苎麻叶，中药名。为荨麻科植物苎麻Boehmerianivea（L.）Gaud.的叶。具有凉血止血，散瘀消肿，解毒的功效。主治咯血，吐血，血淋，尿血，月经过多，外伤出血，跌仆肿痛，脱肛不收，丹毒，疮肿，乳痈，湿疹，蛇虫咬伤。
Zhu-ma-ye, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. Leaves of Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.) have the effects of cooling blood, stopping bleeding, promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, and detoxification. They are mainly used for treating hemoptysis, hematemesis, blood stranguria, hematuria, excessive menstruation, external bleeding, bruises, swelling and pain from falls, prolapsed anus, erysipelas, carbuncles, mammitis, eczema, and snake or insect bites.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

凉血止血，散瘀消肿，解毒。
Cooling the blood to stop bleeding, dispersing stasis to reduce swelling, and detoxifying.

主治 Indications

咯血，吐血，血淋，尿血，月经过多，外伤出血，跌仆肿痛，脱肛不收，丹毒，疮肿，乳痈，湿疹，蛇虫咬伤。
Hemoptysis, hematemesis, blood stranguria, hematuria, excessive menstruation, external bleeding from trauma, swelling and pain from falls, prolapsed anus, erysipelas, abscesses, breast abscess, eczema, snake or insect bites.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

外用适量，煎汤外洗，或捣敷。
For external use, apply an appropriate amount, decoct for external washing, or prepare as a poultice.

注意事项 Precautions

脾胃虚寒者慎服。
Those with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold should take it with caution.

化学成分 Chemical Composition

苎麻叶中含芸香甙、野漆树甙；新鲜苎麻叶中含叶黄素、α和β-胡萝卜素；干燥的苎麻叶中含叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素、谷氨酸。
Mallow leaves contain rutin and quercetin; fresh mallow leaves contain lutein, α-carotene, and β-carotene; dried mallow leaves contain lutein, β-carotene, and glutamic acid.

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

《本草纲目》：“金疮伤折血出，瘀血。”
"Compendium of Materia Medica": "Gold wounds, fractures, blood loss, and blood stasis."

临床应用 Clinical Applications

1、治冷痢白冻：五日采麻叶，阴干为末。每服二钱，冷水调下。勿吃热物，令人闷倒。只吃冷物。小儿半钱。（《杨子建护命方》）

1. Treatment for cold diarrhea and abdominal pain: Harvest hemp leaves for five days, dry them in the shade and grind into powder. Take two qian per dose, mixed with cold water. Avoid consuming hot food, as it may cause discomfort. Only consume cold food. For children, the dosage is half a qian. (From "Yang Zijian's Life-saving Formula")

2、治蛇虺咬伤：青麻嫩头捣汁，和酒等分，服三盏。以渣敷之，毒从窍中出，以渣弃水中即不发。看伤处有窍是雄蛇，无窍是雌蛇，以针挑破伤处成窍，敷药。（《摘玄方》）
2. Treatment for snake or viper bites: Crush the tender green hemp heads to extract the juice, mix it with an equal amount of alcohol, and take three doses. Apply the residue on the wound, allowing the poison to drain out through the pores. Discard the residue in water once the poison is removed. Identify the gender of the snake by checking if there are pores at the wound site — pores indicate a male snake, while the absence of pores indicates a female snake. Use a needle to puncture the wound and create pores, then apply the medicine. (From "Extracting Mysterious Formulas")

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工：春、夏、秋季均可采收，鲜用或晒干。
The herb can be harvested in spring, summer, and autumn, and can be used fresh or dried.

药材鉴别 Herbal Identification

药材性状：叶多皱缩，全体绿棕色，有毛，叶片展平后为宽卵形，长达15cm以上，宽5-10cm。先端渐尖，基部近圆形或宽楔形，边缘有粗齿。基出脉3条，上面微凹，下面微隆起。叶柄较长，长达7cm。气微，味微辛、微苦。
Characteristics of the herb: The leaves are wrinkled and shriveled, overall green-brown in color, and hairy. When flattened, the leaf blade is broadly ovate, over 15cm long and 5–10cm wide. The apex is gradually pointed, the base nearly round or broadly wedge-shaped, and the margin has coarse teeth. There are three primary veins arising from the base, slightly concave on the upper surface and slightly raised on the lower surface. The petiole is relatively long, up to 7cm. The aroma is mild, and the taste is slightly pungent and slightly bitter.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属：荨麻科苎麻属苎麻。
Species: Boehmeria nivea, genus Boehmeria, family Urticaceae.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

多年生半灌木，高1-2m。茎直立，圆柱形，多分枝，青褐色，密生粗长毛。叶互生；叶柄长2-11cm；托叶2，分离，早落；叶片宽卵形或卵形，长7-15cm，宽6-12cm，先端渐尖或近尾状，基部宽楔形或截形，边缘密生齿牙，上面绿色，粗糙，并散生疏毛，下面密生交织的白色柔毛，基出脉3条。花单性，雌雄通常同株；花序呈圆锥状，腋生，长5-10cm，雄花序通常位于雌花序之下；雄花小，无花梗，黄白色，花被片4，雄蕊4，有退化雌蕊；雌花淡绿色，簇球形，直径约2mm，花被管状，宿存，花柱1。瘦果小，椭圆形，密生短毛，为宿存花被包裹，内有种子1颗。花期9月，果期10月。
Perennial semi-shrub, 1–2m tall. Stem erect, cylindrical, branched, green-brown, densely covered with coarse long hairs. Leaves alternate; petiole 2–11cm long; two stipules, separate, early deciduous; leaf blade broadly ovate or ovate, 7–15cm long, 6–12cm wide, apex gradually pointed or nearly caudate, base broadly cuneate or truncate, margin densely serrate, upper surface green, rough, sparsely hairy, lower surface densely covered with interlaced white soft hairs, with three basal veins. Flowers unisexual, usually monoecious; inflorescence conical, axillary, 5–10cm long, male flowers typically below female flowers; male flowers small, sessile, yellow-white, with four tepals, four stamens, and a rudimentary pistil; female flowers pale green, clustered in spherical heads about 2mm in diameter, perianth tubular and persistent, style single. Fruit a small achene, ellipsoidal, densely short-hairy, enclosed in persistent perianth, containing one seed. Flowering in September, fruiting in October.

分布区域 Distribution Area

在我国河南、山东及陕西以南各地广为栽培，也有野生。
Widely cultivated in regions south of Henan, Shandong, and Shaanxi provinces in China, and also found growing wild.

生长环境 Growing Environment

喜温暖湿润气候，发芽适宜气温22-25℃，生长最适温度为23-30℃，气温在8℃以下幼苗停止生长，0℃以下苗易冻死。年降水量800-1000mm，相对湿度80％左右最为适宜。怕风，忌渍水。对土壤适应性强，以土层深厚、疏松肥沃、富含腐殖质、排水良好、土壤pH5.5-6.5的砂质壤土或粘壤土栽培为宜。
Prefers warm and humid climate. Ideal germination temperature is 22–25°C, optimal growth temperature is 23–30°C. Seedlings cease growth below 8°C and are susceptible to freezing below 0°C. Annual precipitation of 800–1000mm and relative humidity around 80% are most suitable. Sensitive to wind and intolerant of waterlogging. Adaptable to various soils, best grown in deep, loose, fertile sandy loam or clay loam rich in humus, well-drained, with pH 5.5–6.5.

繁殖方式 Reproduction Methods

用种子、分根、扦插、压条、分株繁殖，亦可用组织培养方法培育试管苗。
Propagation by seeds, root division, cuttings, layering, and division. Tissue culture can also be used to cultivate test-tube seedlings.

栽培技术 Cultivation Techniques

1、种子繁殖：用育苗移栽法，选背风向阳、灌排方便、土质疏松之处作苗床。春季3月上、中旬或秋季8月上、中旬播种，种子可与细土或草木灰拌匀后撒播于苗床，薄覆细土，以不见种子为度，盖草，浇水，保持湿度。出苗后，待有10-12片真叶时，即可移栽。每1h㎡用种量7.5-15kg。

1. Seed propagation: Use seedling cultivation and transplanting method. Select a wind-sheltered, sunny site with good irrigation and drainage and loose soil for seedbeds. Sow in early to mid-March (spring) or early to mid-August (autumn). Mix seeds with fine soil or wood ash and broadcast on seedbed, lightly cover with fine soil until not visible, cover with straw, water, and maintain moisture. Transplant when seedlings develop 10–12 true leaves. Seeding rate: 7.5–15kg per hectare.

2、分根繁殖：又称分蔸繁殖，将种根挖出，分切成数块，选健壮、无病虫害的带有节及芽的种块，随即栽种。亦可用边蔸、抽亮、抽行等方法获得种根。或将细根切成小段，早春育苗，待苗高20cm时移栽。
2. Root division propagation: Also known as rhizome division. Dig up roots and divide into pieces. Select healthy, disease-free sections with nodes and buds, and plant immediately. Roots can also be obtained via side shoots (bian-dou), bright shoots (chou-liang), or row extraction (chou-xing). Alternatively, cut fine roots into segments, raise seedlings in early spring, and transplant when 20cm tall.

3、扦插繁殖：选粗壮麻茎，剪成12-15cm小段，具有3-4个芽，斜插在苗床上，覆土压实，保持土壤湿度，待生根出苗后移栽。
3. Cutting propagation: Select strong hemp stems, cut into 12–15cm sections with 3–4 buds, insert diagonally into seedbed, cover with soil and press firmly, maintain soil moisture, and transplant after rooting and sprouting.

4、压条繁殖：待头麻开始成熟，茎杆大部变褐色时，在植株旁挖深约5cm的浅沟，将茎杆弯曲至地面，在靠地面处，切一伤口，麻杆顶端露出土面，填土压实，待生根后与母体分离移栽。
4. Layering propagation: When the first harvest (tou-ma) begins to mature and most of the stem turns brown, dig a shallow trench (~5cm deep) beside the plant. Bend the stem to the ground, make a small cut near the ground contact point, keep the tip exposed above soil, fill trench and press soil firmly. After roots form, separate from parent plant and transplant.

5、分株繁殖：苗高15-20cm时，切取过密较矮的麻苗，稍带细根，摘除部分叶片，剪去梢部栽种。移栽方法，秋末、冬初或早春空穴栽，每1h㎡按深根型栽3.75万-4.5万兜、浅根型2.5万-3万兜。实生苗4.5万-6万兜，每蔸2-3株。穴深10-15cm，穴径12-18cm。栽后填土压实，浇水。
5. Division propagation: When seedlings reach 15–20cm, cut overcrowded shorter ones with some fine roots, remove part of the leaves, and trim the top before planting. Transplant in late autumn, winter, or early spring. Planting density: 37,500–45,000 clumps/ha for deep-rooted types, 25,000–30,000 clumps/ha for shallow-rooted types, and 45,000–60,000 clumps/ha for seedlings, with 2–3 plants per clump. Hole depth: 10–15cm, diameter: 12–18cm. After planting, fill hole, press soil, and water.

病虫防治 Pest and Disease Control

1、病害有立枯病、根腐线虫病、青枯病、疫霉病、白纹羽病、茎腐病、角斑病、褐斑病等。

1. Diseases include damping-off, root-knot nematode disease, bacterial wilt, Phytophthora blight, white root rot, stem rot, angular leaf spot, brown spot, etc.

2、虫害有苎麻赤蛱蝶、苎麻天牛、银纹夜蛾、卷叶虫、苎麻黄蛱蝶、金龟子等为害。
2. Pests include jute red admiral butterfly, jute longhorn beetle, silver-striped hawkmoth, leaf roller, jute yellow admiral, scarab beetles, etc.