马兜铃，中药名。为马兜铃科马兜铃属植物北马兜铃Aristolochia contorta Bunge.和马兜铃Aristolochia debilis Seib.et Zucc.的果实。具有清肺化痰，止咳平喘，清肠消痔的功效。主治肺热咳喘，痔疮肿痛或出血。
Ma-dou-ling, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. It refers to the fruit of the plants in the Aristolochia contorta Bunge and Aristolochia debilis Seib.et Zucc. of the Aristolochiaceae family. It has the functions of clearing the lungs and resolving phlegm, stopping cough and relieving asthma, and clearing the intestines and eliminating hemorrhoids. It is mainly used to treat lung heat cough and asthma, as well as painful or bleeding hemorrhoids.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

清肺化痰，止咳平喘，清肠消痔。
Clearing the lungs and resolving phlegm, stopping cough and relieving asthma, clearing the intestines and treating hemorrhoids.

主治 Indications

1、肺热咳喘：本品性寒质轻，主入肺经，味苦泄降，善清肺热，降肺气，又能化痰。

1. Lung Heat with Cough and Asthma: This herb has a cold nature and a mild quality. It mainly enters the lung meridian, tastes bitter to clear heat from the lungs, descend lung qi, and is effective in resolving phlegm.

2、痔疮肿痛或出血：本品又入大肠经，能清除大肠积热而治痔疮肿痛或出血。
2. Hemorrhoids with swelling, pain, or bleeding: This herb also enters the large intestine meridian, can clear heat accumulation in the large intestine, and treat hemorrhoids with swelling, pain, or bleeding.

3、西医诊为上呼吸道感染、大叶性肺炎、急性支气管炎等属于热痰壅肺者，内痔、外痔、混合痔等属于热毒蕴结者。
3. In Western medicine, conditions such as upper respiratory tract infections, lobar pneumonia, acute bronchitis are considered as cases of heat-phlegm obstructing the lungs, while internal hemorrhoids, external hemorrhoids, mixed hemorrhoids are considered as cases of heat-toxin stagnation.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎服，3-10g。外用：适量，煎汤薰洗。一般生用，肺虚久咳者炙用。
Internal use: Decoction, 3-10g. External use: Appropriate amount, decoct and use for fumigation and washing. Generally used raw, but roasted for those with long-term cough due to lung deficiency.

不良反应 Adverse Reactions

1、服用30-90克即可引起中毒反应，其所含木兰花碱对神经节有阻断作用，并具有箭毒样作用。临床表现为频繁恶心、心烦、呕吐、头晕、气短等症状，严重者可出现出血性下痢，知觉麻痹，嗜睡，瞳孔散大，呼吸困难，或由肾炎而引起蛋白尿及血尿。马兜铃蜜炙后再入药，可避免轻度症状如恶心、呕吐等。

1. Taking 30-90 grams can cause poisoning reactions. The magnoflorine it contains has a blocking effect on nerve ganglia and acts like arrow poison. Clinical manifestations include frequent nausea, restlessness, vomiting, dizziness, shortness of breath, and other symptoms. In severe cases, there may be bloody diarrhea, sensory paralysis, drowsiness, dilated pupils, difficulty breathing, proteinuria, and hematuria caused by nephritis. Honey-frying Aristolochia before use can help avoid mild symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.

2、症状较严重者，需对症处理，可洗胃、服浓茶或鞣酸等；肌内注射维生素B，1日2次，每次20毫克，静脉注射25%葡萄糖液或静脉滴注葡萄糖盐水100-500毫升。岀现麻痹或呼吸困难时，可用苯甲酸钠、咖啡因、尼可刹米，或樟脑磺酸钠等肌內注射。
2. For more severe symptoms, symptomatic treatment is needed, such as gastric lavage, drinking strong tea or tannic acid. Intramuscular injection of vitamin B twice a day, 20 milligrams each time, intravenous injection of 25% glucose solution, or intravenous infusion of glucose saline solution 100-500 milliliters. In case of paralysis or difficulty breathing, intramuscular injections of sodium benzoate, caffeine, nicotinamide, or camphor sulfonic acid sodium can be used.

注意事项 Precautions

本品味苦而寒，内服过量，可致呕吐。虚寒喘咳及脾虚便泄者禁服，胃弱者慎服。
This product has a bitter and cold taste. Overdosing on internal consumption can cause vomiting. It is contraindicated for those with deficiency-cold asthma, cough, spleen deficiency, and diarrhea. Those with weak stomach should take it with caution.

化学成分 Chemical Composition

北马兜铃果实含马兜铃酸A、C、D，β-谷甾醇和木兰花碱。马兜铃果实和种子含有马兜铃酸A和季铵生物碱。
The fruit of Aristolochia debilis contains aristolochic acids A, C, and D, β-sitosterol, and magnoflorine. The fruit and seeds of Aristolochia debilis contain aristolochic acids A and quaternary alkaloids.

药理作用 Pharmacological Effects

有明显止咳作用，煎剂有微弱祛痰作用；又能舒张支气管，缓解支气管痉挛。对多种致病真菌有抑制作用。
It has a significant antitussive effect, with a weak expectorant effect when decocted; it can also dilate the bronchi, relieve bronchial spasms, and inhibit various pathogenic fungi.

毒理作用 Toxicological Effects

兔皮下注射马兜铃碱（即马兜铃酸）7.5mg/kg，可引起严重的肾炎，5-6d后才能恢复；剂量增加至20mg/kg，则出现血尿，尿少，尿闭，后肢不全麻痹，脉搏不整，呼吸困难，角膜反射减退，最后呼吸停止而死。
Subcutaneous injection of 7.5mg/kg of aristolochic acid (also known as aristolochic acid) in rabbits can cause severe nephritis, which takes 5-6 days to recover from. If the dose is increased to 20mg/kg, hematuria, oliguria, anuria, partial paralysis of the hind limbs, irregular pulse, difficulty breathing, decreased corneal reflex, and ultimately respiratory arrest leading to death will occur.

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

1、《药性论》：“主肺气上急，坐息不得，咳逆连连不止。”

1. "Materia Medica Theory": "It is used for urgent upward movement of lung qi, inability to sit still, and continuous and incessant coughing."

2、《本草正义》：“宣肺之药，紫菀微温，兜铃微清，皆能疏通壅滞，止嗽化痰，此二者，有一温一清之分，宜辨寒嗽热嗽、寒喘热喘主治。”
2. "Compendium of Materia Medica": "Medicines that disperse lung qi, such as Zi Wan with a slight warmth and Dou Ling with a slight coolness, can both promote the smooth flow of stagnation, stop coughing, and transform phlegm. These two have a distinction between warmth and coolness, suitable for distinguishing between cold cough and hot cough, cold wheezing and hot wheezing for treatment."

临床应用 Clinical Application

1、治热郁于肺，肺失肃降，配桑白皮、黄芩、枇杷叶等同用。

1. Treating heat stagnation in the lungs, with lung deficiency leading to failure in descending, a combination of mulberry root bark, scutellaria, and loquat leaf is used.

2、治肺虚火盛，喘咳咽干，或痰中带血者，配阿胶等同用，以养阴清肺、止咳平喘，如补肺阿胶散（《小儿药证直诀》）。
2. Treating lung deficiency with excessive fire, accompanied by wheezing, coughing, and dry throat, or with blood in the phlegm, a combination with donkey-hide gelatin is used to nourish yin, clear the lungs, stop coughing, and alleviate wheezing, such as in the Lung-Tonifying Donkey-Hide Gelatin Powder (from "Essential Prescriptions of Pediatric Diseases").

3、治痔疮肿痛或出血，配生地、白术等药内服，也可配地榆、槐角煎汤熏洗患处。
3. Treating painful and bleeding hemorrhoids, a combination of raw rehmannia root, white atractylodes, and other herbs for internal use is prescribed. Alternatively, a decoction of diyu and sophora flower can be used for fumigation and washing the affected area.

相关配伍 Related Herbal Combinations

1、马兜铃配桑白皮：马兜铃苦寒泄降，善清肺热痰火，止咳平喘；桑白皮甘寒性降，专泻肺中水饮及痰火而平喘咳。两药配伍，相须为用，共奏清肺化痰，止咳平喘之功。适用于热痰壅肺，宣降失司之咳喘胸满，痰黄质黏等。

1. Combining Ma Dou Ling with Sang Bai Pi: Ma Dou Ling is bitter and cold, it can clear lung heat, resolve phlegm and fire, and relieve cough and wheezing; Sang Bai Pi is sweet and cold in nature, it can specifically drain lung water retention and phlegm fire, and relieve cough and wheezing. When these two herbs are used together, they complement each other and work together to clear the lungs, transform phlegm, and relieve cough and wheezing. This combination is suitable for conditions such as lung heat obstructing the lungs, coughing and wheezing due to dysfunction of disseminating and descending lung qi, chest fullness, sticky yellow phlegm, etc.

2、兜铃配黄芩：马兜铃苦寒泄降，善清肺热痰火，止咳平喘；黄芩苦寒燥湿，长于清泄肺火及上焦实热。两药伍用，相得益彰，可增强清肺热、化热痰之功。适用于肺热壅遏，宣降失司之咳嗽痰黄，质黏量多等。
2. Combining Dou Ling with Huang Qin: Ma Dou Ling is bitter and cold, it can clear lung heat, resolve phlegm and fire, and relieve cough and wheezing; Huang Qin is bitter, cold, and drying, it is good at clearing and draining lung fire and upper burner excess heat. When these two herbs are used together, they complement each other and can enhance the effects of clearing lung heat and transforming phlegm heat. This combination is suitable for conditions such as lung heat obstructing and stagnating, coughing with yellow phlegm, and a large amount of sticky phlegm.

3、铃配枇杷叶：马兜铃苦寒泄降，善清肺热痰火，止咳平喘；枇杷叶苦寒淸降，功专清肺止咳，降逆止呕。两药相合，清肺止咳之力增强。适用于肺热咳嗽，气逆喘急者。
3. Combining Ling with Pi Pa Ye: Ma Dou Ling is bitter and cold, it can clear lung heat, resolve phlegm and fire, and relieve cough and wheezing; Pi Pa Ye is bitter, cold, and descending in nature, it is specifically good at clearing the lungs, stopping cough, and descending rebellious qi to stop vomiting. When these two herbs are combined, the ability to clear the lungs and stop coughing is enhanced. This combination is suitable for conditions such as lung heat cough, and urgent wheezing due to rebellious qi.

鉴别用药 Differentiation in Use

1、马兜铃与青木香：二者同出一源，马兜铃为成熟果实，青木香用的是根，均为辛苦微寒之品，皆有平肝降压之功。但马兜铃主归肺与大肠经，功专清肺化痰，止咳平喘主治肺热咳嗽痰喘，大肠积热及痔疮肿痛；青木香主归肝、胃经，长于行气止痛，解毒消肿，用于肝胃气滞，胸胁胀痛，泻痢腹痛，痈疮疔毒等。

1. Madouling and Qingmuxiang: Both originate from the same source. Madouling refers to the mature fruit while Qingmuxiang uses the root. They are both pungent and slightly cold in nature, with the function of soothing the liver and reducing blood pressure. Madouling mainly enters the lung and large intestine meridians, specializing in clearing the lung, transforming phlegm, stopping cough, and relieving asthma. It is used for lung heat, cough, phlegm, asthma, large intestine heat accumulation, and painful hemorrhoids. Qingmuxiang mainly enters the liver and stomach meridians, excelling in promoting qi circulation, relieving pain, detoxifying, and reducing swelling. It is used for liver and stomach qi stagnation, chest and rib distention and pain, diarrhea, abdominal pain, carbuncles, and abscesses.

2、马兜铃与枇杷叶：二者均能清肺化痰，止咳平喘，皆可治肺热咳嗽等。但马兜铃清肺化痰力强，又能清大肠积热，平肝降压，故治肺热咳嗽痰喘者尤宜，兼治痔疮肿痛及高血压病属肝阳上亢者；枇杷叶止咳效果佳，但清肺化痰力弱，又善降逆止呕，故还可用于胃热呕吐、呃逆及热病口渴、消渴。
2. Madouling and Pipa leaves: Both are capable of clearing the lung, transforming phlegm, stopping cough, and relieving asthma, suitable for treating lung heat cough and other conditions. Madouling has a strong ability to clear the lung and transform phlegm, as well as clearing large intestine heat and soothing the liver to reduce blood pressure. Therefore, it is especially suitable for treating lung heat cough, phlegm, asthma, hemorrhoids, and hypertension due to excessive liver yang. Pipa leaves are effective in stopping cough, but have a weaker ability to clear the lung and transform phlegm. They are good at descending rebellious qi to stop vomiting, making them suitable for treating stomach heat vomiting, hiccups, thirst in febrile diseases, and diabetes.

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工秋季果实由绿变黄时采收，晒干，生用、炒用或蜜炙用。
The fruits should be harvested when they turn from green to yellow in autumn, then dried in the sun for use in raw form, stir-fried, or honey-fried.

炮制方法
Processing methods:

1、马兜铃：取原药材，除去杂质，筛去灰屑，搓碎。

1. Processing of Aristolochia: Take the raw herb, remove impurities, sift out the ashes, and crush it.

2、炒马兜铃：取净马兜铃碎片，置锅内，用文火加热炒至表面色变棕黄色，偶有焦斑，取出放凉。
2. Stir-frying Aristolochia: Take the cleaned Aristolochia fragments, place them in a pot, heat them over low heat until the surface turns brownish-yellow with occasional scorch marks, then remove and let cool.

3、蜜马兜铃：炼蜜适量，开水稀释后，加入净马兜铃碎片内拌匀，稍闷，置锅内，用文火加热，炒至不粘手，取出放凉。每马兜铃100kg，用炼蜜25kg。
3. Honeyed Aristolochia: Refine an appropriate amount of honey, dilute it with boiling water, add the cleaned Aristolochia fragments and mix well, let it sit for a while, then place it in a pot, heat over low heat, stir-fry until it is not sticky, and then remove and let cool. For every 100kg of Aristolochia, use 25kg of refined honey.

保存方法 Storage Method

贮干燥容器内，密闭。置通风干燥处。防潮。
Store in a dry container, sealed. Place in a well-ventilated and dry area. Keep away from moisture.

药材鉴别 Herbal Identification

1、本品粉末黄棕色。种翅网纹细胞较多，类长圆形或多角形，长径15-110μm，纹孔较大，交织成网状。种皮厚壁细胞成片，类圆形或不规则形，棕黄色，长径9-25μm，壁极厚，胞腔内常含草酸钙小方晶。外果皮细胞多边形，间有类圆形油细胞。果隔厚壁细胞呈上、下层交叉排列，一层细胞呈纺锤形或长梭形，另一侧细胞类长方形或不规则形，壁稍厚，具点状纹孔。

1. The powder of this product is yellow-brown in color. There are many seed wing net cells, which are elongated oval or polygonal, with a length of 15-110μm. The pores are relatively large and interwoven into a net-like structure. The seed coat consists of thick-walled cells arranged in patches, which are round or irregular in shape, brownish-yellow, with a length of 9-25μm. The walls are very thick, and the cell cavities often contain small square crystals of calcium oxalate. The outer fruit skin cells are polygonal, with circular oil cells interspersed. The thick-walled cells of the fruit septum are arranged in upper and lower layers, with one layer of cells spindle-shaped or elongated, and the other side of cells rectangular or irregular, with slightly thick walls and dotted pores.

2、取本品粉末3g，加乙醇50ml，加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液蒸干，残渣加乙醇使溶解，作为供试品溶液。另取马兜铃对照药材3g，同法制成对照药材溶液，再取马兜铃酸I对照品，加乙醇制成每1ml含0.5mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（通则0502）试验，吸取上述三种溶液各5μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，使成条状，以甲苯-乙酸乙酯-水-甲酸（20：10：1：1）的上层溶液为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，置紫外光灯（365nm）下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱和对照品色谱相应的位置上，分别显相同颜色的荧光条斑。
2. Take 3g of the powder of this product, add 50ml of ethanol, heat reflux for 1 hour, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in ethanol to prepare the test solution. Take another 3g of Aristolochia debilis as the control herbal medicine, prepare the control herbal medicine solution using the same method, then take Aristolochic acid I as the control reference material, dissolve it in ethanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml, as the reference solution. Perform thin-layer chromatography (TLC) test according to the General Rules for Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) (General Rule 0502), spot 5μl of each of the three solutions mentioned above on the same silica gel G TLC plate, spread them into strips, use the upper layer solution of toluene-ethyl acetate-water-formic acid (20:10:1:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, and examine under a UV lamp (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at positions corresponding to those in the chromatograms of the control herbal medicine and the reference material.

药材性状 Characteristics of the Herbal Medicine

1、北马兜铃：蒴果卵圆状倒卵形，长3-5cm，直径2-4cm，上端平截，中央微凹，有花柱痕；果柄细，长2-2cm；表面黄绿色、灰绿色或棕褐色，有纵棱线12条，由棱线分出多数横向平行的细脉纹。果实轻而脆，易裂为6瓣，果皮内表面平滑而带光泽，有密的横向脉纹；果实分6室，种子多数，平叠整齐排列。种子扁平而薄，钝三角形或扇形，长6-10mm，宽6-12mm，边缘有翅，淡棕色。气特殊，味微苦。

1. Beima douling: The capsule is oval to inverted ovate, 3-5cm long and 2-4cm in diameter, with a flat truncated upper end, slightly concave center, and stigma scars; the pedicel is slender, 2-6cm long; the surface is yellow-green, gray-green, or brown, with 12 longitudinal ridges and numerous transverse parallel fine veins branching out from the ridges. The fruit is light and brittle, easily splitting into 6 segments, with a smooth and glossy inner surface of the fruit peel, and dense transverse veins; the fruit is divided into 6 compartments, with numerous seeds neatly arranged in layers. The seeds are flat and thin, bluntly triangular or fan-shaped, 6-10mm long and 6-12mm wide, with winged edges, and pale brown. It has a unique aroma and a slightly bitter taste.

2、马兜铃：蒴果球形或长圆形，基部钝圆，背缝线纵棱较平直。种子宽略大于长，心形。以个大、黄绿色、不破裂者为佳。
2. Madouling: The capsule is spherical or elongated, with a bluntly rounded base and relatively straight longitudinal ridges on the dorsal seam. The seeds are wider than they are long, and heart-shaped. The best quality ones are large, yellow-green, and non-ruptured.

饮片性状 Characteristics of Processed Slices

1、马兜铃：为不规则的小碎片，表面灰黄色有波状棱线。种子扁平而薄，钝三角形或刷形，中央棕色，周边淡棕色；种仁乳白色，有油性。气特异，味苦。

1. Aristolochia: Irregular small fragments, with a grayish-yellow surface and wavy edges. The seeds are flat and thin, bluntly triangular or brush-shaped, with a brown center and light brown periphery; the seed kernel is milky white and oily. It has a unique smell and a bitter taste.

2、炒马兜铃：形如马兜铃碎片，表面深黄色，偶有焦斑。
2. Stir-fried Aristolochia: Resembles fragments of Aristolochia, with a deep yellow surface and occasional scorch marks.

3、蜜马兜铃：形如炒马兜铃碎片，表面棕红色，略有光泽，带有黏性，味微甜。
3. Honeyed Aristolochia: Resembles stir-fried Aristolochia fragments, with a reddish-brown surface, slight gloss, stickiness, and a slightly sweet taste.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属马兜铃科马兜铃属植物北马兜铃和马兜铃。
The plants of the Aristolochiaceae family include the North Aristolochia and Aristolochia.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

1、北马兜铃：草质藤本。叶纸质；叶柄柔弱，长2-7cm；叶片卵状心形或三角状心形，长3-13cm，宽3-10cm，先端短尖或钝，基部心形，两侧裂片圆形，下垂或扩展，边全缘；基出脉5-7条。总状花序有花2-8朵生于叶腋；花序梗和花序轴极短或近无；花梗长1-2cm，小苞片卵形，具长柄；花被长2-3cm，基部膨大呈球形，向上收狭呈一长管，内面具腺体状毛，管口扩大呈漏斗状；檐部一侧极短，有时边缘下翻或稍2裂，另一侧渐扩大成舌片；舌片卵状披针形，先端长渐尖具延伸成1-3cm线形而弯扭的尾尖，黄绿色，常具紫色纵脉和网纹；花药贴生于合蕊柱近基部；子房圆柱形，6棱；合蕊柱先端6裂，裂片向下延伸成波状圆环。朔果宽倒卵形或椭圆状倒卵形，长3-6.5cm，先瑞圆形而微凹，6棱，成熟时由基部向上6瓣开裂；果便下垂，随果开裂。种子三角状心形，扁平，有小疣点，具浅褐色膜质翅。花期5-7月，果期8-10月。

1. Aristolochia mollissima: Herbaceous vine. The leaves are papery; leaf stalks are soft and 2-7cm long; leaf blades are ovate to cordate or triangular-cordate, 3-13cm long, 3-10cm wide, with short-pointed or obtuse tips, cordate bases, rounded lobes on both sides, drooping or spreading, with entire margins; 5-7 primary veins originating from the base. The inflorescence is racemose with 2-8 flowers born in leaf axils; the inflorescence stalk and axis are extremely short or nearly absent; flower stalks are 1-2cm long, with ovate bracts and long stalks; the perianth is 2-3cm long, with a swollen base forming a spherical shape, narrowing upwards into a long tube, with glandular hairs on the inner surface, and the mouth of the tube widening into a funnel shape; one side of the limb is very short, sometimes with edges curling downwards or slightly bifurcated, while the other side gradually expands into a tongue-shaped lobe; the lobe is ovate-lanceolate, with a gradually pointed tip extending into a 1-3cm long linear and twisted tail, yellow-green, often with purple longitudinal veins and reticulations; anthers are adnate near the base of the gynostemium; ovary is cylindrical with 6 angles; the apex of the gynostemium is 6-lobed, with lobes extending downwards into a wavy circular ring. The capsule is broadly ovoid or elliptic-ovoid, 3-6.5cm long, initially round and slightly concave, with 6 angles, splitting into 6 segments from the base upwards when mature; the fruit hangs downwards as it splits. Seeds are triangular-cordate, flat, with small wart-like dots, and have light brown membranous wings. Flowering period is from May to July, and fruiting period is from August to October.

2、马兜铃：草质藤本。根圆柱形。茎柔弱，无毛。叶互生；叶柄长1-2cm，柔弱；叶片卵状三角形、长圆状卵形或戟形，长3-6cm，基部宽1.5-3.5cm，先端钝圆或短渐尖，基部心形，两侧裂片圆形，下垂或稍扩展；基出脉5-7条，各级叶脉在两面均明显。花单生或2朵聚生于叶腋；花便长1-1.5cm；小苞片三角形，易脱落；花被长3-5.5cm，基部膨大呈球形，向上收狭成一长管，管口扩大成漏斗状，黄绿色，口部有紫斑，内面有腺体状毛；檐部一侧极短，另一侧渐延伸成舌片；舌片卵状披针形，顶端钝；花药贴生于合蕊柱近基部；于房圆柱形，6棱；合蕊柱先端6裂，稍具乳头状凸起，裂片先端钝，向下延伸形成波状圆环。蒴果近球形，先端圆形而微凹，具6棱，成熟时由基部向上沿空间6瓣开裂；果梗长2.5-5cm，常撕裂成6条。种子扁平，钝三角形，边线具白色膜质宽翅。花期7-8月，果期9-10月。
2. Aristolochia debilis: Herbaceous vine. The roots are cylindrical. The stems are weak and hairless. Leaves are opposite; leaf stalks are 1-2cm long and soft; leaf blades are ovate-triangular, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, 3-6cm long, 1.5-3.5cm wide at the base, with bluntly rounded or shortly acuminate tips, cordate bases, rounded lobes on both sides, drooping or slightly spreading; 5-7 primary veins originating from the base, with all levels of veins clearly visible on both sides. Flowers are solitary or in pairs in leaf axils; flower stalks are 1-1.5cm long; triangular bracts are easily shed; the perianth is 3-5.5cm long, with a swollen base forming a spherical shape, narrowing upwards into a long tube, widening at the mouth into a funnel shape, yellow-green, with purple spots at the mouth, glandular hairs on the inner surface; one side of the limb is very short, while the other side gradually extends into a tongue-shaped lobe; the lobe is ovate-lanceolate, with a blunt tip; anthers are adnate near the base of the gynostemium; ovary is cylindrical with 6 angles; the apex of the gynostemium is 6-lobed, slightly papillose, with blunt tips at the ends of the lobes, extending downwards to form a wavy circular ring. The capsule is nearly spherical, with a round and slightly concave apex, 6 angles, splitting into 6 segments from the base upwards when mature; fruit stalks are 2.5-5cm long, often tearing into 6 strips. Seeds are flat, bluntly triangular, with white membranous broad wings along the edges. Flowering period is from July to August, and fruiting period is from September to October.

分布区域 Distribution Area

1、北马兜铃：分布于东北、华北及江西、山东、湖北、陕西、甘肃、宁夏等地。

1. Beima douling: Distributed in Northeast China, North China, Jiangxi, Shandong, Hubei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, and other regions.

2、马兜铃：分布于山东、河南及长江流域以南各地。
2. Madouling: Distributed in Shandong, Henan, and various regions south of the Yangtze River.

道地产区 Authentic Production Areas

北马兜铃主产于黑龙江、吉林、河北；马兜铃主产于山东、江苏、安徽、浙江等地。
Beima douling is mainly produced in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Hebei; Madouling is mainly produced in Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and other places.

生长环境 Growing Environment

1、北马兜铃：生于山野林绿，溪流两岸，路旁及山坡灌丛中。

1. Beima douling: It grows in the mountains, by streams, along roadsides, and in thickets on hillsides.

2、马兜铃：生于山谷、沟边阴湿处或山坡灌丛中。
2. Douling: It grows in valleys, damp places by ditches, or thickets on hillsides.

生长习性 Growth Habits

喜冷凉湿润的气候，耐寒，耐旱，怕涝，忌阳光照射。宜在湿润而肥沃的砂质壤土或腐殖质壤土中种植。
Prefers a cold, cool, and moist climate, resistant to cold and drought, sensitive to waterlogging, and avoids direct sunlight. It is suitable for planting in moist and fertile sandy loam or humus loam.

繁殖方式 Reproduction Method

种子繁殖。
Seed propagation.

栽培技术 Cultivation Techniques

种子繁殖：当果实由绿变黄色时分批采摘，过晚果实开裂。种子不耐干藏，采收后应立即播种或将种子埋于湿沙中，放阴凉处保存。若于晚秋或翌年春取出播种，种子发芽不整齐，在10-20℃变温条件下发芽率高。也可在收获后用赤霉素5×10-4浸种1d后放温室沙藏。春播宜3月下旬-4月上旬，直播与育苗均可。育苗，在苗床上开条沟，行距25cm，沟深3-6cm，播幅10cm，将种子播下，覆土轻压，加盖稻草，以保持苗床湿润，出苗后除去覆盖物，1hm2用种子15-22.5kg。至次年4月，按行株距40cm×30cm开穴定植。直播用穴播或条播法。
Seed propagation: Harvest the fruits in batches when they turn from green to yellow to avoid fruit cracking if harvested too late. Seeds are not tolerant to dry storage, so they should be sown immediately after harvesting or buried in damp sand and stored in a cool, shady place. If sowing is delayed until late autumn or the following spring, the germination of seeds may not be uniform. A high germination rate can be achieved under fluctuating temperature conditions of 10-20°C. Alternatively, after harvest, seeds can be soaked in a solution of 5×10-4 gibberellin for 1 day and then stored in sand in a greenhouse. For spring sowing, it is advisable to sow in late March to early April, either through direct sowing or seedling raising. For seedling raising, create furrows on the seedbed with a row spacing of 25cm, a depth of 3-6cm, and a sowing width of 10cm. Sow the seeds, lightly press the soil, cover with straw to maintain moisture in the seedbed. After germination, remove the covering. The seeding rate is 15-22.5kg per hectare. By the following April, transplant the seedlings at a spacing of 40cm × 30cm. Direct seeding can be done by pit sowing or row sowing.

病虫防治 Disease and Pest Control

马兜铃凤蝶严重时将叶子吃尽。冬季应清理田园，消灭越冬蛹，4-9月凤蝶发生期，当1-2龄幼虫群集危害时，用20％杀灭菌脂乳油2000倍液喷雾。此外，还有象鼻虫、斜纹夜蛾、金斑夜蛾、蚜虫等为害。
The Marbled Fritillary butterfly can severely damage the leaves when infested. During winter, it is important to clean up the fields and eliminate overwintering pupae. The occurrence period of the Marbled Fritillary butterfly is from April to September. When a group of 1-2 instar larvae gather and pose a threat, spray with a 20% emulsifiable concentrate of killing bacteria at a dilution of 2000 times. In addition, pests such as the elephant weevil, the oblique-banded leafroller, the golden looper, and aphids can also cause damage.