叶下珠，中药名。为大戟科植物叶下珠PhyllanthusurinariaL.的带根全草。具有清热解毒，利水消肿，明目，消积的功效。主治痢疾，泄泻，黄疸，水肿，热淋，石淋，目赤，夜盲，疳积，痈肿，毒蛇咬伤。
Ye-xia-zhu, name of Chinese Medicinal Material. It is the whole herb of Phyllanthus urinaria L., a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family, with roots. It has the functions of clearing heat and detoxification, promoting diuresis and reducing swelling, improving eyesight, and resolving accumulations. It is mainly used for treating dysentery, diarrhea, jaundice, edema, hot lin syndrome, urinary calculi, red eyes, night blindness, malnutrition, carbuncle, and snake bites.

功效作用 Efficacy and Functions

清热解毒，利水消肿，明目，消积。
Clearing heat and detoxifying, promoting diuresis to reduce swelling, improving vision, and resolving accumulation.

主治 Indications

痢疾，泄泻，黄疸，水肿，热淋，石淋，目赤，夜盲，疳积，痈肿，毒蛇咬伤。
Dysentery, diarrhea, jaundice, edema, hot lin syndrome, urinary calculi, red eyes, night blindness, malnutrition, carbuncle, and snake bites.

用法用量 Dosage and Administration

内服：煎汤，15-30g。外用：适量，捣敷。
Internal use: Decoction, 15-30g. External use: Appropriate amount, pounded for application.

化学成分 Chemical Components

全草含并没食子酸，3,3′,4-三-O-甲基并没食子酸，琥珀酸，阿魏酸，β-谷甾醇-β-D-葡萄糖甙，没食子酸，三十烷醇，β-谷甾醇，三十烷酸，豆甾醇，羽扇豆醇，三十二烷酸，豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙。
The whole plant contains ellagic acid, 3,3′,4-tri-O-methyl ellagic acid, succinic acid, ferulic acid, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside, gallic acid, triacontanol, β-sitosterol, triacontanoic acid, stigmasterol, lupeol, dotriacontanoic acid, stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside.

药理作用 Pharmacological Effects

1、保护肝脏的作用：广西产叶下珠和云南产叶下珠各以10g/（kg·d）给感染鸭乙肝病毒（DHBV）的重庆麻鸭灌服，连续1月，在用药第2星期后即使鸭血清中DHBV脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）滴度明显下降。重庆产叶下珠表现出此作用。云南产品在停药1星期后DHBVDNA有回升现象。广西产品与苦参合用无明显协同作用，但与环丙沙星合用，似有增强其抗病毒作用。叶下珠对鸭乙肝病毒逆转录酶有抑制作用。鸭体内实验证实了有效成分对鸭乙肝病毒作用，可降低血清中DHBVDNA和DNA多聚酶。其对四氯化碳（CCl4）和D-半乳糖胺引起的小鼠肝损伤也有明显防治作用，在1.25g/kg和0.625g/kg剂量时给药组小鼠的ALT活性较模型组显著下降。1g/ml叶下珠制剂各以0.4ml/只、0.6ml/只给小鼠灌胃，每日两次，连续7d，可使CCl4所致肝损伤小鼠ALT显著下降，光镜检查发现给药组小鼠浊肿变性、坏死和炎细胞浸润的肝细胞损害现象均大为减轻。大鼠肝细胞体外与10mmo/LCCl4共同孵育后，肝细胞存活率、细胞膜流动性均降低，而LDH、MDA的释放及细胞内Ca2+均增加。预先加入重庆产叶下珠提取物10-3g/L-10-1g/L可明显抑制上述病理变化，显示叶下珠对CCl4损伤的肝细胞有保护作用。4mg/ml叶下珠对人肝癌细胞株PLC/PRF/5细胞株细胞外HBsAg含量有明显的抑制作用。在给药后48h最明显。它主要影响HBsAg在该细胞内的合成。叶下珠与阿糖腺苷联合有一定的协同作用。
2、抗菌作用：100%叶下珠煎剂由平板纸片法试验，表明对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及绿脓杆菌均有抑制作用，对福氏痢疾杆菌、溶血性链球菌、伤寒杆菌也有一定抑制作用。

1. Hepatoprotective effects: Guangxi-produced Phyllanthus urinaria and Yunnan-produced Phyllanthus urinaria were administered orally at a dose of 10g/(kg·d) to ducks infected with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) for one month. After the second week of treatment, a significant decrease in the titer of DHBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was observed in the duck serum. Chongqing-produced Phyllanthus urinaria exhibited this effect. The Yunnan product showed a rebound of DHBV DNA levels one week after discontinuation of treatment. When combined with Sophora flavescens, the Guangxi product showed no significant synergistic effect, but when combined with ciprofloxacin, it appeared to enhance its antiviral effect. Phyllanthus urinaria inhibits the reverse transcriptase of duck hepatitis B virus. In vivo experiments in ducks confirmed the efficacy of the active ingredients against DHBV, leading to a reduction in DHBV DNA and DNA polymerase in the serum. It also demonstrated a significant protective effect against liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and D-galactosamine in mice. Administration of doses at 1.25g/kg and 0.625g/kg resulted in a significant decrease in ALT activity in the treated mice compared to the model group. Oral administration of 1g/ml Phyllanthus urinaria formulation at doses of 0.4ml/mouse and 0.6ml/mouse twice daily for 7 days significantly reduced CCl4-induced liver damage in mice, as evidenced by decreased ALT levels and alleviation of hepatocellular damage observed under light microscopy. Pre-incubation of rat liver cells with CCl4 at 10mmol/L resulted in decreased cell viability, reduced cell membrane fluidity, increased release of LDH and MDA, and elevated intracellular Ca2+. Pre-treatment with Chongqing-produced Phyllanthus urinaria extract at concentrations of 10⁻³g/L to 10⁻¹g/L significantly inhibited these pathological changes, indicating a protective effect of Phyllanthus urinaria on CCl4-induced liver cell damage. Phyllanthus urinaria at 4mg/ml exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the extracellular HBsAg content of human liver cancer cell line PLC/PRF/5, with the most pronounced effect observed at 48 hours post-treatment. It mainly affected the synthesis of HBsAg within the cells. Phyllanthus urinaria showed a certain synergistic effect when combined with adefovir.
2. Antibacterial effects: A 100% Phyllanthus urinaria decoction tested using the paper disc method showed inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It also exhibited a certain inhibitory effect on Shigella flexneri, Streptococcus hemolyticus, and Salmonella typhi.

相关论述 Relevant Discussion

1、《本草药性备要》：“治小儿疳眼、疳积，煲肉食，或煎水洗，又治亡乳汁，治主米疳者最效。”
2、《植物名实图考》：“能除瘴气。”

1. "Essential Compendium of Medicinal Properties": "Used to treat infantile malnutrition-related eye conditions and accumulation, by boiling meat for consumption or decocting for washing, also effective for treating insufficient breast milk production, most effective for treating rice-induced malnutrition."
2. "Illustrated Study of Plant Names and Realities": "Able to dispel miasma."
3. "Commonly Used Chinese Herbal Manual of the Guangzhou Military Region": "Clears liver, brightens eyes, promotes diuresis, and eliminates dampness. Used for treating nephritis edema, urinary tract infections, urinary stones, enteritis diarrhea."
4. "Commonly Used Folk Herbs in Zhejiang": "Promotes digestion."
5. "Herbal Medicine of Guizhou": "Clears heat, promotes diuresis to eliminate dampness, and clears the lungs."
6. "Commonly Used Chinese Herbal Medicine in Sichuan": "Clears summer-heat, stops dysentery; treats dysentery with blood and mucus, red and swollen eyes, eye cloudiness, eye opacity."
7. "Herbal Medicine Records of Hubei": "Clears heat, promotes diuresis, brightens eyes, and resolves accumulations. Used for conjunctivitis, night blindness, nephritis edema, urinary system infections, stones, jaundice-type hepatitis, laryngitis, pneumonia, indigestion, enteritis, dysentery, infantile malnutrition, unidentified swellings, snake bites, and other conditions."

临床应用 Clinical Applications

1、治痢疾、肠炎腹泻：叶下珠、铁苋菜各30g。煎汤，加糖适量冲服，或配老鹳草水煎服。（南药《中草药学》）
2、治黄疸：鲜叶下珠60g，鲜马鞭草90g，鲜半边莲60g。水煎服。（江西《草药手册》）

加工炮制 Processing and Preparation

采收加工夏、秋季采收，去杂质，鲜用或晒干。
Harvest in summer or autumn, remove impurities, and use fresh or sun-dry.

炮制方法取原药材，除去杂质，洗净，稍润至软，切段，干燥。
Processing method: Prepare the raw medicinal herbs by removing impurities, washing them thoroughly, slightly moistening until soft, cutting them into sections, and then drying them.

保存方法 Storage Method

贮干燥容器内，置通风干燥处。
Store the dried herbs in a container and place them in a well-ventilated and dry area.

药材鉴别 Herb Identification

药材性状本品长短不一，根茎外表浅棕色，主根不发达，须根多数，浅灰棕色。茎粗2-3mm，老茎基部灰褐色。茎枝有纵皱，灰棕色、灰褐色或棕红色，质脆易断，断面中空。分枝有纵皱及不甚明显的膜翅状脊线。叶片薄而小，长椭圆形，尖端有短突尖，基部圆形或偏斜，边缘有白色短毛，灰绿色，皱缩，易脱落。花细小，腋生于叶背之下，多已干缩。有的带有三棱状扁球形黄棕色果实，其表面有鳞状凸起，常6纵裂。气微香，味微苦。
Herb characteristics: This product varies in length, with roots and rhizomes having a light brown outer surface. The main root is underdeveloped, with numerous fibrous roots that are light gray-brown. The stem is 2–3 mm thick, with older stems having a gray-brown base. The stems have longitudinal wrinkles and are gray-brown, grayish-brown, or reddish-brown in color, brittle in texture, and hollow in cross-section. Branches show longitudinal wrinkles and indistinct membranous wing-like ridges. Leaves are thin and small, oblong-elliptical in shape, with short abrupt tips, rounded or oblique bases, white short hairs along the margins, gray-green in color, wrinkled, and easily shed. Flowers are tiny, axillary, mostly dried and shriveled beneath the leaves. Some bear triangular flattened spherical yellow-brown fruits with scale-like protrusions on the surface, often splitting longitudinally into six parts. The herb has a faintly fragrant odor and a slightly bitter taste.

植物学信息 Botanical Information

植物种属大戟科叶下珠属叶下珠。
Phyllanthus urinaria, belonging to the genus Phyllanthus of the Euphorbiaceae family.

形态特征 Morphological Characteristics

一年生草本，高10-60cm，茎直立，分枝侧卧而后上升，通常带紫红色，具翅状纵棱。秃净或近秃净。单叶互生，排成2列；几无柄；托叶小，披针形或刚毛状；叶片长椭圆形，长5-15mm，宽2-5mm，先端斜或有小凸尖，基部偏斜或圆形，下面灰绿色，两面无毛；下面叶缘处有1-3列粗短毛。花小，单性，雌雄同株；无花瓣；雄花2-3朵簇生于叶腋，通常仅上面一朵开花；萼片6，雄蕊3，花丝合生成柱状，花盘腺体6，分离，与萼片互生，无退化子房；雌花单生于叶腋，宽约3mm，表面有小凸刺或小瘤体，萼片6，卵状披针形，结果后中部紫红色，花盘圆盘状，子房近球形，花柱顶端2裂。蒴果无柄，扁圆形，径约3mm，赤褐色，表面有鳞状凸起物；种子三角状卵形，淡褐色，有横纹。花期5-10月，果期7-11月。
It is an annual herb, 10–60 cm tall, with an erect stem that branches laterally before ascending, usually purplish-red, with wing-like longitudinal ridges. Glabrous or nearly glabrous. Leaves alternate, arranged in two rows; nearly sessile; stipules small, lanceolate or bristle-like; leaf blades oblong-elliptic, 5–15 mm long, 2–5 mm wide, apex oblique or with a small apiculus, base oblique or rounded, lower surface gray-green, both surfaces glabrous; 1–3 rows of coarse short hairs along the margin on the lower side. Flowers small, unisexual, monoecious; without petals; male flowers clustered in groups of 2–3 in leaf axils, usually only the uppermost flower opens; sepals 6, stamens 3, filaments fused into a column, 6 glandular nectaries alternating with sepals, no rudimentary ovary; female flower solitary in leaf axil, about 3 mm wide, surface with small prickles or tubercles, sepals 6, ovate-lanceolate, turning purplish-red centrally after fruiting, disc-shaped floral disc, ovary nearly spherical, stigma bifid at apex. Capsule sessile, flattened-globose, ca. 3 mm in diameter, reddish-brown, surface with scale-like projections; seeds triangular-ovoid, pale brown, with transverse stripes. Flowering from May to October, fruiting from July to November.

分布区域 Distribution Area

分布于江苏南部、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、湖北、湖南、广东、海南、广西、四川、贵州、云南等地。
Distributed in southern Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and other regions.

生长环境 Growing Environment

生于山坡、路旁、田边。
Found on hillsides, roadsides, and field edges.

生长习性 Growth Habits

喜温暖向阳，以深厚、排水良好的黄色夹砂土为好。
Prefers warm and sunny environments, growing best in deep, well-drained yellow sandy loam.

繁殖方式 Propagation Methods

用种子繁殖。
Propagated by seeds.

栽培技术 Cultivation Techniques

种子繁殖：于3-4月播种。在畦上开横沟，深约7cm，播幅约100cm。1h㎡用种子11.25kg，拌成种子灰，匀撒于沟里，上盖草木灰厚约1cm。
Seed propagation: Sow in March–April. Make horizontal furrows on beds, about 7 cm deep and 100 cm wide. Use 11.25 kg of seed per hectare, mix with ash to form seed-ash mixture, evenly spread into the furrows, and cover with a layer of wood ash about 1 cm thick.