making paste. External application: pounding for poultice; grinding juice for application; or decoction for washing.

注意事项 Precautions

脾胃虚寒者禁服。有使用羊蹄叶中毒的报道。
Those with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold should avoid taking it. There have been reports of poisoning from using sheep's hoof leaves.

化学成分 Chemical Components

羊蹄根含大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素及酸模素等，叶含槲皮苷、维生素C等。
Sheep's hoof root contains emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, and rumexin, while the leaves contain quercetin, vitamin C, etc.

药理作用 Pharmacological Effects

1、对血液系统的影响：羊蹄大黄酚能明显缩短血凝时间，其鞣质有收敛止血的作用。羊蹄根煎剂的乙醇提取物对急性单核细胞性、急性淋巴细胞性和急性粒细胞性白血病患者血细胞脱氢酶有抑制作用。
2、抑菌、抗病毒作用：羊蹄酊剂对多种革兰阳性和阴性菌及致病真菌有一定抑制作用。其所含的酸模素对红色毛发癣菌及趾间发癣菌有抑制作用。羊蹄煎剂有预防亚洲甲型流感病毒的作用。

1. Effects on the blood system: Chrysophanol from sheep's hoof can significantly shorten blood clotting time, and its tannins have an astringent and hemostatic effect. Ethanol extracts of sheep's hoof root decoction have inhibitory effects on the dehydrogenase of blood cells in patients with acute monoblastic, acute lymphoblastic, and acute myeloblastic leukemia.
2. Antibacterial and antiviral effects: Sheep's hoof tincture has a certain inhibitory effect on a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as pathogenic fungi. The rumexin it contains has inhibitory effects on Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Sheep's hoof decoction has a preventive effect on Asian influenza A virus.
3. In addition, sheep's hoof also has effects such as lowering blood pressure, promoting bile secretion, and mild laxative effects.

相关论述 Relevant Discussions

1、《神农本草经》：主头秃疥瘙，除热，女子阴蚀。
2、《滇南本草》：治诸热毒，泻六腑实火，泻六经客热，退虚劳发热，利小便，治热淋。杀虫，搽癣疮、癞疮。

1. "Shennong Ben Cao Jing": Mainly used for treating alopecia, scabies, itching, clearing heat, and treating female genital ulcers.
2. "Dian Nan Ben Cao": Used for treating various heat toxins, purging excessive fire in the six fu organs, clearing heat in the six meridians, reducing fever due to deficiency and fatigue, promoting urination, treating hot urinary dribbling. It can also kill parasites and be applied externally for tinea and leprosy sores.

临床应用 Clinical Applications

1、治热郁吐血，以本品与麦门冬煎汤饮；《永类钤方》治大便下血，常配连皮老姜同用；《江西民间草药》治内痒出血，以本品与猪肉同煮，去药饮汤。
2、治癣，常与枯矾同用，共研末，醋调敷，如羊蹄根散（《医宗金鉴》）；治烫伤，可用鲜品捣敷，或研末油调外涂。

1. To treat hematemesis due to heat and stagnation, this herb is decocted with Ophiopogon japonicus in a soup. In "Yong Lei Qian Fang", for treating bloody stools, it is often combined with old ginger including the skin. In "Folk Herbal Medicine of Jiangxi", for internal itching and bleeding, it is cooked with pork and consumed as a soup after removing the herb.
2. For treating ringworm, it is often combined with calcined alum, ground into powder, mixed with vinegar, and applied externally, such as Yangti Gen San (from "Yi Zong Jin Jian"); for burns, fresh herb can be mashed and applied, or powdered and mixed with oil for external use.
3. For constipation, it can be decocted alone or combined with mirabilite.

相关配伍 Related Compatibility

地榆配羊蹄：地榆性味苦、酸，微寒，归肝、胃、大肠经，性沉降，人下焦，凉血止血，多用治下部出血；羊蹄苦、涩、寒，归心、肝、大肠经，凉血止血兼收敛止血，用治各种出血证。两药相配，凉血止血，解毒敛疮。适用于治疗便血、痔疮出血等。
Guanzhong and Yangti: Agrimonia pilosa has a bitter and sour taste, slightly cold in nature, and enters the liver, stomach, and large intestine meridians. It has a descending property and mainly acts on the lower burner, cooling blood and stopping bleeding. It is commonly used to treat lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Sheep's hoof has a bitter, astringent, and cold nature, entering the heart, liver, and large intestine meridians. It cools blood, stops bleeding, and has astringent properties, making it suitable for various bleeding disorders. When these two herbs are combined, they cool blood, stop bleeding, detoxify, and promote wound healing. This combination is suitable for treating conditions such as bloody stools and bleeding hemorrhoids.

贯众与羊蹄：二药均能凉血止血，同可用治血热妄行的各种出血证。然贯众清热凉血，尤善治崩漏下血；羊蹄既能凉血止血，又能收敛止血，用治吐血、衄血、便血、崩漏、紫癜等各种出血证。
Guanzhong and Sheep's Hoof: Both herbs can cool blood and stop bleeding, and are commonly used to treat various bleeding disorders caused by blood heat. Guanzhong clears heat and cools blood, especially effective in treating menorrhagia and metrorrhagia; Sheep's hoof can both cool blood and stop bleeding, and astringe bleeding, used to treat hematemesis, epistaxis, hematochezia, menorrhagia, and purpura.

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：栽种2年后，9-11月当地上叶变黄时，挖出根部，洗净鲜用或切片晒干。
Harvesting and processing: After planting for 2 years, dig out the roots in September to November when the aerial leaves turn yellow, wash them clean, and use fresh or slice and sun-dry.

炮制方法：取原药材，除去杂质，洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥。
Processing method: Collect the original medicinal material, remove impurities, wash thoroughly, soak until soft, cut into thick slices, and dry.

保存方法 Storage Method

贮干燥容器内，置于通风干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a dry container, place in a well-ventilated and dry area, and prevent insect infestation.

药材鉴别 Medicinal Material Identification

药材性状：
1、羊蹄：根类圆锥形，长6－18cm，直径0.8-1.8cm。根头部有残留茎基及支根痕。根表面棕灰色，具纵皱纹及横向突起的皮孔样疤痕。质硬，易折断，断面灰黄色，颗粒状。气特殊，味微苦涩。

1. Sheep's hoof: The root is conical, 6–18 cm long and 0.8–1.8 cm in diameter. The root head has residual stem bases and lateral root scars. The surface is brown-gray, with longitudinal wrinkles and transverse raised pore-like scars. Hard texture, easily broken, cross-section gray-yellow and granular. Distinctive odor, slightly bitter and astringent taste.
2. Nepalese sheep's hoof: The root is conical with branches at the lower part, about 13 cm long and up to 2.5 cm in diameter. The root head has residual stem bases and lateral root scars, surrounded by a small amount of dried brown leaf base fibers, with dense horizontal stripes below. The surface is yellow-gray, with many longitudinal grooves and long transverse pore-like scars. Hard texture, easily broken, broken surface light brown. Slight odor, bitter and astringent taste.

饮片性状：为类圆形或椭圆形的厚片，直径约1-2cm，表面深棕色，中心深黄色，形成层环隐约可见。周边灰黄色，具纵皱纹，质硬，味微苦、涩。
Characteristics of processed slices: Thick slices that are round or oval-shaped, about 1–2 cm in diameter. Surface is dark brown, center deep yellow, with faintly visible vascular cambium rings. Periphery grayish-yellow, with longitudinal wrinkles, hard texture, slightly bitter and astringent taste.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：蓼科酸模属植物羊蹄或尼泊尔酸模。
Plant species: Rumex japonicus Houtt. or Rumex nepalensis Meisn., family Polygonaceae.

形态特征：
1、羊蹄：多年生草本，高60-100cm。根粗大，断面黄色。茎直立，通常不分枝。单叶互生，具柄；叶片长圆形至长圆状披针形，基生叶较大，长16-22cm，宽4-9cm，先端急尖，基部圆形至微心形，边缘微波状皱褶。总状花序顶生，每节花簇略下垂；花两性，花被片6，淡绿色，外轮3片展开，内轮3片成果被；果被广卵形，有明显的网纹，背面各具一卵形疣状突起，其表面有细网纹，边缘具不整齐的微齿；雄蕊6，成3对；子房具棱，1室，1胚珠，花柱3，柱头细裂。瘦果宽卵形，有3棱，先端尖，角棱锐利，长约2mm，黑褐色，光亮。花期4月，果期5月。

1. Sheep's hoof: Perennial herb, 60–100 cm tall. Thick roots with yellow cross-sections. Erect stem, usually unbranched. Leaves alternate, petiolate; blades oblong to lanceolate, basal leaves larger, 16–22 cm long, 4–9 cm wide, acute apex, rounded to slightly cordate base, margins slightly wavy. Terminal raceme, flower clusters slightly drooping; flowers bisexual, 6 tepals, pale green, outer 3 spreading, inner 3 forming fruit valves; fruit valves broadly ovate, reticulate, each with an ovoid tubercle on back, finely reticulated surface, margin irregularly serrulate; stamens 6 in 3 pairs; ovary angled, 1-celled, 1 ovule, 3 styles, stigmas finely divided. Achene broadly ovoid, 3-angled, apex acute, angles sharp, ca. 2 mm long, blackish-brown, shiny. Flowering April, fruiting May.
2. Nepalese sheep's hoof: Differs in having ovate-oblong leaves, wider at base, acute or obtuse apex, cordate or nearly round base, both surfaces of veins and margins covered with white short hairs; enlarged inner tepals at fruiting stage with 7–10 pairs of hooked prickles on the margin. Flowering May–June, fruiting June–July.

分布区域 Distribution Area

1、羊蹄：分布我国华北、东北、华东、中南各地。
2、尼泊尔酸模：分布于西南及江苏、江西、湖北、湖南、西藏、陕西、甘肃、青海等地。

1. Sheep's hoof: distributed in North China, Northeast China, East China, and Central-South China.
2. Nepalese sorrel: distributed in Southwest China, as well as Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, and other regions.

道地产区 Authentic Production Areas

全国大部分地区均有，主产于江苏、浙江、安徽、湖北、广东、广西、四川等地。
Widely distributed throughout most parts of China, mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, and other regions.

生长环境 Growing Environment

1、羊蹄：生于山野、路旁、湿地。
2、尼泊尔羊蹄：生于沟谷、河岸及湿地。

1. Sheep's hoof: grows in wild mountains, roadside, and wetlands.
2. Nepalese sheep's hoof: grows in ravines, riverbanks, and wetlands.
   Prefers cool, moist environments, can withstand severe cold, but grows poorly under dry, high temperature, and high humidity conditions, resulting in low yields. Prefers deep, fertile, loose soil; sandy loam and humus-rich loam with good drainage are ideal. Not suitable for hard clay or damp, low-lying, waterlogged areas.

繁殖方式 Propagation Methods

用种子及分根繁殖。
Propagation by seeds and root division.

栽培技术 Cultivation Techniques

1、种子繁殖：在春、夏、秋三季均可播种。由于羊蹄是一种深根性的植物，为了提高根的产量，整地时必须深翻土地，耕深不少于30cm，并施足基肥。耕翻后打碎土块，耙平作成宽60cm、高25cm的高垅，条播或穴播。为便于苗期管理，以条播为好。如果采用新收的种子，不须任何处理，如果播种前用温水（20℃以下）浸泡1d，可提前出苗。北方5月播种，播种后10-15d出苗。每1h㎡播种量约10.5kg，覆土3cm，播后要及时浇水，并保持土壤潮湿。出苗后，结合松土、除草间苗1-2次。
2、分根繁殖：将母株根头分成数块，每块至少有芽1-2个，然后按60cm×45cm行株距穴栽，每1h㎡约需种块2250kg。

1. Seed propagation: Can be sown in spring, summer, and autumn. As sheep's hoof is deep-rooted, land should be deeply plowed (≥30 cm) and sufficient base fertilizer applied to increase root yield. After plowing, break clods, level, and form ridges 60 cm wide and 25 cm high. Row or hole sowing; row sowing is preferred for easier seedling management. Fresh seeds require no pretreatment, but soaking in warm water (<20°C) for 1 day may accelerate germination. In northern regions, sow in May; seedlings emerge in 10–15 days. Sowing rate ~10.5 kg/hm², cover with 3 cm soil, water promptly, and keep soil moist. Thin seedlings 1–2 times after emergence, along with weeding and loosening soil.
2. Root division propagation: Divide root crowns of mother plants into pieces, each with at least 1–2 buds. Plant in holes at 60 cm × 45 cm spacing, requiring about 2250 kg of root pieces per hectare.